J 201 Take Home Exam Study Guide

Marshall McLuhan

"The medium is the message."-Marshall McLuhan. In the 1960s, he spoke about the impact of media(the forms and technologies) on our lives. When we pay too much attention to the media, we ignore the power or form in shaping our experience. If you don't understand the medium, you don't fully understand the message. All media effects how we experience and make media.

The Social Science (Media Effects) Approach (and associated keywords)

"The social scientific model also asks important questions about the media, but it is informed by an approach that tests hypotheses and measurable data." It assumes that there is a receiver of a message. It assumes that messages are being sent through a mass media channel. Aside from that the social scientific model does not make any basic assumptions. We don't know who or how the sender is trying to send information or how the receiver will process that information. We only know that there is a sender, receiver, and that the mass media channel exists. We also need to make a hypothesis and test/observe how that hypothesis effects the public. Pg 26-28 Notebook.

The Professions Involved in Making the Music

(1) A&R agents are talent scouts who work with artists on development. (2) Technical and production specialists (a) Artist, producer, session engineer, audio technicians. (b) Producer-Handles non-technical elements(cover art). (c) Distribution costs-Record companies. Digital distribution has eased these costs. The primary job of the music industry is to provide both the talent, the support, and the legal infrastructure to take an artist and move them further forward. There are lawyers, business managers, accountants, tour managers, crew that do lighting, public relations, band leaders, in some cases stylists, and choreographers.(Record companies can cover some of these costs that are required for tours).-Page 117-118(Notebook).

Key Features of the American Press (Boosterism, Objectivity, First Amendment).

(1) Boosterism (self-promotion) (2) Professionalization with objectivity as the core. (3) Freedoms afforded by the 1st Amendment. (1) The idea that journalists have to self promote(what that means in terms of newspapers is that the American press is not subsidized by the U.S. gov't the way that for example-the BBC is subsidized by the UK or there are gov't run newspapers from China-Instead the majority of news in the U.S.A comes from privately run newspapers (which means they have to self promote their work and advertise themselves in order to make money). (2) Unlike other professions (Doctors, Lawyers etc). (You usually need to get some degree or license to practice ur profession)-Noone of these things exist within the field of journalism-Anyone can be a journalist. (3) Mostly referring to print publications for American Journalism-American Journalists are protected in ways to say whatever they want(good, bad, accurate, inaccurate) and are protected by the 1st amendment in many ways that many journalists in other countries are not. Page 77-78 Notebook.

Audience Research

(1) How is it different from textual analysis? Textual analysis focuses on what the text means and is focused exclusively on the text. (2) Whereas audience studies differ from textual analysis in that the subject being researched is the audience. Questions to ask: (1) What does media mean to viewers? What is the relationship between the media and viewers' daily lives?

Criteria of Newsworthiness

(1) Timeliness-Breaking News (2) Proximity (where you live)-Geographic (3) Conflict? (in regards to public figure)-Domain (4) Prominent and powerful (world leaders) (5) Individual Human Interest (Health, unemployment, etc.)-Focused around people. (6) Consequence/impact (natural disasters...) (7) Novelty-good or bad (new or novel or interesting)-Journalists can evaluate whether something is good or not. (8) Deviance-Anything that involves people breaking the rules(especially by those that are prominent and powerful). Pg 78-79-Notebook

Electronic Era

(1800s-Present). A bit contested whether or not the present is this era or not. The name the electronic era comes from the way that most media technologies worked through the transmission of electrons. Example-For a television electrons are beamed in and reassembled almost instantaneously. This era starts with the telegraph and move onto the radio and then eventually television and the internet can be seen as forms of electronic communication. Pg 13-Textbook.

Daily Courant

(U.K.). First published March 11, 1702. One of the world's 1st daily newspapers. Included dates, locations, objectivity over rumor/gossip, labeling of "opinion" and "advertising". These newspapers (particularly from the 1700s into 1800s, we are not existing in a vacuum?). Pg 75-76 Notebook.

Printing Press

A 15th century invention whose movable metallic type technology spawned modern mass communication by creating the first method for mass production; it reduced the size and cost of books, made them the first mass medium affordable to less affluent people, and provided the impetus for the industrial revolution, assembly-line production, modern capitalism, and the rise of consumer culture.

Postmodern Period

A contemporary historical era spanning the 1960s to the present; its social values include celebrating populism, questioning authority, and embracing technology.

E-Books

A digital book read on a computer or on an electronic reading device.

Political Economy

A focus on the production of popular culture and the forces behind it is the topic of...which examines interconnections among economic interests, political power, and ways in which that power is used. Economic forces, politics, and ideology behind media organization and content. This term is interested in how industries, whether we're discussing the film industry or the industry or some other industries affect media content and how that effect affects us(the public/consumer).

The Cultural Approach aka Critical Process (and associated keywords).

A holistic approach, considering institutions, messages, and impact of mass communication in society as a whole. Applications Include: (1) History (How did mass media evolve into what they are today?) (2) Structure (How are mass media institutions and industries organized?) (3) Economics (What is the financial logic that governs media production?) (4) Policy (By what rules are mass media practices governed?) (5)

Libertarian Model

A model for journalism and speech that encourages vigorous government criticism and supports the highest degree of freedom for individual speech and news operations.

State Model

A model for journalism and speech that places control in the hands of an enlightened government, which speaks for ordinary citizens and workers in order to serve the common goals of the state.

Social Responsibility Model

A model for journalism and speech, influenced by the libertarian model, that encourages the free flow of information to citizens so that they can make wise decisions regarding political and social issues.

Yellow Journalism Era

A newspaper style or era that peaked in the 1890s; it emphasized high interest stories, sensational crime news, large headlines, and serious reports that exposed corruption, particularly in business and government.

Populism

A political idea that attempts to appeal to ordinary people by setting up a conflict between "the people" and "the elite."

Inverted Pyramid

A style of journalism in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information-answering who, what, where, and when (and less frequently why or how) questions at the top of the story-and then tail it off with less significant details.

Paywalls

A subscription fee that allows access to articles. Paywalls can be controversial and unpopular with potential readers who are used to getting free content online. Pg 84-Textbook

Pulp Fiction

A term used to describe many late 19th century popular paperbacks and dime novels, which were constructed of cheap machine-made pulp material.

Actual Malice

Actual malice means that the reporter or editor either knew the statement was false and printed or broadcast it anyway, or acted with a reckless disregard for the truth. Because actual malice against a public official is hard to prove, it is difficult for public figures to win libel suits. Pg 382-Textbook.

Agenda-Setting Theory

Agenda setting theory says that while there is reality, that is not necessarily the reality that we as a public perceive. There is a reality. In reality it does affect our public perception. Reality comes from politics, economy, science, society, in general. However, there is also a media reality and that media reality sets an agenda and that agenda affects our public perception in our own private? way of understanding the world.

According to our textbook and class lectures _______________ owns a vast share of the e-book market?

Amazon

Partisan Press

An early dominant style of American journalism distinguished by opinion newspapers, which generally argued one political point of view or pushed the plan of the particular party that subsidized the paper.

Acquisitions Editor

An editor that seeks out authors and offers them contracts to publish specific titles. For example-For fiction this might mean discovering talented writers through book agents or reading unsolicited titles. For nonfiction, editors might examine proposals and letters of inquiry or match a known writer to a project(such as a celebrity biography). Acquisitions editors work with authors to negotiate the royalty that they will be paid for each book, and sometimes they negotiate advance money, an up-front payment that will be subtracted from royalties later earned from book sales.-Pg 46 Textbook.

Copy Editor

An editor who fixes any spelling, punctuation, grammar, or style problems in the manuscript.

Development Editor

An editor who helps the author draft and revise the manuscript by providing feedback and soliciting advice from reviewers.

Medium

An intervening material or substance through which something else is conveyed or distributed.

Individualism

An underlying value held by most U.S. journalists and citizens, it favors individual rights and responsibilities over group needs or institutional mandates.

Media Literacy(Description, Analysis, Interpretation, Evaluation, and Engagement).

An understanding of the mass communication process through the development of critical-thinking tools-description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement-that enable a person to become more engaged as a citizen and more discerning as a consumer of mass media products.

Spiral of Silence Theory

Argues that there are dominant theories and less dominant theories or minority viewpoints in society. There is a prevailing public opinion and those who do not hold or communicate the prevailing opinion are usually pushed through a downward spiral to hide their views.

Audio Books

Audio books are voice recordings of popular fiction and nonfiction trade books, generally read by actors or authors. Indispensable to sightless readers and older readers with diminishing vision, audio books are popular among readers who have long commutes by car or train, or who want to listen to a book while doing something else, like exercising. Audio books became popular in the 1990s and early 2000s, by which time they were readily available on the internet for downloading to iPods and other portable devices. More recently, audio-book sales have been the fastest growing part of the publishing industry, more than doubling from 2013-2017. Pg 43-Textbook

Colonial Press Era

Benjamin Franklin and the Pennsylvania Gazette (1729). Run with subsidies from political parties and advertising. John Peter Zenger and New York Weekly Journal (1733). Federalists and Democrats put severe limits on the press when they take power. Zenger arrested for seditious libel, but jury ruled in his favor as long as stories were true. Decision provided foundation for 1st amendment. -Pg ....Notebook

Gramophone

Berliner develops gramophone, invents mass-produced records, 1887. -Page 106-Notebook

Books (role in society)

Books are the oldest mass medium and they survive because they originate some of the biggest ideas and stories that resonate through other mass media. Books have fueled major moments in history. Books convey stories, experiences, wisdom and history. Pages (51-52).

All Rock Genres (And Rock's Influence)

British Invasion splits rock into two styles-(1) Gritty, high-volume rock(ex-rolling stones). (2) Melodic, softer sound (ex-Beatles). Motown develops Soul music. (ex-Supremes & Marvin Gaye.). Folk music-Artists protest poverty, racism, war. (ex-Bob Dylan and Joan Baez). (Many of these eras are occurring in the 60s and 70s.) Psychedelic era-Artists use drugs to enhance artistic powers, defy gov't(ex-Jefferson Airplane and Jimi Hendrix). Punk Rock-Returns to roots of simple chords, catchy music, socially challenging lyrics (U.K.). (ex-Sex pistols and Ramones (usa). Grunge (one of the many types of experimental rocks that is alternative?) (nirvana-1990s). Indie rock (gains success thru smaller independent labels.) (2000s). Rocks Influence-(1) High & low culture (challenged distinction 1st with lyrics and later thru performance styles)-Page 111-112-notebook.

Which of the following reporters file reports from other major cities for large daily newspapers (PS-this job is becoming rarer and rarer!)

Bureau reporter

Amazon

But when Amazon, already the largest bookseller, introduced its Kindle Ereader in 2007, the long predicted digital book market started to gain traction. Pg 42-Textbook

Country

Claiming the largest number of radio stations in the United States, this radio format includes such subdivisions as old-time, progressive, country-rock, Western swing, and country-gospel; also a musical form in which all styles share one element: the country voice; inflected by a twang or drawl.

The Fairness Doctrine

Considered an important corollary to section 315, the Fairness Doctrine was to controversial issues what section 315 is to political speech. Initiated in 1949, this FCC rule required stations to air programs about controversial issues affecting their communities and to provide competing points of view during those programs. The Fairness Doctrine ended with little public debate in 1987 after a federal court ruled that it was merely a regulation, not an extension of Section 315 law. The end of the Fairness Doctrine opened up the floodgates to partisan talk radio, since there was no longer a requirement that stations needed to air competing points of view.

Culture

Culture can be viewed as the ways in which people live and represent themselves at particular historical times, as manifested in things like fashion, sports, architecture, education, religion, science, and mass media.-Pg 17-Textbook.

What are the five stages of a Media literate critique in the textbook?

Description, Analysis, Interpretation, Evaluation, and Engagement.

Design Manager

Determines the look and feel of the book, making decisions about type styles, paper, cover design, and layout of page spreads.

Authoritarian Model

Developed in 16th century England at around the time the printing press first arrived. Criticism of government and public dissent are not tolerated, especially is such speed undermines "the common good"-an ideal defined by elites and rulers. Although media outlets are owned by private citizens, government actively censors, threatens, or bureaucratically oppresses media outlets it considers oppositional, and rewards media outlets aligned with its political objectives. Exists today in countries like Russia, Hungary, and Turkey, and developing countries where journalism's job is deemed to support government and business efforts to foster economic growth, minimize political dissent, promote social stability, and keep the current regime in power. -Pg 377 Textbook.

Digital Recording/CDs

Digital recording translates sound waves into binary on-off pulses and stores that information in sequences of ones and zeros as numerical code. Drawing on this technology, in 1983 Sony and Phillips began selling digitally recorded compact discs (CDs), which could be produced more cheaply than vinyl records and even audiocassettes. Pg 130-TextBook

Challenges Facing Journalism (along with Social Media, Citizen Journalism Blogs, Satiric Journalism, Fake News, and Echo Chambers).

Digitization of content- Proliferation of propaganda and fake news- The use of the "fake news" label- Violence against journalists-

Penny Press Era

During the 1830s, a number of forces transformed newspapers into an information source available to, valued by, and affordable to all-a true mass medium. For example, thanks to the industrial revolution, factories could make cheap machine-made paper to replace the expensive handmade paper previously in use. At the same time, the rise of the middle class, enabled by the growth of literacy, set the stage for a more popular and inclusive press. And with steam powered presses replacing mechanical presses, publishers could crank out as many as four thousand copies of their newspaper every hour, which dramatically lowered their cost. Popular penny papers soon began outselling the six-cent elite publications previously available. The success of penny papers would change not only who was reading newspapers but also how those papers were written.

Tin Pan Alley

During the 19th century, a section of Broadway in Manhattan known as...began selling sheet music for piano and other instruments. (the name ... referred to the way these quickly produced tunes supposedly sounded like cheap pans clanging together).

Textual Analysis

Entails a close reading and interpretation of cultural messages, including those found in books, movies, and TV programs. Example-Portrayals of Arab and Arab American characters in popular films.

Obscenity

Expression that is not protected as speech if these three legal tests are met: (1) The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material as a whole appeals to prurient interest. (2) The material depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way. (3) The material, as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

True or false? His Master's Voice refers to the phonograph, not the gramophone.

False.

True or false? Still existing in law/policy today, the Fairness Doctrine is an FCC rule that required broadcast stations to both air and engage in controversial-issue programs that affected their communities and, when offering such programming, to provide competing points of view.

False.

Small-Town Pastoralism

Favoring small, rural communities over big cities.

New York Sun

Founded by Benjamin Day in 1833, The New York Sun helped usher in the penny press era, bringing news to the working and emerging middle class.-Pg 62. The New York Sun highlighted local events, scandals, and police reports. It also ran fabricated and serialized stories, making legends of...

Joseph Pulitzer

He founded the New York World newspaper. Pg 64-Textbook.

Johannes Gutenberg

He invented the movable metallic type and the printing press in Germany.

Illuminated Manuscript

Illuminated manuscripts were handwritten by scribes and illustrated with colorful and decorative images and designs. Pg 35-Textbook.

New York Morning Herald

In 1835, James Gordon Bennett founded another daily penny paper, the New York Morning Herald. Considered the first U.S. press baron, Bennett-rather than any one political party-completely controlled his paper's content, establishing an independent publication that served middle-and working class readers. By 1860, the Herald had nearly eighty thousand readers, making it the world's largest daily paper-Pg 62-Textbook.

Associated Press

In 1848, the enormous expansion of the newspaper industry led six New York newspapers to form a cooperative arrangement and found the Associated Press (AP), the first major news wire service. Pg 63-Textbook.

Phonograph

In 1877, Thomas Edison helped move sound recording into its entrepreneurial stage by first determining how to play back sound, then marketing the machine that did it. He recorded his own voice by concocting a machine that played foil cylinders, known as the .... He then patented his ... in 1878, as a kind of answering machine.

Slander

In law, spoken language that defames a person's character.

Synergy

In media economics, the promotion and sale of a product (and all its versions) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate.

Objective Journalism

In objective journalism, which distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns, reporters ideally strive to maintain a neutral attitude toward the issue or event they cover. They also search out competing points of view among the sources for a story in an effort to provide balanced coverage. Pg 66-Textbook

Experiments

In regard to the mass media, research that isolates some aspect of content, suggests a hypothesis, and manipulates variables to discover a particular text's or medium's impact on attitudes, emotions, or behavior.

Content Analysis

In social science research, a method for systematically studying and coding media texts and programs.

Survey Research

In social science research, a method of collecting and measuring data taken from a group of respondents.

Book Challenge

In the United States, censorship and book banning are illegal. But citizens can sometimes force the removal of a particular book from public or school libraries if enough people file a formal complaint-a book challenge-about subject matter they find objectionable. The American Library Association (ALA) compiles a list of the most challenged books in the United States. Common reasons for challenges include sexually explicit passages, offensive language, occult themes, violence, homosexual themes, promotion of a religious viewpoint, nudity, and racism. The ALA defends the right of libraries to offer material with a wide range of views and does not support removing books on the basis of partisan or doctrinal disapproval. Pg 51-Textbook

Subsidiary Rights

In the book industry, selling the rights to a book for use in other media forms, such as a mass market paperback, a CD ROM, or the basis for a movie screenplay.

Pennsylvania Gazette

In the early 1700s, Benjamin Franklin published the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper, which many historians regard as the best of the colonial papers. The Gazette was also one of the first papers to make money by printing advertisements alongside news. Pg 60-Textbook.

Conflicts of Interest

Journalism has developed a professional culture and a set of criteria that help journalists decide what is newsworthy and therefore fit to fill the news hole in their papers. This culture comes with certain values, which include neutrality; newsroom diversity; and the drive to get a good story, to get the story first, and to get the story right. This culture also comes with ethical standards, such as the need to avoid CONFLICTS OF INTEREST.-Pg 96 -Textbook.

Modern Journalism Era

Journalism's modern era begins in 1896. Journalism's modern era-Objectivity. (1) Adolf Ochs and The New York Times, 1896. Hearst and Pulitzer had already captured working class readers. Ochs goes high end marketing to affluent readership. Distanced itself from Yellow Journalism. Focused on documenting major events. Showed that objectivity makes business sense (normalized). Later, lowered price to penny, attracting middle-class readers too. Journalism's modern era: growing commercialism: 1900-1945. There is a rise of photography, magazines (like Time) and radio. The Depression causes a move to radio by advertisers and audiences. Journalists band together under the American Newspaper Guild. Forces objectivity so they can report on a wide variety of subjects and not be biased towards unionization.

Nellie Bly

Journalist Nellie Bly-real name Elizabeth Jane Cochrane-laid the groundwork for what we know today as investigative journalism. Her first undercover assignment exposed a need for reform in the care of the mentally ill.

Newspaper Chains

Large companies that own several papers throughout the country.

Libel

Libel is not protected under the First Amendment. Libel is defamation of someone's character in written or broadcast form. It differs from slander which is spoken defamation. Libel is generally defined as a false statement that holds a person up to public ridicule, contempt, or hatred, or that injures a person's business or livelihood.

Which of the following are unprotected forms of expression?

Libel, sedition, and obscenity.

Audiotape

Lightweight magnetized strands of ribbon that make possible sound editing and multiple track mixing; instrumentals and vocals can be recorded at one studio and later mixed onto a master recording in another studio.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther's printed pamphlet (95 theses) leads to the Protestant Revolution in 1517. Pg 69-Notebook.

Prior Restraint

Meaning that courts and government cannot block any publication or speech before it actually occurs. The principle behind prior restraint is that a law has not been broken until an illegal act has been committed. -Page 378-Textbook.

Encoded Messages

Media messages and stories are encoded and sent in written and visual forms. Pg 18-Textbook.

Muckraking

Muckrakers(reporters who used a style of early 20th century investigative journalism that emphasized a willingness to crawl around in society's muck to uncover a story.

Hip-Hop

Music that combines spoken street dialect with cuts (or samples) from older records and bears the influences of social politics, male boasting, and comic lyrics carried forward from blues, R&B, soul, and rock and roll.

Feature Syndicates

Newspapers may contract with ...such as Andrew McMeel Syndication and Tribune Content Agency, to provide work from the nation's best political writers, editorial cartoonists, comic-strip artists, and self-help columnists. These companies serve as brokers, distributing horoscopes and crossword puzzles as well as the columns and comic strips that appeal to a wide audience. Pg 85-Textbook.

Papyrus

One of the first substances to hold written language and symbols; obtained from plant reeds found along the Nile River.

New York Weekly Journal

One significant colonial paper, the New York Weekly Journal was founded in 1733 by the Popular Party, a political group that opposed British rule. Journal articles included attacks on the royal governor of New York. The party had installed John Peter Zenger as printer of the paper, and in 1734 he was arrested for seditious libel when one of his writers defamed a public official's character in print. Championed by famed Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton, Zenger won his case the following year. The Zenger decision helped lay a foundation-the right of a democratic press to criticize public officials-for the First Amendment to the Constitution, adopted as part of the Bill of Rights in 1791.-Pg 60-Textbook

Censorship

Over time, Supreme Court decisions have defined censorship as prior restraint-meaning that courts and governments cannot block any publication or speech before it actually occurs. The principal behind prior restraint is that a law has not been broken until an illegal act has been committed. However, the court left open the idea that the judiciary could halt publication of news in exceptional cases-for example, if such publication would threaten national security.

Common Sense

Pamphlets reach height in 1776 with Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

Modern Era

Period from the Industrial Revolution to the 20th century that was characterized by working efficiently, celebrating the individual, believing in a rational order, and rejecting tradition and embracing progress.

Pamphlet

Predecessor to the newspaper-4 page publication on a single news event with visuals and dramatic...Martin Luther's printed pamphlet leads to the Protestant Revolution-1517. Page 69-notebook.

Historical Analysis

Primary and secondary sources to construct a narrative about a range of media-related topics. (biographical studies, movement or idea studies, regional studies, institutional studies, case histories, selected studies, editorial studies). You're telling a story and you could tell it in many different ways. But, these stories can be really meaningful and apply to our everyday lives.

Print Era

Print communication roughly exists from the 1400s-1800s. This allows for the democratization of what it means to read, have history, express oneself, all those things that writing set up. Print communication was able to happen because of cheap printing presses. Pg 12-notebook.

Decoded Messages

Senders often have very little control over how their intended messages are decoded or whether the messages are ignored or misread by readers and viewers.-Pg 18-textbook.

Dime Novels

Sometimes identified as pulp fiction, these cheaply produced and low-priced novels were popular in the United States beginning in the 1860s.

Third Person Effect Theory

Suggests that others believe that they are always affected more by media messages than themselves. We always believe that we've all escaped "the cave", but we haven't actually escaped "the cave." We can escape the worst effects of media and at the same time those that are younger or less educated or less informed or otherwise are not "US" are feeling its effects.

The First Amendment

The 1st Amendment claims "congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press."

ASCAP

The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) founded in 1914 to collect copyright fees for music publishers and writers, accused radio of hurting the sales of records and sheet music. By 1925, ASCAP established music-rights fees for radio, charging stations between $250 and $2,500 a week to play recorded music. Pg 134 textbook.

Which of the following is not one of the models we discussed in class (and readings) to studying media?

The Biological Model

Statute of Anne

The Statute of Anne, passed in England in 1710, was a milestone in the history of copyright law. It recognized that authors should be the primary beneficiaries of copyright law and established the idea that such copyrights should have only limited duration(then set a 28....) From Notebook-(1710)-Aka copyright act of 1710 and 1st Anglo-American copyright act. Establishes the author as owner of text and the publisher to have exclusive rights of publishing. But only for 28 years. Then owned by the public. In U.S. law has been expanded to 70 years.(after death of the author). (some of the first major media is now entering into the public domain). Pg 100-Notebook.

Responsible Capitalism

The assumption that the main goal of business is to enhance prosperity for everyone.

Which of these is a correct definition of media literacy according to our textbook?

The attempt to understand how the media work and what impact they have on our lives.

The Bible (in context of class)

The best-selling book of all time is the Bible, in all its diverse versions. Over the years, the success of Bible sales has created a large industry for religious books, and many religious-book publishers have extended their offerings to include secular titles on topics such as war and peace, race, poverty, gender, and civic responsibility.-Pg 40-Textbook.

Mass Communication

The creation and use of symbols (e.g., languages, Morse Code, motion pictures, and binary computer codes) that convey information and meaning to large and diverse audiences through all manner of channels.

Public Domain

The end of the copyright period for a cultural or scientific work, at which point the public may begin to access it for free.

Media Convergence

The first definition involves the technological merging of content across different media channels; the second definition describes a business model that consolidates various media holdings under one corporate umbrella.

Public Occurrences (Both Forreign and Domestic).

The first newspaper, Publick Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick, was published on September 25, 1690, by Boston printer Benjamin Harris, but it was banned after just one issue for its negative view of British rule. Pg 60-Textbook.

Corantos

The first real newspapers. Printed by the Dutch (not the British) circa 1618 a? Irregular and lacked timeliness, didn't last. Funded by banks. Looks like a newspaper(printed on sheet, has columns, has titles, written information). Page 75-notebook.

Mass Media

The industries that create and distribute songs, novels, newspapers, movies, Internet services, TV shows, magazines, and other products to large numbers of people.

Copyright

The legal rights of authors and producers to own and control the use of their published or unpublished writing, music, and lyrics; TV program and movies; or graphic art designs.

Fourth Estate

The notion that the press operates as an unofficial branch of government, monitoring the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power.

Newsworthy

The often-unstated criteria that journalists use to determine which events and issues should become news reports, including timelessness, proximity, conflict, prominence, human interest, consequence, usefulness, novelty, and deviance.

Oral Era

The primary way (medium) that we received communication was through our ears and voice. Medium-vibrating our vocal chords and communicating with each other that way. People existed in "tribes" and small groups. Oral communication is not dead today(but not most important form of communication in the modern era). Oral communication exists before feudal society or Nations etc. Going from pre-history-Early Thousands Common Era C.E. Pg 9-Notebook.

News

The process of gathering information and making narrative reports-edited by individuals in a news organization-that create selected frames of reference and help the public make sense of prominent people, important events, and unusual happenings in everyday life.

Stereo

The recording of two separate channels or tracks of sound.

Right to Privacy

The right to privacy addresses a person's right to be left alone, without his or her name, image, or daily activities becoming public property. The most common forms of privacy invasion are unauthorized tape recording, photographing, or wiretapping of someone; making someone's personal records, such as health and phone records, available to the public; disclosing personal information , such as religious or sexual activities; and appropriating (without authorization) someone's image or name for advertising or other commercial purposes. Pg 384-Textbook

The Digital Turn

The shift in media use and consumption resulting from the emergence of the Internet as a mass medium, which enables an array of media to converge and be easily shared.

New York World

The term yellow journalism has its roots in the press war that pitted Joseph Pulitzer's New York World against William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. During their furious fight to win readers, the two papers competed by publishing versions of the first popular cartoon strip, The Yellow Kid, created in 1895 by artist R.F. Outcault. Pulitzer, a Jewish Hungarian immigrant, had bought the New York World in 1883 for $346,000. Aimed at immigrant and working-class readers, the World crusaded for improved urban housing, better treatment of women, and equitable labor laws, while railing against big business. It also manufactured news events and printed sensationalized stories on crime and sex. By 1887, its Sunday circulation had soared to more than 250,000-the largest anywhere. Pg 64-Textbook.

New York Journal

The world faced its fiercest competition in 1895, when William Randolph Hearst bought the New York Journal (a penny paper founded by Pulitzer's brother Albert) and then raided Joseph Pulitzer's paper for editors, writers, and cartoonists. Hearst focused on lurid, sensational stories and appealed to immigrant readers by using large headlines and bold designs. To boost circulation, the Journal invented interviews, faked pictures, and provoked conflicts that might result in eye-catching stories. In 1896, its daily circulation reached 450,000. A year later, the circulation of the paper's Sunday edition rivaled the World's 600,000. Pg 64-Textbook.

Interpretive Journalism

This form of journalism aims to explain the ramifications of key issues or events and place them in a broader historical or social context. Pg 67-Textbook.

Framing (theory and relationship to various media fields like advertising, journalism, etc.)

This is a widely used method for looking at how particularly journalism, but also other media professions construct the world around using media. Media framing-Framing is when "media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning." Based on theory that human choices are susceptible to how options are presented to them. How we present things effect how people see them and react.

Newshole

This is what remains in the newspaper after the advertising department places the ads in the paper. This space is devoted to front-page news reports, special regional or topical sections, horoscopes, advice columns, crossword puzzles, and letters to the editor.

Social Learning Theory

This theory essentially states that personal factors and environmental or media factors provide the behaviors that we imitate.

Cultivation Effect Theory

This theory says that heavy viewing of television leads individuals to perceive the world in ways that are consistent with television portrayals. Example-If you believe oranges are great and you see that television portrays them as great, over time that will only make you believe that oranges are better.

Communication

To create and use symbols (e.g. languages, Morse Code, Pictures, Color etc.) to convey information and meaning to one or more audiences.

Book Types

Trade books-Include hardbound and quality paperback books aimed at general readers and sold at commercial retail outlets. Textbooks-Are divided into elementary through high school(el-hi) texts, college texts, and vocational texts. Professional books-Target various occupational groups, not the general consumer market. This area of publishing capitalizes on the growth of professional specialization that has characterized the U.S. job market. Mass-market paperbacks-Are sold on racks in drugstores, supermarkets, and airports, as well as in bookstores. Contemporary mass market paperbacks are paperback versions of hardcover trade books by such blockbuster authors as Stephen King and Veronica Roth. Reference Books-Include dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, almanacs, and volumes related to particular professions or trades, such as legal casebooks and medical manuals. Religious Books University Press Books-The smallest market in the printed-book industry is the nonprofit university press, which publishes scholarly works for small groups of readers interested in specialized areas, such as literary theory and criticism, art movements, and contemporary philosophy.-Page 40-Textbook.

Parchment

Treated animal skin that replaced papyrus as an early pre-paper substance on which to document written language.

True or false: The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that simultaneously reach a large audience via mass communication?

True

True or false? Since hitting its peak in the 1990s, the record industry has yet to make as much money despite the rise of streaming.

True

True or false? Syngergy is: "in media economics, the promotion and sale of a product (and all its versions) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate."

True

True or false? The Fourth Estate is the notion that the press operates as an unofficial branch of government, monitoring the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power.

True

True or false? The Spiral of Silence Theory Links mass media, social psychology, and public opinion formation. The theory proposes that those who believe that their views on controversial issues are in the minority will keep their views to themselves for fear of social isolation.

True

The Linear Model of Communication

Two people are trying to communicate to each other. There is the assumption that there is a sender and a receiver. One person is sending a message and there is noise that interferes with the signal getting through to the other person. When people are trying to communicate through a distance, they have to communicate through a mass media channel. Feedback needs to be given to let the sender know the receiver has gotten the message. This model puts a lot of value in the channel. Whoever controls the channel, controls the relationship between the sender and the receiver. Pg 24-Notebook.

3 Major Music Corporations

Universal Music Group features its music playlists on Digster, Sony showcases its music on Filtr, and Warner Music Group promotes its playlists on Topsify. Pg 181-Textbook.

Ethnocentrism

Viewing other cultures through an American lens.

Core Values of Journalism

What are the core values of Journalism? (values and ethics). What makes an ethical piece of news? Code of ethics-Society of professional journalists. How they should report on the news? (1) Seek out truth and report it. (2) Minimize harm. (3) Act independently. (4) Accountable and transparent. Pg 78-notebook

William Hearst

William Randolph Hearst bought the New York Journal (a penny paper founded by Pulitzer's brother Albert) and then raided Joseph Pulitzer's paper for editors, writers, and cartoonists. Pg 64-Textbook.

Wire Services

Wire services began as commercial and cooperative organizations that relayed news stories and information around the country and the world using telegraph lines(and, later, radio waves and digital transmissions). Pg-63-Textbook

Names of the Largest Publishers

World's Largest Book Publishers-(1) Pearson (2) RELX Group (3) Thomas Reuters (4) Bertelsmann (5) Wolters Kluwer (6) Hachette Livre (Lagardère) (7) Grupo Planeta (8) Springer Nature (9) Scholastic (10) McGraw-Hill Education (tied) -Page 45-Textbook

Written Era

Written culture: up to the 15th century. Written culture is different than print culture. Written culture comes with the advent of writing. This overlaps with oral culture. Written culture exists before the common era. Hundreds and hundreds of years where the primary way we understood media was the written word. Oral culture focuses more on the group(group memory and community). Whereas, written culture allows you to express yourself as an individual. Writing allows us to have personal expression (our handwriting is unique to us). Writing reveals the power structures in society(the haves and have-nots) due to the expense of writing. Writing is difficult to do and make prior to the advent of printing. Example-Vellum was really difficult to produce. Vellum was the primary way used in Medevil Times. Vellum is animal skin which you stretch out and essentially tattoo on in order to write on. Page 10-11-Notebook.

How newspapers make money (sales and subscriptions)

majority of revenue derived from advertising-full-classifieds. Large dailies devote up to 2/3's of paper to ads. Newshole actually refers to the space left for news (regional stories, features, etc.). To combat free news, increased usage of subscriber-only paywall to boost income.