ISYS 320 Midterm Review!!!
documents giving specific information would include
-product catalogues -order forms -invoices -despatch notes - picking lists
Use Case
1) a behaviorally related sequence of steps, both automated and manual, for the purpose of completing a single business task 2) an analysis tool for finding and identifying business events and responses
Model Development Process
1) enterprise data model - identifies only the most fundamental entities 2) application data model - a data model for a complete, single information system 3) context data model 4) key-based data model 5) fully attributed data model 6) database schema - the previous logic data model transformed into a physical data model; reflects the technical capabilities and limitation of that database technology, as well as the performance tuning requirements suggested by the database administrator
Gantt and network diagrams
2 methods for planning documents
JAD and prototyping
2 modern methods
support and viability
2 most important criteria when choosing vendor
determining requirements, structuring requirements
2 parts of the analysis phase
business opportunities, solve business problems
2 reasons systems development projects are undertaken
maintenance and trial version
2 ways to make money with open source
functional dependency
2nf must have ______ _______
conversations, existing documents, computer based
3 deliverables from determining requirements are information collected from
condition stubs, action stubs, rules
3 parts of decision tabl
identify, classify and rank, select
3 steps for identifying and selecting
abstraction, storage, recontextualization
3 steps for reuse
identify key business processes, identify specific activities, apply
3 steps in BPR
designing dialogue sequence, building prototype, assessing usability
3 steps in designing dialogues
interviewing and listening, directly observing users, analyzing procedures and other documents
3 traditional methods for determining requirements
intranet, extranet, internet
3 types of EC
context, current physical system, new logical system, descriptions
4 deliverables from process modeling
written work procedure, business form, current system report, current system description
4 helpful documents from analyzing procedures and documents
introduction, system description, feasibility assessment, management issues
4 sections of BPP
relational database model
4 steps of building _____________ 1. logical model through normalization 2. combine normalized logical databases 3. transalte ER data model into normalized data requirements 4. Compare the consilated logical database with translated ER model and produce one final logical database mode
impertinence, impartiality, relaxing of constraints, attention to details, reframing
5 characteristics when determining requirements
economic, operational, technical, schedule, legal, political
6 feasibility factors
network diagram
A PERT chart is also referred to as this.
menu bar
A bar of user-selectable software application options, usually located across the top of the screen.
horizontal system
A basic system, such as an inventory or payroll package that is commonly used by a variety of companies.
Intangible Benefit
A benefit derived from the cration of an information system, that cannot be easily measured in dollars or with certainty
Tangible benefit
A benefit, derived from the creation of an information system, that can be measured in dollars and with certainty
task name
A brief descriptive name for a task, which does not have to be unique in the project.
hyperlink
A built-in connection to other documents, graphics, audio files, videos, other webpages, or websites.
link
A built-in connection to other documents, graphics, audio files, videos, other webpages, or websites.
data dictionary
A central storehouse of information about a system's data.
help desk
A centralized resource staffed by IT professionals that provides users with the support they need to do their jobs.
service desk
A centralized resource staffed by IT professionals that provides users with the support they need to do their jobs. Also called the help desk.
system requirement
A characteristic or feature that must be included in an information system to satisfy business requirements and be acceptable to users.
wiki
A collaborative website that allows users to create, add to, modify, or delete the content via their browser.
network
A collection of computers and mobile devices connected together, often wirelessly, via communications devices and transmission media.
data
A collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video.
website
A collection or related webpages, which are stored on a web server.
information technology (IT)
A combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications systems that support business operations, improve productivity, and help managers make decisions.
B2C (business-to-consumer)
A commercial exchange (e.g. products or services) between businesses and consumers conducted over the Internet.
B2B (business-to-business)
A commercial exchange (e.g. products or services) between businesses, typically enabled by the Internet or electronic means.
histogram
A common tool for showing the distribution of questionnaire or sampling results. It takes the form of a vertical bar chart.
service-oriented
A company that primarily offers information or services, or sells goods produced by others.
task box
A component of a PERT/CPM chart that contains important scheduling and duration information about a task.
server
A computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers or devices on a network.
personal computer
A computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself and is intended to be used by one person at a time.
web server
A computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer or mobile device.
management information systems (MIS)
A computer-based information system used in business planning, control, decision making, and problem solving.
mobile device
A computing device small enough to hold in your hand.
cardinality
A concept that describes how instances of one entity relate to instances of another entity.
constraint
A condition that the system must satisfy or an outcome that the system must achieve.
selection
A control structure in modular design, it is the completion of two or more process steps based on the results of a test or condition.
Project Management
A controlled process of initiating planning, executing, and closing down a project.
Tangible cost
A cost associated with an information system that can be easily measured in dollars and with certainty
Intangible Cost
A cost associated with an information system that cannot be easily measured in terms of dollars or with certainty
One-Time Cost
A cost associated with project initiation and development or system startup
Recurring cost
A cost resulting from the ongoing evolution and use of the system
certification
A credential an individual earns by demonstrating a certain level of knowledge and skill on a standardized test.
online data entry
A data entry method used for most business activity. This method offers major advantages, including the immediate validation and availability of data.
diverging data flow
A data flow in which the same data travels to two or more different locations.
diagram 0
A depiction of the first level of detail below the initial context diagram.
business process
A description of specific events, tasks, and desired results in business.
human-computer interaction (HCI)
A description of the relationship between computers and the people who use them to perform business-related tasks.
modular design
A design that can be broken down into logical blocks. Also known as partitioning or top-down design.
modular design
A design that can be broken down into logical blocks. Also known as partitioning, or top-down design.
control break report
A detailed report that focuses on control breaks.
Network Diagram
A diagram that depicts project tasks and their interrelationships
class diagram
A diagram that represents a detailed view of a single use case, shows the classes that participate in the use case, and documents the relationship among the classes.
activity diagram
A diagram that resembles a horizontal flow chart that shows the actions and events as they occur. They show the order in which actions take place and identify the outcome.
state transition diagram
A diagram that shows how an object changes from one state to another, depending on the events that affect the object.
sequence diagram
A diagram that shows the timing of transactions between objects as they occur.
survey
A document containing a number of standard questions that can be sent to many individuals. Also called a questionnaire.
questionnaire
A document containing a number of standard questions that can be sent to many individuals. Also called a survey.
mission statement
A document or statement that describes the company for its stakeholders and briefly states the company's overall purpose, products, services, and values.
Project Scope Statment
A document prepared for the customer that describes what the project will deliver and outlines generally at a high level all work required to complete the project
Request for Proposal
A document provided to vendors to ask them to propose hardware and system software that will meet the requirements of a new system.
system requirements document
A document that contains the requirements for the new system, describes the alternatives that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management. It's the end product of the systems analysis phase.
system requirements document
A document that contains the set of criteria for the new system, describes the alternatives that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management. It is the end product of the systems analysis phase.
system design specification
A document that presents the complete design for the new information system, along with detailed costs, staffing, and scheduling for completing the next SDLC phase, systems implementation.
process description
A documentation of a functional primitive's details, which represents a specific set of processing steps and business logic.
brainstorming
A fact-finding technique for gaining information through the use of a small group discussion of a specific problem, opportunity, or issue.
observation
A fact-finding technique where an analyst sees a system in action. It allows the verification of statements made in interviews.
Agile Methodologies
A family of development methodologies characterized by short iterative cycles and extensive testing; active involvement of users for establishing, prioritising, and verifying requrements; and a focus on small teams of talented, experienced programmers.
context-sensitive
A feature that is sensitive to the current conditions when it is invoked.
application service provider (ASP)
A firm that delivers a software application, or access to an application, by charging a usage or subscription fee.
value-added reseller (VAR)
A firm that enhances a commercial package by adding custom features and configuring it for a particular industry.
service provider
A firm that offers outsourcing solutions. Two popular outsourcing options involve application service providers and firms that offer Internet business services.
source document
A form used to request and collect input data, trigger or authorize an input action, and provide a record of the original transaction.
systems request
A formal request to the IT department that describes problems or desired changes in an information system or business process.
subclass
A further division of objects in a class. They are more specific categories within a class.
business process model (BPM)
A graphic representation of one or more business processes.
business model
A graphical representation of business functions that consist of processes, such as sales, accounting, and purchasing.
business process modeling (BPM)
A graphical representation of one or more business processes.
decision tree
A graphical representation of the conditions, actions, and rules found in a decision table.
unstructured brainstorming
A group discussion where any participant can speak at any time.
structured brainstorming
A group discussion where each participant speaks when it is his or her turn, or passes.
batch
A group of data, usually inputted into an information system at the same time.
System
A group of interrelated procedures used for a business function, with an identifiable boundary, working together for some purpose.
computer resources committee
A group of key managers and users responsible for evaluating systems requests. The term "systems review committee" is also used.
systems review committee
A group of key managers and users responsible for evaluating systems requests. The term computer resources committee is also used.
Gantt chart
A horizontal bar chart that illustrates a schedule.
on-screen keyboard
A keyboard that appears on a tablet or other mobile device.
server farm
A large concentration of servers working together.
knowledge base
A large database that allows users to find information by clicking menus, typing keywords, or entering text questions in normal phrases.
Constraint
A limit to what a system can accomplish
task pattern
A logical sequence of tasks in a work breakdown structure. They can involve sequential tasks, multiple successor tasks, and multiple predecessor tasks.
black box
A metaphor for a process or action that produces results in a non-transparent or non-observable manner.
black box
A metaphor for a process or action that produces results in a non-transparent or non-observable manner. In data flow diagrams, a process appears as this when the inputs, outputs, and general function of the process are known, but the underlying details are not shown.
Critical Path Method (CPM)
A method developed by private industry that shows a project as a network diagram. Activities are show as vectors and events are displayed as nodes.
Rapid Economic Justification (REJ)
A method for measuring total costs and benefits; developed by Microsoft and used to analyze and optimize IT investments.
game console
A mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games.
personal media player
A mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play or view digital media.
portable media player
A mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play or view digital media.
digital camera
A mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally.
e-book reader
A mobile device that is used primarily for reading e-books; short for electronic book reader.
e-reader
A mobile device that is used primarily for reading e-books; short for electronic book reader.
Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture
A model that asks the traditional fact-finding questions in a systems development context.
physical model
A model that describes how a system will be constructed.
spiral model
A model that represents a series of iterations, or revisions, based on user feedback.
superclass
A more generalized category to which objects may belong.
gesture
A motion that you make on a touch screen with the tip of one or more fingers or your hand.
file
A named collection of stored data, instructions, or information that can contain text, images, audio, and video.
diskless workstation
A network terminal that supports a full-featured user interface, but limits the printing or copying of data, except to certain network resources that can be monitored and controlled more easily.
task ID
A number or code that uniquely identifies a task.
total cost of ownership (TCO)
A number used in assessing costs, which include ongoing support and maintenance costs, as well as acquisition costs.
total cost of ownership (TCO)
A number used in assessing costs, which includes ongoing support and maintenance costs, as well as acquisition costs.
Webcast
A one-way transmission of information or training materials, such as a Webinar session, available on demand or for a specific period to online participants.
case for action
A part of the preliminary investigation report to management that summarizes project requests and makes specific recommendations.
data flow
A path for data to move from one part of the information system to another.
Walkthrough
A peer group review of any product created during the systems development process, also called a structured walkthrough
return on investment (ROI)
A percentage rate that measures profitability by comparing the total net benefits (the return) received from a project to the total costs (the investment) of the project.
systems analyst
A person who plans, analyzes, and implements information systems. They may work within the company or be hired as an independent consultant.
entity
A person, place, thing, or event for which data is collected and maintained.
desktop
A personal computer designed to be in a stationary location, where all of its components fit on or under a desk or table.
requirements planning phase
A phase that combines elements of the systems planning and systems analysis phases of the SDLC.
construction phase
A phase that focuses on program and application development tasks similar to the SDLC.
cutover phase
A phase that resembles the final tasks in the SDLC implementation phase, including data conversion, testing, changeover to the new system, and user training.
Hawthorne Effect
A phenomenon where employees who know they are being observed are more productive.
camera phone
A phone that can send picture messages.
picture message
A photo or other image, sometimes along with sound and text, sent to or from a smartphone or other mobile device.
interview
A planned meeting during which information is obtained from another person.
Project
A planned undertaking of related activities, having a beginning and an end, to reach an objective.
deliverable
A polished, deliverable product, suitable for its intended use.
object-oriented (O-O) analysis
A popular approach that sees a system from the viewpoint of the objects themselves as they function and interact with the system.
source data automation
A popular online input method that combines online data entry and automated data capture using input devices such as magnetic data strips, or swipe scanners.
Scrum
A popular process with agile developers; it refers to a powerful effort to achieve short-term goals, derived from a rugby term. Team members play specific roles and interact in intense sessions.
Gane and Sarson
A popular symbol set used in data flow diagrams. Processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities all have a unique symbol.
joint application development (JAD)
A popular systems development technique that uses a cross-matrixed task group of users, managers and IT professionals that work together to gather information, discuss business needs, and define the new system requirements.
joint application development (JAD)
A popular systems development technique that uses a cross-matrixed task group of users, managers, and IT professionals that work together to gather information,discuss business needs, and define the new system requirements.
USB flash drive
A portable flash memory storage device that you plug in a USB port.
mobile computer
A portable personal computer designed so that a user can carry it from place to place.
Microsoft Project
A powerful, full-feature program that holds the dominant share of the project management software market.
passphrase
A private combination of words, often containing mixed capitalization and punctuation, associated with a user name that allows access to certain computer resources.
risk response plan
A proactive effort to anticipate a risk and describe an action plan to deal with it. An effective plan can reduce the overall impact by triggering a timely and appropriate action.
black hole
A process is said to be this if it has no output.
Economics feasibility
A process of identifying the financial benefits adn costs associated wit ha development project
functional primitive
A process that consists of a single function that is not exploded further. The logic for this is documented in a data dictionary process description.
enterprise resource planning (ERP)
A process that establishes an enterprise-wide strategy for IT resources. It defines a specific architecture, including standards for data, processing, network, and user interface design.
electronic data interchange (EDI)
A process that involves the computer-to-computer transfer of data between companies.
modeling
A process that produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems developers can analyze, test, and modify.
balancing
A process used to maintain consistency among an entire series of diagrams, including input and output data flows, data definition, and process descriptions.
gray hole
A process when an input is insufficient to generate the shown output.
batch input
A process where data entry is performed on a specified time schedule, such as daily, weekly, monthly, or longer.
encryption
A process where data is coded (converted into unreadable characters) so that only those with the required authorization can access the data (usually via decoding software).
business profile
A profile that defines a company's overall functions, processes, organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction.
software
A program run by computers for a specific function or task.
records retention policy
A records policy that is designed to meet all legal requirements and business needs for keeping records.
summary report
A report used by individuals at higher levels in the organization that includes less detail than reports used by lower-level employees.
testing review
A review of a project team member's work by other members of the team. Also called a structured walkthrough.
structured walk-through
A review of a project team member's work by other members of the team. Also called requirements reviews, design reviews, code reviews, or testing reviews, depending on the phase in which they occur.
document review
A review of baseline documentation. A useful fact-finding technique that helps an analyst understand how the current system is supposed to work.
mock-up
A sample report, or prototype, for users to review. It includes typical field values and contains enough records to show all the design features.
random sample
A sample taken in an unplanned manner.
systematic sample
A sample that occurs at a predetermined periodicity. For example, every tenth customer record might be selected as a systematic sample for review.
stratified sample
A sample where a set metric is collected across functional areas. For example, a certain percentage of transactions from every work shift, or five customers from each of four zip codes, could be this kind of sample.
Web 2.0
A second generation of the World Wide Web that enables people to collaborate, interact, and share information much more dynamically, based on continuously available user applications rather than static HTML Web pages. Interactive experience is a hallmark of the Web.
Methodologies
A sequence of step-by-step approaches that help develop your final product: the information system.
program
A series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.
software
A series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.
fixed fee model
A service model that charges a set fee based on a specified level of service and user support.
subscription model
A service model that charges a variable fee for an application based on the number of users or workstations that have access to the application.
transaction model
A service model that charges a variable fee for an application based on the volume of transactions or operations performed by the application. Also called a usage model.
corporate culture
A set of beliefs, rules, traditions, values, and attitudes that define a company and influence its way of doing business.
operating system
A set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware.
system
A set of related components that produces specific results.
records
A set of related fields that describes one instance, or member of an entity, such as one customer, one order, or one product. It may have dozens of fields, depending on what information is needed. Also called a tuple.
text message
A short note, typically fewer than 300 characters, sent to or from a smartphone or other mobile device.
video message
A short video clip, usually about 30 seconds, sent to or from a smartphone or other mobile device.
Project Charter
A short, high-level document prepared for both internal adn external stakeholders to formally announce the establishment of the project and to briefly describe its objective, key assumptions, and stakeholders.
field
A single characteristic or fact about an entity.
data item
A single characteristic or fact about an entity. Also called a data element.
data element
A single characteristic or fact about an entity. Also called a data item.
touchpad
A small, flat rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion.
natural language
A software feature that allows users to type commands or requests in normal Engish (or other language) phrases.
horizontal application
A software package that can be used by many different types of organizations.
vertical application
A software package that has been developed to handle information requirements for a specific type of business.
project scope
A specific determination of a project's boundaries or extent.
Systems Development Methodology
A standard process followed in an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, ,implement, and maintain information systems.
business process modeling notation (BPMN)
A standard set of shapes and symbols used to represent events, processes, and workflows in computer-based modeling tools.
solid-state drive
A storage device that typically uses flash memory to store data, instructions, and information, and that contains no moving parts.
Incremental Commitment
A strategy in systems and analysis and design in which the project is reviews after each phase, and continuation of the project is rejustified in each of the reviews
Joint Application Design
A structured process in which users, managers, and analysts work together for several days in a series of intensive meetings to specify or review system requirements.
structured English
A subset of standard English that describes logical processes clearly and accurately.
data store
A symbol used in data flow diagrams to represent a situation in which a system must retain data because one or more processes need to use that stored data at a later time. Also called a data repository.
data repository
A symbol used in data flow diagrams to represent a situation in which a system must retain data because one or more processes need to use that stored data at a later time. Also called a data store.
vertical system
A system designed to meet the unique requirements of a specific business or industry, such as a Web-based retailer or video rental chain.
automated facsimile
A system that allows a customer to request a fax using e-mail, the company Web site, or a telephone. The response is transmitted in a matter of seconds back to the user's fax machine.
faxback
A system that allows a customer to request a fax using e-mail, the company Web site, or a telephone. The response is transmitted in a matter of seconds back to the user's fax machine.
neural network
A system that attempts to imitate the behavior of the human brain.
Enterprise Resource Planning System
A system that integrates individual traditional business functions into a series of modules so that a single transaction occurs seamlessly within a single information system rather than several separate systems.
Project Manager
A systems analyst with a diverse set of skills- management, leadership, technical, conflict management, and customer relationship - who is responsible for initiating, planning, executing, and closing down a project.
Participatory Design
A systems development approach that originated in northern Europe, in which users and the improvement of their work lives are the central focus.
decision table
A table that shows a logical structure, with all possible combinations of conditions and resulting actions.
dependent task
A task that has to be completed in serial sequence.
rapid application development (RAD)
A team-based technique that speeds up information systems development and produces a functioning information system. It is similar in concept to JAD, but goes further by including all phases of the SDLC.
rapid application development (RAD)
A team-based technique that speeds up information systems development and produces a functioning information system. Similar to JAD, but goes further by including all phases of the SDLC.
Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT/CPM)
A technique developed by the U.S. Navy to manage very complex projects. Another technique was developed by private industry to meet similar project management needs and the distinctions between the two have disappeared.
pseudocode
A technique for representing program logic.
evaluation model
A technique that uses a common yardstick to measure and compare vendor ratings.
PERT
A technique that uses optimistic pessimistic and realistic time estimates to calculate the expected times for a particular task. ET = o +4r + p) /6
computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
A technique that uses powerful programs called CASE tools to provide an overall framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.
computer-aided systems engineering (CASE)
A technique that uses powerful programs called CASE tools to provide an overall framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis.
user-centered
A term that indicates the primary focus is upon the user.
class
A term used in object oriented modeling to indicate a collection of similar objects.
spontaneous generation
A term used to describe an unexplained generation of data or information.
Establishing a relationship with the customer
A thorough understanding of your customer builds stronger partnerships and higher levels of trust.
personal information manager (PIM)
A tool such as Microsoft Outlook that helps manage tasks and schedules. Many handheld devices also include this function.
functional decomposition diagram (FDD)
A top-down representation of business functions and processes. Also called a structure chart.
context diagram
A top-level view of an information system that shows the boundaries and scope.
batch control
A total used to verify batch input. It might check data items such as record counts and numeric field totals.
structured analysis
A traditional systems development technique that uses phases to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information system. Processes and data are treated as separate components.
empowerment
A trend that places more responsibility and accountability throughout all levels of an organization.
Break-even Analysis
A type of cost benefit analysis to identify at what point (if ever) benefits equal costs
reasonableness check
A type of data validation check that identifies values that are questionable, but not necessarily wrong.
combination check
A type of data validation check that is performed on two or more fields to ensure that they are consistent or reasonable when considered together.
validity check
A type of data validation check that is used for data items that mus have certain values.
existence check
A type of data validation check that is used for mandatory data items.
data type check
A type of data validation check that is used to ensure that a data item fits the required data type.
sequence check
A type of data validation check that is used when the data must be in some predetermined sequence.
range check
A type of data validation check that tests data items to verify that they fall between a specified minim and maximum value.
waterfall model
A type of graph that depicts the result of each SDLC phase flowing down into the next phase.
inheritance
A type of object relationship. This enables an object to derive one or more of its attributes from another object.
Yourdon
A type of symbol set that is used in data flow diagrams. Processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities each have a unique symbol in this symbol set.
transparent interface
A user interface that users don't really notice - a user-friendly interface that does not distract the user and calls no attention to itself.
default value
A value that a system displays automatically.
form filling
A very effective method of online data entry where a blank form that duplicates or resembles the source document is completed on the screen. The user enters the data and then moves to the next field.
site visit
A visit to a physical location to observe a system in use at another location.
use case diagram
A visual representation that represents the interaction between users and the information system in UML (Unified Modeling Language).
use case diagram
A visual representation that represents the interaction between users and the information system in UML.
podcast
A web-based broadcast that allows a user to receive audio or multimedia files using music player software such as iTunes, and listen to them on a PC or download them to a portable MP3 player or smart phone.
blog
A web-based log, or journal.
online social network
A website that encourages its members in its online community to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users.
social networking site
A website that encourages its members in its online community to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users.
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
A widely used method of visualizing and documenting software systems design. It uses o-o design concepts, but is independent of any specific programming language and can be used to describe business processes and requirements generally.
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
A widely used method of visualizing and documenting software systems design. It uses object-oriented design concepts, but it is independent of any specific programming language and can be used to describe business processes and requirements generally.
hot spot
A wireless network that provides Internet connections to mobile computers and devices.
Internet
A worldwide collection of computer networks that connects millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
web
A worldwide collection of electronic documents; short for World Wide Web.
request for proposal (RFP)
A written list of features and specifications given to prospective vendors before a specific product or package has been selected.
Business case
A written report that outliens the justification for an information system. The report highligts economic benefits and costs and the technical and organizational feasibility of the proposed system
Moore's Law
Accurately predicted that computer processing power would double every 18 to 24 months.
systems development life cycle (SDLC)
Activities and functions that systems developers typically perform, regardless of how those activities and functions fit into a particular methodology. (a five-step model)
Describing the Project Scope, Alternatives, and feasibility.
After defining the scope of the project, the next objectives is to identify and document general alternative solutions for the current business problem or opportunity. You must then assess the feasiblity of each alternative solution and choose which to consider during subsequent SDLC phases.
XY chart
Also called a scatter diagram, a tool used by systems analysts to graphically show the correlation between two variables.
scatter diagram
Also called an XY chart, a tool used by system analysts to graphically show the correlation between two variables.
Slack time
Amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project
cloud storage
An Internet service that provides storage to computer users.
iterative
An adaptive method that typically uses a spiral developmental model, which builds on a series of iterations.
state
An adjective that describes an object's current status.
Ishikawa diagram
An analysis tool that represents the possible causes of a problem as a graphical outline. Also called a fishbone diagram.
web app
An application stored on a web server that you access through a browser.
mobile app
An application you download from a mobile device's application store or other location on the Internet to a smartphone or other mobile device.
prototype
An early, rapidly constructed working version of the proposed information system.
e-book
An electronic version of a printed book, readable on computers and other digital devices. Also called a digital book.
Deliverable
An end product in a phase of the SDLC
milestone
An event or reference point that marks a major occurrence. They are used to monitor progress and manage a project.
risk
An event that could affect the project negatively.
sink
An external entity that receives data from an information system.
source
An external entity that supplies data to an information system.
actor
An external entity with a specific role. In a use-case model, actors are used to model interactions with the system.
actor
An external entity with a specific role. In a use-case model, they are used to model interaction with the system.
research
An important fact-finding technique. It can include the review of journals, periodicals, and books to obtain background information, technical material, and news about industry trends and developments.
weight
An important value that managers add to estimates so they can be analyzed.
mission-critical system
An information system that is vital to a company's operations.
preliminary investigation
An initial investigation to clearly identify the nature and scope of the business opportunity or problem. Also called a feasibility study.
feasibility study
An initial investigation to clearly identify the nature and scope of the business opportunity or problem. Also called a preliminary investigation.
RFID tag
An input device used in source data automation.
Component
An irreducible part or aggregation of parts that makes up a system; also called a subsystem.
message
An object-oriented command that tells an object to perform a certain method.
greenbar report
An older type of printed report, named for its appearance of alternating green and white bars on continuous feed paper, usually printed on a dot-matrix printer.
forum
An online discussion on a particular topic, where people meet, offer support, and exchange ideas.
newsgroup
An online discussion on a particular topic, where people meet, offer support, and exchange ideas. The electronic equivalent of the everyday bulletin board; also called a forum.
Project Workbook
An online or hard-copy repository, for all project correspondence, inputs, outputs, deliverables, procedures, and standards, that is used for performing project audits, orienting new team members, communicating with management and customers, identifying future projects, and performing postproject reviews.
printer
An output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper.
cloud computing
An overall online software and data environment in which applications and services are accessed and used through an Internet connection rather than on a local computer; refers to the cloud symbol for the internet.
managed hosting
Another term for Internet business services (IBS); an operation is managed by the outside firm, or host.
decomposing
Another way of conveying a process or system that has been broken down from a general, top-level view to more detail. The terms, exploded and partitioned, also can be used.
output device
Any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or mobile device to one or more people.
home user
Any person who spends time using technology at home.
mobile user
Any person who works with computers or mobile devices while away from a main office, home, or school.
resources
Any person, group of people, piece of equipment, or material used in accomplishing an activity
user
Anyone who interacts with a computer or mobile device, or utilizes the information it generates.
desktop app
Applications stored on a computer.
heading zone
Area of a form that usually contains the company name or logo and the title and form number.
sampling
As it relates to information systems, it is a process where an analyst collects examples of actual documents which could include records, reports, or various forms.
Classifying and ranking IS development projects
Assesing the potential prjects is the second major activity in the project identificaiton and selection phase
before analysis
BPP must be reviewed when
work breakdown structure
Breaking a project down into a series of smaller tasks.
Prototyping
Building a scaled-down version of the desired information system.
Repository
Centralized database that contains all diagrams, forms and report definitions, data structure, data definitions, process flows and logic, and definitions of other organization and system components; set of mechanisms and structures to achieve seamless data to tool and data to data integration.
properties
Characteristics that objects inherit from their class or possess on their own.
attributes
Characteristics, or facts, about an entity. It is the smallest piece of data that has meaning within an information system.
build or buy
Choice between developing in-house software and purchasing software, often called a build or buy, or make or buy, decision.
range-of-response questions
Closed-ended questions that ask the person to evaluate something by providing limited answer to specific responses or on a numeric scale.
Establishing the project management environmet and project workbook
Collect and organize the tools that you will use while managing the project and constructing the project workbook.
software vendor
Company that develops software for sale.
Tools
Computer Programs that make it easy to use specific techniques.
Feasibility Study
Conducted before the second phase of the SDLC to determine the economic and organizational impact of the system.
COCOMO
Constructive Cost Model, A method for estimating a software project's size and cost
Creating a preliminary Budget
Create a preliminary busget that outlines hte planned expenses and revenues associated with your project.
Steering Committee ID
Cross-Functional large systems
using DFDs
DFDs can be used: -during system investigation to record findings - during system design to illustrate how a proposed system will work - when outlining the specifications of new systems
terminators
Data flow diagram symbols that indicate a data origin or final destination. Also called an external entity.
information
Data that has been changed into a useful form of output.
output
Data that has been processed into a useful form.
usability metrics
Data that interface designers can obtain by using software that can record and measure user interactions with the system.
User Department ID
Departmental small systems
interrelated
Dependence of one part of the system on one or more other parts of the system.
Feasibility Study
Determines weather the information system makes sense for the organization from an economic and operational standpoint
Managed Reuse
Development, sharing and adoption of reusable assets are mandated- organizational policies are established for documentation, packaging, and certification
biometric devices
Devices that identify a person by a retina scan or by mapping a facial pattern.
data flow diagram (DFD)
Diagram that shows how the system stores, processes, and transforms data into useful information.
Identifying potential development projects
Different ways it can be identified
e-waste
Discarded computers and mobile devices.
Modularity
Dividing a system up into chunks or modules of a relatively uniform size.
Dividing the project into manageable tasks
Dividing the project into manageable tasks then logically ording them to ensure a smooth evolution between tasks.
no
Does STLC change when you outsource
Network diagrams
Does not show time overlap of tasks but which tasks can be parallel
Internet
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backup
Duplicate of content on a storage medium that you can use in case the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed.
systems support and security phase
During this phase of the SDLC, the IT staff maintains, enhances, and protects the system.
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webpage
Each electronic document on the web; can contain text, graphics, audio, and video.
enterprise user
Each employee or customer who uses computers, mobile devices, and other technology in an enterprise.
successor task
Each of the concurrent tasks of a predecessor task.
hardware
Electric, electronic, and mechanical components contained in a computer.
memory
Electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and the data needed by those instructions.
computer
Electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.
outputs
Electronic or printed information produced by an information system.
small/home office user
Employees of companies with fewer than 50 employees and the self-employed who work from home.
Facilitated Reuse
Encouraged to reuse but are not required to do so
Estimating resources and creating a resource plan
Estimate resourcce requirement for each project activity and use this information to create a project resource plan
qualitative risk analysis
Evaluating risk by estimating the probability that it will occur and the degree of impact.
quantitative risk analysis
Evaluating risk in terms of the actual impact in terms of dollars, time, project scope, or quality.
Environment
Everything external to a system that interacts with the system
enterprise applications
Examples of company-wide applications include order processing systems, payroll systems, and company communications networks.
Selecting IS development project
Final activity in the project identification and selecction phase
Systems Implementation and Operation
Final phase of SDLC, in which the information system is coded, tested, and installed in the organization, and in which the informaiton system is systematically repaired and improved.
expectations, budget, time
Focus of project manager is to ensure that systems development projects meet (3)
Top Managment ID
Focus: Strategic, usally large systems
fill-in form
Form used to collect data on the Internet or a company intranet.
Gantt chart
Graphical representation of a project that shows each tasks as a horizontal bar whose length is proporation to its time for completion
project monitoring
Guiding, supervising, and coordinating the project team's workload.
communications device
Hardware capable of transferring items from computers and devices to transmission media and vice versa.
storage device
Hardware device that records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media.
security
Hardware, software, and procedural controls that safeguard and protect a system and its data from internal or external threats.
resources
Hardware, software, data, and information.
digital literacy
Having a current knowledge a understanding of computer, mobile devices, the Internet, and related technologies.
WebSphere
IBM's Web-based development environment.
Identifying and asses risk
Identify sources of project risk and estimate the consequences of those risks.
totals zone
If a form has data totals, they will appear in this section of the form.
Developing a project scope statement
Imporant ativity tat occurs near the end of the project plannign phase. Outlines work that will be done and clearly ddescribes what the project will deliver
gateway
In BPMN, a fork in the process, allowing flow to go one way or another. Also, a router or other network device used to connect to a larger, dissimilar type of network, such as the Internet.
swim lane
In a BPM diagram, these are the designated customer areas.
swim lanes
In a business process diagram, the overall diagram is called a pool, and the designated customer areas are called swim lanes.
control field order
In a control break report, the records are arranged or sorted in the same order as the control fields.
process 0
In a data flow diagram, this represents the entire information system, but does not show the internal workings.
focus
In a sequence diagram, this indicates when an object sends or receives a message. It is indicated by a narrow vertical rectangle that covers the lifeline.
lifeline
In a sequence diagram, this is used to represent the time during which the object above it is able to interact with the other objects in the use case.
switchboard
In a user interface, this uses command buttons that enable users to navigate a system and select from groups of related tasks.
pool
In business process modeling notation (BPMN), the overall diagram is called a pool.
pool
In business process modeling notation (BPMN), the overall diagram is called by this name.
type
In data dictionaries, this refers to whether a data element contains numeric, alphabetic, or character values.
child
In inheritance, a child is the object that derives one or more attributes from another object, called the parent.
parent
In inheritance, this is the object from which the other object, the child, derives one or more attributes.
user design phase
In this phase, users interact with systems analysts and develop models and prototypes that represent all system processes, outputs, and inputs.
task group
In this, each task represents several activities.
usability
In user interface design, includes user satisfaction, support for business functions, and system effectiveness.
scroll bar
In user interface design, this allows the user to move through the available choices for an input field.
risk management plan
Includes a review of the project's scope, stakeholders, budget, schedule, and any other internal or external factors that might affect the project. The plan should define project roles and responsibilities, risk management methods and procedures, categories of risks, and contingency plans.
enterprise computing
Information systems that support company-wide data management requirements, such as airline reservations, or credit card billing systems.
hard copy
Information that exists on a physical medium, such as paper.
blog
Informational website consisting of time-stamped articles (posts) in a diary or journal format, usually listed in reverse chronological order.
Executing the baseline project plan
Initiate the execution of project activities, acquire and assign resources, oritent adn train new team members, keep the project on schedule, and ensure the quality of project deliverables;
keyboard
Input device that contains keys you press to enter data and information into a computer or mobile device.
microphone
Input device that enables you to speak into a computer or mobile device.
headset
Input device that you can speak into that contains both a microphone and a speaker.
Development Group
Integration with existing systems
Intranet
Internet based communication to support business activities within a single organization
Extranet
Internet based communication to support business to business activities
Electronic Commerce
Internet-based communication and other technologies that suport day-to-day business activities
smartphone
Internet-capable phone that usually also includes a calendar, an appointment book, an address book, a calculator, a notepad, games, and several other apps.
SWOT analysis
It examines a company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
fishbone diagram
It is an analysis tool that represents the possible causes of a problem as a graphical outline. Also called an Ishikawa diagram.
scalability
It means that a system can be expanded, modified, or downsized easily to meet the rapidly changing needs of a business enterprise.
scanner
Light-sensing input device that converts printed text and images into a form the computer can process.
risk identification
Listing each risk and assessing the likelihood that it could affect the project.
Maintaining the project workbook
Maintain records
Closing the Customer Contract
Make sure that all terms have been met
customer relationship management (CRM)
Many companies implement CRM systems that integrate all customer-related events and transactions including marketing, sales, and customer service activities.
Closing down the proejct
May change some peoples responsiblities towards the end. Asses them
data structures
Meaningful combinations of related data elements that are included in a data flow or retained in a data store. A framework for organizing and storing data.
storage media
Media, such as hard disks, solid-state drives, USB flash drives, memory cards, and optical discs, on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and information.
output control
Method to maintain output integrity and security.
adaptive methods
Methods that typically use a spiral development model, which builds on a series of iterations.
.NET
Microsoft's Web-based development environment.
requirements modeling
Modeling that is used in the systems planning phase of the SDLC. It involves fact-finding to describe the current system and identify the requirements for the new system.
Monitoring project progress against the baseline project plan
Monitor the project and make adjustments
Pareto chart
Named for a 19th century economist, this chart is drawn as a vertical bar graph which represents various causes of a problem, arranged in descending order.
inputs
Necessary data that enters a system, either manually or in an automated manner.
port protector
Network-based security application that controls access to and from workstation interfaces.
Ad Hoc reuse
No approach to reuse
predecessor task
Often, two or more concurrent tasks depend on this single prior task.
Baseline Project Plan
One of the major outcomes adn deliverables from the project initation and planning phase. It contains the best estimate of the project scope, benefits, costs, risks and resource requirements.
Managing changes to the baseline project plan
Only approved changes to the project specification can be made and all changes must be reflecting in the baseline plan and project workbook.
command button
Onscreen button that initiates an action such as printing a form or requesting Help.
transaction processing (TP) systems
Operational systems used to process day-to-day recurring business transactions, such as customer billing.
Establishing the prorject initiation team
Organizing an initial core of project team members to assisst in accomplishing the project initiation activities.
Developing a Communication plan
Outline the communication procedures among management, project team members, and the customers
turnaround document
Output document that is later entered back into the same or another information system. (ex.-a light bill)
Present Value
PV = Y x (1/(1+i)^N)
authorization zone
Part of a form that contains any required signatures.
stakeholders
People affected by the company's performance, such as customers, employees, suppliers, stockholders, and members of the community.
Systems Analysis
Phase of the SDLC in which the current system is studied and alternative replacement systems are proposed.
Systems Design
Phase of the SDLC in which the system chosen for development in systems analysis is first described independently of any computer platform and is then transformed into technology-specific details from which all programming and system construction can be accomplished.
Interface
Point of contact where a system meets its environment or where subsystems meet each other.
mouse
Pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably.
user interface
Portion of software that controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen.
CASE tools
Powerful software used in computer-aided systems engineering to help systems analysts develop and maintain information systems.
green computing
Practices that involve reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer.
Prepackaged or Off-the-Shelf
Premade, one size fits all software
printout
Printed content.
process
Procedure or task that users, managers, and IT staff members perform. Also, the logical rules of a system that are applied to transform data into meaningful information.
processes
Procedures or tasks that users, managers, and IT staff members perform. Also, the logical rules of a system that are applied to transform data into meaningful information. In data flow diagrams, it receives input data and produces output that has a different content, form, or both.
synchronize
Process of matching the files on computer or mobile devices in two or more locations with each other; also called sync.
sync
Process of matching the files on computers or mobile devices in two or more locations with each other; short for synchronize.
information
Processed data that conveys meaning to users.
Techniques
Processes that you, as an analyst, will follow to help ensure that your work is well thought out, complete, and comprehensible to others on your project team.
application
Programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks; Also called an app.
app
Programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist them with personal tasks; short for application.
groupware
Programs that run on a company intranet that enable users to share data, collaborate on projects, and work in teams. Also called workgroup software.
discretionary projects
Projects where management has a choice in implementing them.
throwaway prototyping
Prototyping of user requirements, after which the prototype is discarded and implementation continues. Also called design prototyping.
design prototyping
Prototyping of user requirements, after which the prototype is discarded and implementation continues. Also called throwaway prototyping.
Setting a baseline project plan
Provides an estimate of the porjects tasks and resource requirements and is used to guide the next project phase, execution
project reporting
Providing regular progress reports to management, users, and the project team itself.
closed-ended questions
Question that limits or restricts the range of responses. Used in the interview process when specific information or fact verification is desired.
open-ended questions
Questions that allow for a range of answers. They encourage spontaneous and unstructured responses, and are useful in understanding a larger process.
leading questions
Questions that suggest or favor a particular reply.
podcast
Recorded media that users can download or stream to a computer or portable media player.
business case
Refers to the reasons, or justification, for a proposal.
Communicating the project status
Responsible for keepign all team members abreast of project status
Designed Reuse
Reuse is mandated. Policies are put in place so that reuse effectiveness can be measured.
Conducting post project reviews
Review the project with customers and management
validity rules
Rules that are applied to data elements when data is entered to ensure that the value entered is valid.
business rules
Rules that determine how a system handles data and produces useful information. Also called business logic, reflects the operational requirements of the business.
inference rules
Rules that identify data patterns and relationships within a knowledge management system.
system development life cycle (SDLC)
SDLC is a sequence of activities, performed when a system is analysed, designed and implemented. SDLC is cyclic, this is because once systems been completed and is working it looks for imporvements that can be made to the system
computer output to microfilm (COM)
Scanning and storing images of paper documents. Often used by large firms to provide high-quality records management and archiving.
Critical Path scheduling
Scheduling technique in which the order and duration of a sequece of task activities directly affect the completion date of a project
Internet business services (IBS)
Services that provide powerful Web-based support for transactions such as order processing, billing, and customer relationship management.
Critial Path
Shortest time in which a project can be completed
storyboard
Sketches used during prototyping to show the general screen layout and design.
earbuds
Small speakers that rest inside each ear canal.
Application Software
Software designed to process data and support users in an organization. Ex: Spreadsheets, word processors, and DBMS.
application software
Software such as e-mail, word processors, spreadsheets, and graphics packages used by employees.
productivity software
Software such as word processing, spreadsheet, database management, and presentation graphics programs.
malware
Software that acts without a user's knowledge and deliberately alters the computer's operations; short for malicious software.
middleware
Software that connects dissimilar applications and enables them to communicate and exchange data.
system software
Software that controls the computer and includes the operating system, device drivers that communicate with hardware, and utilities.
browser
Software that enables users with an Internet connection to access and view webpages on computers or mobile devices.
search engine
Software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other information related to a specific topic.
software package
Software that is purchased or leased from another firm; a commercially produced software product, or family of products.
open source
Software that is supported by a large group of users and developers.
software developer
Someone who develops programs and apps or writes the instructions that direct the computer or mobile device to process data into information; sometimes called an application developer or computer programmer.
Determining Project Standards and Procedures
Specify how various deliverables are produced and tested by you and your project team
hard disk
Storage device that includes one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information.
Establishing managmenet procedures
Succesful projects require the development of effective management procewdures.
technical support
Support that is necessary to support the wide variety of IT systems and users. Six main functions: application development, systems support, user support, database administration, network administration, and web support.
performance
System characteristics such as speed, volume, capacity, availability, and reliability.
information system
System that combines information technology, people, and data to support business requirements. The five key components are: hardware, software, data, processes, and people.
Rapid application Development
Systems develoment methodology created to radically decrease the time needed to design and implement information systems.
agile methods
Systems development methods that attempt to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements.
agile methods
Systems development methods that attempt to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements. Also called adaptive method.
user productivity systems
Systems that provide employees of all levels a wide array of tools to improve job performance, including e-mail, word processing, graphics, and company intranets.
electronic product code (EPC)
Technology that uses RFID tags to identify and monitor the movement of each individual product, from the factory floor to the retail checkout counter.
radio frequency identification (RFID)
Technology that uses high-frequency radio waves to track physical objects.
input mask
Template or pattern that makes it easier for users to enter data. Often used in automated forms to guide an unfamiliar user.
alias
Term used in various data dictionaries to indicate an alternate name, or a name other than the standard data element name, that is used to describe the same data element.
legacy systems
Term used to describe older systems that are typically less technologically advanced that currently available systems.
convergence
Term used to describe the trends of computers and devices with technologies that overlap.
digital divide
Term used to illustrate the gap between those with and without access to technology.
input
Term used to refer to data.
online
Term used to refer to the state of a computer or device being connected to a network.
critical thinking skills
The ability to compare, classify, evaluate, recognize patterns, analyze cause and effect, and apply logic. Such skills are valued in the IT industry.
engaged listening
The ability to really concentrate on what someone is saying, and avoid the temptation to hear what is expected. Also includes noticing non-verbal communication.
slack time
The amount of time by which an event can be late without delaying the project. It is the difference between its latest completion time (LCT) and earliest completion time (ECT).
duration
The amount of time it will take to complete a task.
person-day
The amount of work that one person can complete in one day.
partitioning
The breaking down of overall objectives into subsystems and modules.
make or buy
The choice between developing in-house software and purchasing software often is called this, or build or buy.
supply chain
The companies who provide materials, services, and functions needed to provide a product to a customer.
iteration
The completion of a process step that is repeated until a specific condition changes.
sequence
The completion of steps in order, one after another.
polymorphism
The concept that a message gives different meanings to different objects.
garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)
The concept that the quality of the output is only as good as the quality of the input.
supply chain management (SCM)
The coordination, integration, and management of materials, information, and finances as they move from suppliers to customers, both within and between companies.
just-in-time (JIT)
The exchange or delivery of information when and where it is needed.
Cohesion
The extent to which a system or subsystem performs a single function
Coupling
The extent to which subsystems depend on each other.
Systems planning and selection
The first phase of the SDLC, in which an organization's total information system needs are analyzed and arranged, and in which a potential information systems project is identified and an arguement for continuing or not continuing with the project is presented.
Project Initiation
The first phase of the project management process in which activities are performed to assess the size, scope, and complexity of the project and to establish procedures to support later project activities.
systems implementation phase
The fourth phase of SDLC, in which the new system is constructed--programs are written, tested, and documented, and the system is installed.
systems design
The goal of this is to build a system that is effective, reliable, and maintainable.
parent diagram
The higher or more top-level diagram in an exploded data flow diagram.
encapsulation
The idea that all data and methods are self-contained, as in a black box.
Discount Rate
The interest rate used to compile the present value of future cash flows
Boundary
The line that marks the inside and outside of a system and that sets off the system from its environment.
strategic plans
The long-range plans that define the corporate mission and goals. Typically defined by top management, with input from all levels.
body zone
The main part of the form. It usually takes up at least half of the space on the form and contains captions and areas for entering variable data.
length
The maximum number of characters for an alphabetic or character data element, or the maximum number of digits and number of decimal positions for a numeric data element.
prototyping
The method by which a prototype is developed. It involves a repetitive sequence of analysis, design, modeling, and testing.
probable-case estimate
The most likely outcome is called this.
best-case estimate
The most optimistic outcome is called this.
worst-case estimate
The most pessimistic outcome
Systems Analyst
The organizational role most responsible for the analysis and design of information systems.
business process outsourcing (BPO)
The outsourcing of a basic business process.
Purpose
The overall goal or function of a system.
form layout
The physical appearance and placement of data on a form. This makes the form easy to complete and provides enough space, both vertically and horizontally, for users to enter data.
hardware
The physical layer of the information system, to include computers, networks, communications equipment, and other technology-based infrastructure.
global outsourcing
The practice of shifting IT development, support, and operations to other countries.
offshore outsourcing
The practice of shifting IT development, support, and operations to other countries. Also called outsourcing.
Outsourcing
The practive of turning over responsibility for some or all of an organizations information systems applications and operations to an outside firm
project creep
The process by which projects with very general scope definitions expand gradually, without specific authorization.
Operational Feasibility
The process of assesing the degree to which a proposed system solves business problems or takes advantage of business opporutnities
Schedule Feasibility
The process of assesing the degree to which the potential time grame and completion dates for all major activities within a project meet organizational deadlines and constraints for effecting change
Technical Feasibility
The process of assessing the development organization's ability to construct a proposed system
Decomposition
The process of breaking the description of a system down into small components; also known as functional decomposition
Time Value of Money
The process of comparing present cash outlays to future expected returns
loads
The process of copying software from storage to memory.
Information Systems ANalysis and Design
The process of developing and maintaining an information system.
systems analysis and design
The process of developing information systems that effectively use hardware, software, data, processes, and people to support the company's business objectives.
Work Breakdown Structure
The process of dividing the project into management tasks and logically ordering them to ensure a smooth evolution between tasks
leveling
The process of drawing a series of increasingly detailed diagrams to reach the desired level of detail.
Political Feasibility
The process of evaluating how key stakeholders within the organization will view the proposed system
strategic planning
The process of identifying long-term organizational goals, strategies, and resources.
risk management
The process of identifying, evaluating, tracking, and controlling risks to minimize their impact.
project management
The process of planning, scheduling, monitoring, controlling, and reporting upon the development of an information system.
downloading
The process of transferring content from the Internet to a computer or mobile device.
Cloud Computing
The provision of computing resources, including applications, over the internet, so customers do not have to invest in the computing infrastructure needed to run and maintain the resources
data
The raw material or basic facts used by information systems.
systems analysis phase
The second SDLC phase, the purpose of which is to build a logical model of the new system.
Project Planning
The second phase of the project management process, which focuses on defining clear, discrete activities and the work needed to complete each activity within a single project.
domain
The set of values permitted for a data element.
systems design phase
The third SDLC phase, the purpose of which is to create a blueprint for the new system that will satisfy all documented requirements, whether the system is being developed in-house or purchased as a package.
Project Execution
The third phase of the project management process, in which the plans created in the prior phases are put into action
project triangle
The three major components of a project: cost, scope, and time. A project manager will try to find the optimal balance among these factors.
start day/date
The time that a task is scheduled to begin.
finish day/date
The time that task is scheduled to be finished.
computer-aided manufacturing
The use of computers to assist with manufacturing processes such as fabrication, and assembly; CAM for short.
Reuse
The use of previously written software resources, especially objects and components, in new applications.
Electronic Data interexchange
The use of telecommunication technologies to transfer business documens directly between organizations
methods
These define specific tasks that an object must perform. They describe what and how an object does something.
relationships
These enable objects to communicate and interact as they perform the business functions and transactions required by a system. These describe what objects need to know about each other, how objects respond to changes in other objects, and the effects of membership in classes, superclasses, and subclasses.
option button
These represents groups of options; the user can only select one option at a time. Also called radio buttons, the selected option contains a black dot.
logical structures
These serve as building blocks for a process. They have one entry and exit point. They may be completed in sequential order, as the result of a test or condition, or repeated until a specific condition changes. Also called control structures.
control structures
These serve as the building blocks for a process. They have one entry and exit point. They may be completed in sequential order, as the result of a test or condition, or repeated until a specific condition changes. Also called logical structures.
product-oriented
These types of firms manufacture computers, routers, or microchips.
business support systems (BSS)
They provide job-related information support to users at all levels of a company.
tablet
Thin, lighter weight mobile computer that has a touch screen, usually smaller than a laptop but larger than a phone.
laptop
Thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base, designed to fit on your lap.
notebook computer
Thin, lightweight mobile computer with a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base, designed to fit on your legs. Also called laptop.
dialog box
This allows a user to enter information about a task that a system will perform.
calendar control
This allows the user to select a date that the system will display and store as a field value.
process-control
This allows users to send commands to a system.
report header
This appears at the beginning of a report and identifies the report as well as the report title, data, and other necessary information.
page footer
This appears at the bottom of the page and is used to display the name of the report and the page number.
report footer
This appears at the end of the report and can include grand totals for numeric fields and other end-of-report information.
page header
This appears at the top of the page and includes the column headings that identify the data.
module
This consists or related program code organized into small units that are easy to understand and maintain.
control zone
This contains codes, identification information, numbers, and dates that are used for storing completed forms.
toolbar
This contains icons or buttons that represent shortcuts for executing common commands.
instruction zone
This contains instructions for completing a form.
software requirements specifications
This contains the requirements for the new system, describes the alternatives that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management. It is the end product of the systems analysis phase. Also called the system requirements document.
object-oriented (O-O) analysis
This describes an information system by identifying things called objects. A popular approach that sees a system from the viewpoint of the objects themselves as they function and interact with the system.
object model
This describes objects, which combine data and processes. They are the end product of object-oriented analysis.
business logic
This determines how a system handles data and produces useful information. It reflects the operational requirements of the business. Also called business rules.
payback analysis
This determines how long it takes an information system to pay for itself through reduced costs and increased benefits.
list box
This displays a list of choices that the user can select.
exception report
This displays only those records that meet a specific condition or conditions.
software license
This gives users the right to use the software under certain terms and conditions.
data validation rule
This improves input quality by testing the data and rejecting any entry that fails to meet specified conditions.
user interface (UI)
This includes screens, commands, controls, and features that enable users to interact more effectively with an application.
user interface
This includes screens, commands, controls, and features that enable users to interact more effectively with an application. Also called graphical user interface (GUI).
input control
This includes the necessary measures to ensure that input data is correct, complete, and secure.
project scheduling
This involves the creation of a specific timetable to facilitate completion of a project. It also involves selecting and staffing the project team and assigning specific tasks to team members.
child diagram
This is a lower-level diagram in an exploded data flow diagram.
electronic health records (EHR)
This is a record of a patient's health information generated as the patient encounters various health care providers and shared among multiple facilities and agencies.
report generator
This is a tool for designing formatted reports rapidly; also called a report writer.
economic feasibility
This is achieved if the projected benefits of the proposed system outweigh the estimated costs involved in acquiring, installing, and operating it.
screen generator
This is an interactive tool that helps you design a custom interface, create screen forms, and handle data entry format and procedures. Also called a form painter.
character-based report
This is created using a single mono-spaced character set.
evaluation and selection team
This is involved in selecting hardware and software, and includes systems analysts and users. A team approach ensures that critical factors are not overlooked and that a sound choice is made.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
This is something that redefining the way that companies develop and deploy their information systems. It is a model of software delivery that cuts across all market segments, including homes and businesses of all sizes.
magnetic data strip
This is used for automated data input.
request for quotation (RFQ)
This is used to obtain a price quotation or bid on a specific product or package.
toggle button
This is used to represent on or off status. Clicking this switches to the other status.
check box
This is used to select one or more choices from a group. The selected options are represented by a check mark, or an X.
informal structure
This is usually based on interpersonal relationships and can develop from previous work assignments, physical proximity, unofficial procedures, or personal relationships.
benchmark
This measures the time a package takes to process a certain number of transactions.
limit check
This occurs when a validation check involves a minimum or maximum value, but not both. Checking that a payment amount is greater than zero, but not specifying a maximum value, is an example of this.
net present value (NPV)
This part of a project is the total value of the benefits minus the total value of the costs, with both the costs and benefits being adjusted to reflect the point in time at which they occur.
logical design
This part of an information system defines the functions and features of a system and the relationships among its components.
physical design
This part of the information system is a plan for the actual implementation of the system.
project coordinator
This person handles administrative responsibilities for the development team and negotiates with users who might have conflicting requirements or want changes that would requires additional time or expense.
system prototyping
This produces a full-featured, working model of the information system being developed.
detail report
This produces one or more lines of output for each record processed.
data security
This protects data from loss or damage and recovers data when it is lost or damaged.
output security
This protects privacy rights and shields the organization's proprietary data from theft or unauthorized access.
audit trail
This records the source of each data item and when it entered a system. It must show how and when data is accessed or changed, and by whom.
looping
This refers to a process step that is repeated until a specific condition changes. Also called repetition.
radio button
This represents a group of options; the user can only select one option at a time. Also called an option button, the selected option contains a black dot.
object
This represents a real person, place, event, or transaction.
use case
This represents the steps in a specific business function or process in UML (Unified Modeling Language).
logical model
This shows what a system must do, regardless of how it will be implemented physically.
system boundary
This shows what is included and excluded from a system. It is depicted by a shaded rectangle in use case diagrams.
maintenance agreement
This specifies the conditions, charges, and time frame for users to contact the vendor for assistance when they have system problems or questions.
Establishing the Project Initiation plan
This step defines the activities required to organize the initation team while it is working to define the scope of the project.
information center (IC)
This supports users by training them on application software, answering questions, troubleshooting problems and serving as a clearinghouse for user problems and solutions.
graphical user interface (GUI)
This uses graphical objects and techniques that allow users to communicate with a system.
control break
This usually causes specific actions to occur, such as printing subtotals for a group of records.
user application
This utilizes standard business software, such as Microsoft Office that has been configured in a specific manner to enhance user productivity.
hash totals
Totals that are not meaningful numbers themselves, but are useful for comparison purposes. Also called batch control totals.
slide
Touch gesture in which a user presses and holds one finger on an object and then moves the finger to the new location.
press and hold
Touch gesture in which a user presses and holds one finger until an action occurs.
double-tap
Touch gesture in which a user quickly touches and releases one finger two times.
I-commerce (Internet commerce)
Transactions (e.g. buying and selling of goods and information) that occur on the Internet. Includes B2B and B2C.
e-commerce (electronic commerce)
Transactions (e.g. buying and selling of goods and information) that occurs on the internet. Includes both business-to-consumer and business-to-business.
user-selected
Under the control of the system or application user.
Developing a preliminary schedule
Use information on tasks and resource availibility to assign time estimates to each activitiy in the work breakdown structure.
power user
User who requires the capabilities of a powerful computer.
four-model approach
Using this approach means that a physical model of the current system, a logical model of the current system, a logical model of the new system, and a physical model of the new system are all developed.
critical success factors
Vital objectives that must be achieved for the enterprise to fulfill its mission.
scalable
When a design is able to expand to meet new business requirements and volumes.
operational feasibility
When a system will be used effectively after it has been developed.
Bluetooth
Wireless communication technology that uses short-range radio signals to enable Bluetooth-enable computers and devices to communicate with each other.
right, left
_______ justify numeric data , ________ justify textual data
Tangible Benefit
a benefit that can be easily quantified
Intangible Benefit
a benefit that is believed to be difficult or impossible to quantify
Data Model
a blueprint for the design of the database
Intelligent Key
a business code whose structure communicates data about an entity instance
Alternate Key
a candidate key that is not selected to become the primary key
Primary Key
a candidate key that will most commonly be used to uniquely identify a single entity instance
Data Type
a class of date that can be stored in an attribute
Brooks' Law
a concept stated by Frederick Brooks Jr., an IBM engineer, who observed that adding manpower to a late software project only makes it later.
Generalization
a concept wherein the attributes that are common to several types of an entity are grouped into their own entity (ex when a student might also be an employee and the stored data is the same)
Control Flow
a condition or non-data event that triggers a process
Normalization
a data analysis technique that organizes data into groups to form non-redundant, stable, flexible, and adaptive entities
Parent Entity
a data entity that contributes one or more attributes to another entity, called the child; in a one-to-many relationship the parent is the entity on the "one" side
Child
a data entity that derives one or more attributes from another entity, called the parent; in a one-to-many relationship, the child is the entity on the "many" side
Event Diagram
a data flow diagram for a single even handler and the agents and data stores that provide inputs or receive outputs
Primitive Diagram
a data flow diagram that depicts the elementary processes, data stores, and data flows for a single event
System Diagram
a data flow diagram that merges event diagrams for the entire system or part of the system
Diverging Data Flow
a data flow that spills into multiple data flows
ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)
a data model utilizing several notations to depict data in terms of the entities and relationships described by that data
Functional Requirement
a description on activities and services a system must provide; consist of the concrete activities and services that make up a system, i.e., the inputs, processes, outputs and data stores, and that are needed to meet the system improvement objectives
conceptual data modeling
a detailed model that shows the overall structure of organizational data while being independent of any dbms
Functional Decomposition Diagram
a diagram that partitions the system into logical subsystems and/or functions
context diagram
a diagram which represemys a susye, as a single DFD process
Use-Case Model
a drawing that represents the relationships between the actors and the use cases; the use cases are grouped into subsystems and the actors are depicted with stick figures; a line is drawn between each actor and each use case it has a relationship with (no arrows) (time can be an actor)
pointer
a field of data that can be used to locate a related field
Requirements Definition Document
a formal document that communicates the requirements of a proposed system to key stakeholders and serves as a contract for teh systems project
transitive relationship
a functional dependency between non primary key attributes
Concatenated Key
a group of attributes that uniquely identifies an instance of an entity
Event-Response List
a list of the business events to which the system must provide a response similar to a use-case list
Event
a logical unit of work that must be completed as a whole (sometimes called a transaction)
Data-to-Location-CRUD Matrix
a matrix that is used to map data requirements to locations; rows indicate entities (and possible attributes), and the columns indicate locations, and the cells document level of access
Physical Model
a pictorial representation of what a system is or does and how it is physically and technically implemented
Logical Model
a pictorial representation of what a system is or does, without technical implementation
Systems Analysis
a problem-solving technique that breaks a system into its components to study how well they interact to accomplish their purpose; and is a pre-requisite to systems design; focuses more on the business side of things
DFD (Data Flow Diagram)
a process model used to depict the flow of data through a system and the work or processing preformed by the system
User-Centered Development
a process of systems development whereby the analyst can concentrate on how the system will be used and not how it will be constructed
Event Handler
a process that handles a given event in the event-response list
JRP (Joint Requirements Planning)
a process whereby highly structured group meetings are conducted for the purpose of analyzing problems and defining requirements
event
a reference point that marks a major occurrence, or milestone. They monitor progress and help to manage a project.
well structured relation
a relation that contains a minimum about of redundancy, allows user to insert, modify, and delete rows without any errors or inconsistencies
third normal form
a relation that is in 2NF and has no functional (transitive) dependencies between two or more non-primary key attributes
Depends On
a relationship between use cases indicating that one use case cannot be performed until another use case has been performed
Non-Identifying Relationship
a relationship in which each participating entity has its own independent primary key
Identifying Relationship
a relationship in which the parent entity's key is also part of the primary key of the child entity
Recursive Relationship
a relationship that exists between instances of the same entity
Non-Specific Relationship
a relationships where many instances of an entity are associated with many instances of another entity (a 'many-to-many' relationship)
design review
a review of a project member's work by other members of the team. Also called a structured walkthrough.
code review
a review of a project team member's work by other members of the team to spot logic errors. Also called a structured walkthrough.
critical path
a series of events and activities with no slack time. Includes all activities that are vital to the project schedule.
Function
a set of related and ongoing activities of a business
Function
a set of related and ongoing activities of a business (ex production planning, inventory control)
Policy
a set of rules that governs how a process is to be completed
Use Case Glossary
a simple table naming and defining the use for each process model, including use case identified, its description, and its participating actors and roles
Data Structure
a specific arrangement of data attributes that define a single instance of a data flow
Event Partitioning
a structured analysis strategy in which a system is factored into subsystems based on business events and responses to those events
feasibility study
a study carried out before a new ICT system is developed to see whether a new system can be developed at an acceptable cost to realise user benefit
Problem Statement Matrix
a succinct overview of the problems, opportunities and/or directives that triggered the project
Temporal Event
a system event triggered by time
what is a system?
a system is a way of doing things. Organgisations have different systems to deal with different areas. Systems to pay staff, purchasing stock, controlling stock and keeping accounts.
Stratification
a systematic technique that attempts to reduce the variance of estimates by spreading out the sampling (using a formula and avoiding very high or very low estimates)
Process-to-Location-Association Matrix
a table used to document processes and the locations at which they must be performed; rows indicate processes, columns indicate locations, and cells document which processes must be performed at which locaitons
Decision Table
a tabular presentation that specifies a set of conditions and their corresponding actions; they are useful for specifying complex policies and decision-making rules
Payback Analysis
a technique for determining if and when an investment will pay for itself
Data Modeling
a technique for organizing and documenting a system's data
ROI (Return-on-Investment Analysis)
a technique hat compares the lifetime profitability of alternative solutions
Problems, Opportunities, Objectives and Constraints Matrix (POOC) - aka 'Cause and Effect Analysis'
a technique in which problems are studied to determine their causes and effects; leads to true understanding of problems and can lead to not-so-obvious, but more creative and valuable, solutions
bottom-up technique
a technique that analyzes a large, complex project as a series of individual tasks, called project tasks.
Data Analysis
a technique used to improve a data model for implementation as a database
Decomposition
a tool used to depict the decomposition of a system (breaking into sub-components)
Entity
a true entity has multiple instances and should be named with nouns; anything about which they would like to capture, store, and produce information
Abstract Use Case
a use case that reduces redundancy among two or more other use cases by combining the common steps found in those cases
Use-Case Narrative
a very detailed form that tracks information about the process, steps taken by actors and system response
context sensitive
ability to provide ____________ help by interfaces
database design
account for every data element on a system input and output is the deliverable from _______
Fully Attributed Data Model
add all attributes to be captured and stored in the database
Key-Based Data Model
add primary key to the context data model
appending
adding additional characters to a field
hashed file organization
address for each row is determined using an algorithm
Data Attributes
adjectives; a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity; what specific pieces of data you want to store about each instance of a given entity (ex name, addr, ph#, etc); every attribute should contain a logical default value that represents the value of an attribute if its value is not specified by the user
baseline project plan
all the information collected during project initiation and planning is collected into this document
slack time
amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying project
Net Present Value
an analysis technique that compares the annual discounted costs and benefits of alternative solutions
relationships
an association between the instances of one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization
candidate key
an attribute or combination of attributes, that uniquely identifies each instance of an entity type
Compound Attribute
an attribute that consists of other attributes
multivalued attribute
an attribute that may take on more than one value for each entity instance
Derived Attribute
an attribute whose value can be calculated from other attributes or derived from the values of other attributes
Key
an attribute, or a group of attributes, that assumes a unique value for each entity instance; the value of a key should not change over time (ex. Someone's last name); the value cannot be null
Associative Entity
an entity that inherits its primary key from more than one other entity
associative entities
an entity type that associates the instances of one or more entity types and contains attributes that are peculiar to the relationship between those entity instances
Subtype
an entity whose instances may inherit common attributes from its entity supertype (ex Student and Employee are subtypes of Person)
Supertype
an entity whose instances store attributes that are common to one or more entity subtypes (ex Person)
analysis of existing system
analysis will normally involve: - understanding the existing system understand the proposed system if there is no existing system -gathering and analysing different user requirements - setting out the solution in a logical way using tools and techniques such as data flow diagrams, data models, process specifications and systems diagrams - producing a specification
input device
any hardware component that allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device.
resources
any person, group of people, equipment, or material used in accomplishing an activity
activity
any work that has a beginning and an end, and requires the use of company resources including people, time, and/or money.
task
any work that has a beginning and an end, and requires the use of company resources including people, time, and/or money. Also called activity.
Actor
anything that needs to interact with the system to exchange information; initiates system activity, a use case, for the purpose of completing some business task that produces something of measurable value; can be a human, an organization, another IS, an external device, or time
prototype approach
approach in designing interfaces and dialogues
merging relations
as part of logical database design, normalized relations likely may be redundant, we do this to solve this problem and also when they have the same primary key
classifying and ranking projects
asses the merit of potential projects purpose of...
foreign key
attribute that appears as non-primary key attribute in one relation and as a primary key attribute in another =dashed underline
primary key
attribute whose value is unique across all occurrences =underlined
The behavior of a sys as viewed from an internal perspective is described by ___
behavioral models
cost effective, core competency, best practices, operating solutions
benefits of outsourcing
intangible benefits
benefits that are difficult to measure in dollars.
tangible benefits
benefits that can be measured in dollars.
introduction
brief overview of entire BPP, outlining a recommended course of action. Includes Project Scope Statement. (part of BPP)
report
business document that contains only predefined data. Passive document used only for reading or viewing. Typically has data from unrelated records or transactions
form
business document that contains some predefined data. may include areas where additional data are to be filled in
inspection of records
by examining documents they can understand what information is held. documents giving general information would include -organisation chards (chart showing the hierachy in the organisation and can be used to find out who reports to who) -staff CVs- useful to assess the skills or training employees need -job description- give details of the tasks undertaken by different people -policy/ procedure manuals- useful to understand the way the organisation works -previous system documents- paper documents when previous system have been produced
expected time
calculated by PERT
identifier
candidate key that has been selected as the unique identifying characteristic for an entity type
exit capabilities
capabilities from interfaces that: transmit the screen to the application program. move to another screen/form/confirm saving of edits or go to another screen
streaming
capability of accessing media content while it downloads.
data type
coding scheme recognized by system software for representing organizational data. Choose one that minimize storage space
entity type
collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics
disadvantage of interviews
collection of information using interviewing is time consuming
entity relationship data models
commonly used diagrams that show how data are organized in an IS
Feasibility Analysis Matrix
compares candidates for the solution to your problem, evaluated against: technical feasibility, operational feasibility, economic feasibility, and schedule feasibility
indifferent condition
condition whose value does not affect which actions are taken for two or more rules
balancing
conservation of inputs and outputs to a dfd process when that process is decomposed to a lower level
one time cost
cost associated with project initiation and development and the startup of the system. (training, new hardware, site prep)
benefits of outsourcing
cost effective, core competency, established best practice, overcome operating problems
recurring cost
cost resulting from the ongoing evolution and use of the system
intangible costs
costs that are difficult to measure in dollar terms, such as employee dissatisfaction.
tangible costs
costs that have a specific dollar value.
in house development
could be hybrid development where some is done in house and some by service firm
data store
data at rest, which may take the form of many different physical representations
interfaces
data entry fields, feedback, online help are examples of
Composite Data Flow
data flow that consist of other data flows
relational database model
data represented as as a set of related tables or relations
data flow
data that are in motion and moving as a unit from one place in the system to another
design specifications
deliverable from interface and dialogue
network diagram
depicts project tasks and their interrelationships
top down approach
derives the data model from an intimate understanding of the nature of the business rather than from any specific information requirements in computer displays, reports, or business forms
abstraction
design of reusable piece
narrative overview, sample design, testing and usability assessment, outline dialogue sequence
design specification 4 sections in interfaces and dialogues
outline dialogue sequence
design specification section that are ways user can move through display
prototype approach
designing forms and reports follows what type of approach
target
destination location on a storage device.
Determine critical path
determine which parts of the project can't be late
Technical Feasibility
determines the practicality, availability and affordability of the proposed technology and whether we currently posses the necessary technology and technical expertise
feasibility study
determines whether the information system makes sense for the organization from an economic and operation standpoint.
facilitated reuse
developers are not required to practice reuse, but encouraged
managed reuse
development, sharing, & adoption of reusable assets are mandated. Medium cost included
interface
device enabling user to communicate with computer
context diagram
dfd of the scope of a system that shows the system boundaries, entities that interact, and major information flows bw entities of the system
level 0 diagram
dfd that represents a systems major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of detail
closure
dialogues should be logically grouped and have a beginning, middle and end.
level n diagram
did that is the result of n nested decompositions of a series of subprocesses from a process on a level 0 diagram
Elementary Process
discrete, detailed activity or task required to complete the response to an event
written work procedure
document from "analyzing procedures and documents" that describes how a job or task is performed
current system description
document from "analyzing procedures and documents" that describes how the system was designed and how it works through flowcharts/manuals
current system report
document from "analyzing procedures and documents" that helps you work backward from information on the report to data needed to create it
business form
document from "analyzing procedures and documents" that is used for all types of business functions (invoice)
request for proposal (RFP)
document provided to vendors to ask them to propose hardware and systems software that will meet new system requirements
open ended questions
during an interview are used to probe for information when you cannot anticipate all possible responses or when you do not know precise question to ask
close ended questions
during an interview are used to provide a range of answers from which interviewee may choose
disruptive technologies
enable the breaking of long held business rules that inhibit organizations from making radical change
deliverable
end product in a phase of SDLC
transcripting
entering invalid data into a field
project feasibility
evaluates six factors that form the business case
attention to details
every fact must fit with every other fact when determining requirements
result of normalization
every non primary key attribute depends upon the whole primary key and nothing but the primary key
tangible costs
ex: hardware, labor, and operational costs
intangible benefits
ex: improvement of employee moral, reduction of waste creation
intangible costs
ex: loss of customer goodwill, operational inefficiency
tangible benefits
ex: reduced personnel expenses, error educe, increased speed
completeness
extent to which all necessary components of a dfd have been included and fully described
consistency
extent to which information contained on one level of nested dfds is also included on other levels
feasibility and the feasibility report
feasibility will normally involve the following - initial fact find which will give information on what is required from the project - investigation into the technical, legal, economic, operational and schedule implications - identifying the costs and benefits of the new system and weighing them against each other -making recommendations as to feasibbility of the project - a draft plan for the implementation of the project
calculated field
field derived from other database fields
Determine the sequence of the activities and precendance relationships among all activities by constructing a gantt chart and network diagram
find out the sequence
user
focus in interfaces and dialogues
interfaces and dialogues
focus of _______________ is how information is provided to and captured from users
initiation
focuses on activities that will help organize a team to conduct project planning
planning
focuses on defining clear, discrete tasks and the work needed to complete each task
referential integrity
foreign key must satisfy ________ where the value of an attribute in one relation depends on the value of the same attribute in another relation
dialogue diagramming
formal method of designing and representing human computer dialogues using box and line diagrams
baseline project plan
foundation for remainder of project, not shared with customers. Contains the best estimate of project's scope, benefits, costs, risk, and resource requirements
cloud computing
freeing internal staff, gaining access to application faster, low cost access to corporate quality apps are all benefits of _______
open source software
freely available. Not just product itself but the source code as well.
bottom up approach
gather the information for data modeling by reviewing specific business documents handled within the system
narrative overview
general overview of the characteristics of the target users, tasks, system and environmental factors in which the form or report will be used
Which of the following relationships indicates an inheritance relationship between two classes?
generalization
data processing speed
goal of physical table that is most efficient when stored close to one another in secondary memory
data flow diagram
graphic that illustrates the movement of data between external entities, and the processes and stores within a system
gantt chart
graphical representation of a project that shows each task as a horizontal bar whose length is proportional to time of completion
entity relationship diagram
graphical representation of the entities, associations, and data for an organization
process modeling
graphically representing the process that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data between a system and its environment and among components within a system
information technology services firm
help companies develop custom information systems for internal use. Develop, host, and run applications (IBM)
Foreign Key
identify associated instances of related entities; exception to the non-redundancy rule
Identify each activity to be completed in the project
identify tasks
Entity Definition Matrix
identify the fundamental entities and define them
project planning
identifying project tasks and estimating completion time and costs.
outsourcing
if another organization develops or runs a computer application for your own organization
technical feasibility
if the organization has the resources to develop or purchase, install, and operate the system.
physical database design
in ____________ you use the results of the four logical design steps.
input mask
in controlling data integrity it is a patter of codes that restricts the width and possible values for each position of a field
null value
in controlling data integrity it is a special value that indicates the value for a field is unknown`
default value
in controlling data integrity it is the value a field will assume unless an explicit value is entered for that field
secondary key
in indexed file organization: one or a combination of fields for which more than one row may have the same combination of values
Inheritance
in use cases, a relationship between actors created to simplify the drawing when an abstract actor inherits the role of multiple real actors
Context Data Model
includes fundamental business entities and relationships with cardinality; relationships should be named with verb phrases(ex 'sells', 'responds to', etc.)
ad hoc
individuals are free to find or develop reusable assets on their own
white papers
industry equivalent to a research article
electronic commerce (EC)
internet based communication that support day to day business activities
interviews
interviews with managers can reveal how their department works and the problems they have with the existing systems. They can give information about how they'd like the new system to work and what they think it should include
reports
invoices, weekly sales summary, pie chart of population are examples of
logic modeling
involves representing the internal structure and functionality of processes represented on the dfds
Systems Design
is putting those components back together for an improved synergistic effect; focuses more on the technical and implementation points
business case
justifies the expenditure of resources on the project
Which of the following symbols is used to depict the sending of a message from one object to another?
line with arrow
action stubs
lists the actions that result for a given set of conditions in a decision table
condition stubs
lists the conditions relevant to the decisions in a decision tabl
truncating
losing characters from a field
primitive
lowest level of decomposition for a dfd
design specifications
major deliverable of system design and input to the system implementation and operation phase
baseline project plan (BPP) and project scope statement (PSS)
major deliverables from project initiation and planning
storage
making assets available for others (reuse)
recontextualization
making storage understandable (reuse)
identifying and selecting project
managers and business groups assess all possible systems development projects that a business unit could undertake... purpose of
decision table
matrix representation of the logic of a decision, which specifies the possible conditions for the decision and resulting actions
relaxing of constraints
means that you assume that anything is possible and eliminate the infeasable when determining requirements
impartiality
means that your role is to find the best solution to a business problem or opportunity while considering all issues raised when determining requirements
reframing
means to challenge yourself to look at the organization in new ways when determining requirements
impertinence
means to question everything when determining requirements
Operational Feasibility
measures how well a solution meets the identified system requirements to solve the problems and take advantage of the opportunities envisioned for the system; looks at whether the problem is still worth solving vs. its expected solution cost
Schedule Feasibility
measures whether the project deadlines are reasonable
remove redundancy
merge relationships to ____ _____
COCOMO
method for estimating software projects size and cost
people
most important and expensive part of resource planning
realistic time
most likely time, reflected by project managers "best guess"
time value of money
most techniques used to determine economic feasibility encompass concept of ____
attributes
named property or characteristic of an entity that is of interest to the organization
physical table
named set of rows and columns that specifies the fields in each row of the table. May or may not correspond to one relation
physical file
named set of table rows stored in a contiguous section of secondary memory
internet
network of interconnected individual networks using a common protocol. Supports business to consumer e-commerce
Randomization
no predetermined pattern or plan for selecting sample data
degree
number of entity types that participate in a relationship
observations
observation involves sitting with a person and observing what they do in order to understand the information flows and processes they perform.
turnkey systems
off the shelf software systems that cannot be modified to meet the specific individual needs of an organization
formal system
official way a system works, as described in organizational documentation
Candidate Key
one of a number of keys that may serve as the primary key on an entity
Development Costs
one-time costs such as: personnel costs, computer usage costs, training costs, and equipment costs
source/sink
origin/destination of the data (external enties)
source
original location on a storage device.
management issues
outlines concerns that management has about project as well as workers. (part of BPP)
project scope statement
outlines objectives of project for customers, describes what the project will deliver and outlines generally at a high level all work required to complete project
system description
outlines possible alternative solutions as well as a description of the selected system (part of BPP)
design strategy
particular approach to developing an information system. includes statement on the systems functionality hardware and software, and method for aquisition
functional dependency
particular relationship between two attributes.. If attribute B is functionally dependent on attribute A if, for every valid value of A, that value of A unique determines the value of B A -->
walkthrough
peer group review of any product created during the systems development process (incremental commitment)
entity
person, place, object or concept in which the user environment about which the organization wishes to maintain data
project
planned undertaking of a series of related activities, having a beginning and an end, to reach an objective
schedule of specific IS development projects
primary deliverable from project identification and selection phase
normalization
process of converting complex data structures into simple, stable data properties
dialogue design
process of designing the overall sequences that users follow to interact with an information system
gap analysis
process of discovering discrepancies between two or more sets of dfds or discrepancies within one dfd
work breakdown structure (WBS)
process of dividing project into manageable task and logically ordering them to ensure a smooth evolution between task
determining requirements
process of gathering information on what the system should do from as many sources as possible
denormalization
process of splitting or combining normalized relations into physical tables based on affinity of use of rows and fields
structuring requirements
process of taking the system requirements and ordering them into tables/diagrams to make theme easier to translate into technical specifications
forms
product orders, employment applications are examples of
initiate, plan, execute, close down
project management process includes
nondiscretionary projects
projects where no choice exists.
repetitive process in which analysts and users build a basic version of an IS based on user feedback
prototyping
cloud computing
provision of computing resources, applications, over the Internet so customers do not have to invest in computing infrastructure needed to run and maintain the resources
initiation and planning
purpose includes determining project scope and identifying activities that can reduce the time needed to complete later phases
narrative overview
purpose of this is to explain to those who will actual develop the final form, why this form exists, and how it will be used
Operating Costs
recurring costs such as fixed lease payments, software license payments, and salaries, or variable computer usage costs that are dependent on workload, supply costs, and prorated utilities
Non-Functional Requirement
refer to the behavioral attributes of the system, i.e., performance factors such as speed of operations and response time, cost of operations, ease of use, security controls, quality management, documentation, etc.
Computer-aided software engineering
refers to automated softwawre tools used by systems analysts to develop information systems
optimistic and pessimistic
reflect min and max possible periods of time for an activity to be completed
summary worksheet
reflects the PV of all benefits and costs over a period of five years, as well as when the project breaks even
Each regular entity type in an ER diagram is transformed into a
relation
second normal form
relation for which every non primary key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole primary key
memory card
removable, flash memory, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card/reader writer.
functional decomposition
repetitive process of breaking the description or perspective of a system down into finer and finer detail
binary 1:N
represented by adding the primary key attribute of the entity on the one side of the relationship as a foreign key in relation that is on the many side
Unary (recursive) 1:1
represented by adding the primary key of A as a foreign k of B (backwards or both) Foreign key references the primary key values of that same relation
data modeling
represents the meaning and structure of data
process modeling
represents the movement and use of data
Process
respond to business events and conditions and transform data into useful information; helps us to understand interactions with the system's environment, other systems, and other processes
designed reuse
reuse is mandated and policies are created to measure effectiveness. The code is designed for reuse. High cost included
object oriented and component based
reuse is mostly applied in 2 development technlogies
transposing
reversing the sequence of one or more characters in a field
indexed file organization
rows are stored either sequentially or non sequentially, and an index is created that allows software to locate individual rows
sequential file organization
rows in the file are stored in sequence according to the primary key value to find something, must scan from beginning until desired row is collected
critical path scheduling
scheduling technique in which the order and duration of a sequence of task activities directly affect project completion Ex: network diagram
business process reengineering
search and implementation of a radical change in business process to achieve breakthrough improvements in processes and products
When each nonprimary key attribute is identified by the whole key, the relation is said to be in atleast
second normal form
dialogue
sequence in which information is displayed to and obtained from a user
project workbook
serves as a repository for all project correspondence, inputs, outputs, deliverables, and procedures useful for audits and orientation
repeating group
set of two or more multivalued attributes that are logically related
critical path
shortest time in which a project can be completed
Gantt chart
shows duration of tasks but not the sequence of dependencies
data flow diagram (DFD)
shows the flow, storage and processing of data in system
entity instance
single occurrence of an entity type
ERP
single source of data for all aspects of a business is a benefit of ____
field
smalles unit of application data recognized by a system software
packaged software products
software companies develop pre packed or off the shelf systems (Windows)= meets 70% of organizational needs
binary M:N
solution to this: is to create a separate relation in which the primary key is composite key consisting of primary key for two entities
rules
specifies which actions are to be followed for given set of conditions in decision table
requirements, initial prototype, review and evaluate prototype
steps for designing reports and forms
incremental commitment
strategy after each subsequent SCLC activity where the project is reviewed and continuation of the project is rejustified in each review.
joint application design
structured process in which key users, managers, and analysts work together for several days in a series of intensive meetings to specify or review system requirements
intranet
supports business activities within a single organization
extranet
supports business to business activities
feasibility assessment
system analyst outlines project costs, benefits, schedules, and technical difficulties. (part of BPP)
enterprise resource planning systems (ERP)
system that integrated individual traditional business functions into a series of modules, so that a single transaction occurs seamlessly within a single information system
The organizational role most responsible for the analysis and design of info systems best describes a
systems analyst
project manager
systems analyst with leadership, technical, conflict skills who is responsible for initiation planning executing and closing down of project
index
table used to determine the location of rows in a file that satisfies some common condition
concurrent task
tasks that can be completed at the same time, also called parallel tasks.
file organization
technique for physically arranging records of a file
cookie crumbs
technique for showing users where they are in a website by placing a series of tabs on a web page that shows users where they are and where they have been.
PERT
technique that uses optimistic, pessimistic, and realistic time estimates to calculate expected time for a particular task
surfing the web
term used to refer to the activity of using links to explore the web.
Project closedown
the final phase of the project management process, which focuses on bringing a project to an end
Domain
the legitimate values for an attribute
Converging Data Flow
the merger of multiple data flows into a single data flow
Cardinality
the minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a single occurrence of the other entity
Degree
the number of entities that participate in a relationship
cardinality
the number of instances of entity B that can *(or must) be associated with each instance of entity A
Payback Period
the period of time that will elapse before accrued benefits overtake accrued costs
Data Conservation
the practice of ensuring that a data flow contains only data needed by the receiving process
Legal and COntractual Feasibility
the process of assessing potential legal and contractual ramifications due to the construction of a system
Sampling
the process of collecting a representative sample of documents, forms and records; blank forms should be avoided; study enough samples to identify all the possible processing conditions and exceptions
Use-Case Modeling
the process of modeling a system's functions in term of business events, who initiated the events, and how the system responds to those events
Data Attribute
the smallest piece of data that has meaning to the users and the business
informal system
the way in which the organizational system actually works
how to find information about existing systems
there are many ways information about existing systems can be found such as -interviews -observation -inspection of records -questionnaires
schedule feasibility
this means that a project can be implemented in an acceptable time frame.
narrative overview, sample design, testing and usability assessment
three sections of design specifications
Determine time estimates and calculate the expected completion time for each activitiy
time
stretch
touch gesture in which a user moves two fingers apart.
pinch
touch gesture in which a user moves two fingers together.
swipe
touch gesture in which a user presses and holds one finger and then moves the finger horizontally or vertically on the screen.
tap
touch gesture in which a user quickly touches and releases one finger one time.
1. represent entities 2. represent relationship 3. normalize 4. merge
transforming ERD into relations
Physical Design
translates business user requirements into a system model that depicts a technical implementation of the users' business requirements; represents a specific technical solution; the opposite of logical design
Logical Design
translates business user requirements into a system model that depicts business requirements; does not include possible technical design or implementation of those requirements
cost scope time
triangle for project manager
speed and storage
two goals of physical table
identification and selection, initiation and planning
two parts on systems planning and selection
relational data model, physical file and database design
two steps in database design
designing human interface, designing database
two steps in systems design
two entities with a 1:1 relationship m:n relationship reference data
use denormalization when
reuse
use of previously written software resources, especially 1. objects 2. components in new applications
electronic data interchange (EDI)
use of telecommunication technologies to transfer business docs directly between organizations. Extranets use...
highlighting
used to draw user to or away from certain information and to group together related information
Double confirmation
users must confirm their intentions twice before being allowed to proceed
Economic Feasibility
uses cost-benefit analysis to measure the cost-effectiveness of a project/solution; determines whether the possible benefits of solving the problem are worthwhile
homonym
view integration problem where a single attribute name is used for two or more different attributes
synonyms
view integration problem where two different names are used for the same attribute
normalization
way to build a data model that has the properties of simplicity, non-redundancy, and minimal maintenance
status information
way to provide feedback in interfaces that keeps user informed of what is going on within a system (Screen 1 of 3) (Working...)
electronic proof of delivery (EPOD)
when a supplier uses RFID tags on each crate, case, or shipping unit to create a digital shipping list.
questionnaires
when compiling questionnaires the following should be borne in mind - best not to ask for respondents name, risk of having unhonest answers - structure the questions - avoid leading questions - at the end add the question 'is there anything i have missed that you think i should know about?'
easy navigation system
when designing a process form and report... design an _______ _______ _______ to easily know how to move forward as well as well you are
1. use meaningful labels, 2. format columns, rows and text 3. format numerical, textual, and alphanumerical data
when displaying tables and lists
Transitive Dependency
when the value of a non-key attribute is dependent on the value of another non-key attribute other than by derivation
user
who is the focus of designing forms and reports
Wi-Fi
wireless communication technology that uses radio signals to provide high-speed Internet and network communications to computers and devices capable of communicating via Wi-Fi; short for wireless fidelity.
process
work or actions performed on data so that they are transformed, stored, or distributed
Process
work performed by a system in response to incoming data flows or conditions
