Jackson + Reform Era

Andrew Jackson's response to John Marshall's ruling favoring the Cherokee was...

"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it."

Calhoun authored a pamphlet titled __________ which was published anonymously and put forward the theory of nullification—the declaration of a federal law as null and void within state borders.

"South Carolina Exposition and Protest,"

As a direct result of a series of policies enacted by Jackson for the explicit purpose of weakening the Bank of the United States, the country was thrown into financial turmoil and an economic recession hit in ______.

1837

Which of the following political changes most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening?

A participatory democracy expanded belief in the importance of the individual.

William Lloyd Garrison established a newspaper that advocated which of the following issues?

Abolition of slavery

The main goal of the American Colonization Society was to promote colonization in

Africa by free Black persons and former slaves

Which of the following factors best explains the increase in White male suffrage in the early nineteenth century?

Changes to property ownership requirements

Which of the following best explains the cause of the emergence of new political parties in the early nineteenth century?

Continued debates over the proper role of the federal government

During the 1820s and 30s, the Second Party system emerged in the United States, pitting .

Democrats against Whigs

Jackson signed the______, which authorized the compulsory collection of import duties from the South

Force Bill

What would George Washington NEVER have done that became characteristic of politics under Jacksonian Democarcy?

He wouldn't have campaigned or "run" for office

The key to the alleged "corrupt bargain" was

Henry Clay becoming John Q. Adams' Secretary of State"

Who are these two most famous of "transcendentalists?"

Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

It wasn't until the 1820s that American art began to come into its own with the _____________ .

Hudson River School

Which of the following was a core belief of the transcendentalists of the early nineteenth century?

Individual conduct should be guided by truths found in the individual conscience.

The Second Great Awakening did which of the following?

It encouraged conversion to evangelical Christianity.

The election of 1824 was a contest between__________________________.

John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay

________ of the new states entering the Union required white men to own property in order to vote.

None

"[W]e believe and affirm: That every American citizen who retains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property is (according to Scripture) a MAN STEALER. That the slaves ought instantly to be set free. . . . That all those laws which are now in force admitting the right of slavery, are . . ., before God, utterly null and void, being an audacious usurpation of the Divine prerogative. . . . [T]hat no compensation should be given to the outraged and guiltless slaves and not to those who have plundered and abused them. [That] we concede the Congress under the resent national compact, has no right to interfere with any of the slave states, in relation to this momentous subject [slavery]. But we maintain that Congress has a right. . . to suppress the domestic slave trade between the slave states, and to abolish slavery in those portions of our territory which the Constitution has placed under its exclusive jurisdiction." -Source: William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of the National Anti-Slavery Convention," 1834 Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to support Garrison's views in the excerpt?

Northern white women

The early leaders of the country worried that if you didn't have a stake in the country then you wouldn't have the proper investment in the fate of the nation in order to make a rational decision about what sort of policies should be enacted. This attitude changed during the 1820s and 1830s and most states withdrew this requirement for voting that had earlier reflected that "stake in the country.".

Property Ownership

The theme of individualism is most evident in the writings of

Ralph Waldo Emerson

The ______ rebelled against the ______ , arguing instead that individual experience and emotion mattered more.

Romantics / Enlightenment ideas of pure reason and the scientific method

The tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing. Southerners, arguing that the tariff enhanced the interests of the Northern manufacturing industry at their expense, referred to it as the ___________.

Tariff of Abominations

". . . But we are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed— to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife. . . . And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live." -Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention, "Declaration of Sentiments," 1848 The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by which of the following foundational documents?

The Declaration of Independence

Which of the following most likely contributed to the emergence of the Second Great Awakening?

The cultural responses to the Enlightenment

Which of the following resulted from the policies of the Andrew Jackson administration?

The number of banks, each issuing its own paper currency, increased.

Many Americans were suspicious of the Second Bank of the United States for which of the following reasons?

They believed that it was controlled by a commercial elite.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the activists who attended the Seneca Falls Convention?

They called for expanded women's rights.

The expansion of democracy in the United States was part of a larger international expansion of democracy.

True

The ________ Party favored an active national government and promoted the "American System" to benefit American commerce: a national bank, a protective tariff, and internal improvements like canals and railroads. The party brought together merchants, bankers, prosperous farmers (including the wealthiest southern plantation owners), and Protestant reformers.

Whig

The call for the "immediate and uncompensated emancipation of the slaves" is associated with the position of

William Lloyd Garrison in The Liberator

"When the churches are thus awakened and reformed, the reformation and salvation of sinners will follow, going through the same stages for conviction, repentance, and reformation. Their hearts will be broken down and changed. Very often the most abandoned profligates are among the subjects. Harlots, and drunkards, and infidels, and all sorts of abandoned characters are awakened and converted." -Source: Charles G. Finney, "What A Revival of Religion Is," New York Evangelist, 1834 Which of the following best describes one similarity shared between the First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening?

a push for individual responsibility

In the early nineteenth century, political participation rose as states extended voting rights to all ______________.

adult white men

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society were known for

advocating immediate and uncompensated emancipation

Transcendentalists would have supported which of the following movements?

all of the above

The immediate effect of Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States in 1834 was

an expansion of credit and speculation

The growing numbers of frontier settlers not only wanted to vote for the first president to be born in the west, but they also supported Jackson because he was known for his ______ sentiment.

anti-Native American

Transcendentalists were a group of writers, poets, and philosophers who believed that truth transcended the observable world of the Enlightenment, and that spiritual meaning could be found in nature. __________ is probably the most famous Transcendentalist. He wrote a book about his two years living simply in a cabin he built on the edge of Walden Pond, on fellow Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson's property. The Transcendentalists also emphasized the individual and freedom of thought. Emerson, who's generally considered the founder of the Transcendentalist movement, wrote essays encouraging Americans to think for themselves, not just go along with the crowd. Some of the most influential Transcendentalists were women, like __________, who wrote about the state of women in the 19th century and edited the Transcendentalist magazine The Dial.

b. Henry David Thoreau / Margaret Fuller

Because Jackson used the power of teh VETO so much, his political enemies called him

b. King Andrew the First

During the 1820s, elements characteristic of the two-party system today began to emerge. Which of the following was NOT one of those characteristics?

campaign train tours of the nation

Voters, not state legislatures, began to__________________ .

choose presidential electors

Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the United States partly because he believed that the bank

concentrated too much power in the hands of a few people

The mudslinging of the Election of 1828 included which of the following?

d. Adams' supporters accused Jackson's mother of being a prostitute and his wife of being a bigamist.

Which of the following would NOT be associated with Jacksonian democracy?

direct election of Senators by the people

An important consequence of the "tariff of abominations" (1828) is that it led to the

enunciation of the doctrine of nullification

Politics in the antebellum United States changed dramatically because

expanded White male suffrage broadened participation in elections

Perfectionism in the mid-nineteenth century is best defined as

faith in human capacity to achieve a better life on earth through conscious acts of will

Members of the Hudson River School were best known for their paintings of

landscapes

During Jackson's presidency, the United States evolved from a republic—in which only landowners could vote—to a ___________.

mass democracy

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the central and western areas of New York were known as the "burned-over district" because

of intense religious zeal created during the Second Great Awakening

Jacksonian Democracy was distinguished by the belief that

political participation by the common man should be increased

The nullification crisis of 1832 arose over the issue of

protective tariffs

The most important factor in Andrew Jackson's successful bid for the presidency in 1828 was his

reputation as a hero of the War of 1812

The tariff was so unpopular in the South that it generated threats of _________.

secession

Southern planters and slaveholders would continue to use the doctrine of _____to protect the institution of slavery.

states' rights

_____________, that period of intense religious devotion that emerged in the first half of the 19th century, and drove not only the creation of new religious moments in the United States, but also major reform movements.

the Second Great Awakening

It's through this hatred of Jackson that a new group comes together, ______, which will provide the second half of the two-party system that comes to the fore in this time period.

the Whig Party

"[W]e believe and affirm: That every American citizen who retains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property is (according to Scripture) a MAN STEALER. That the slaves ought instantly to be set free. . . . That all those laws which are now in force admitting the right of slavery, are . . ., before God, utterly null and void, being an audacious usurpation of the Divine prerogative. . . . [T]hat no compensation should be given to the outraged and guiltless slaves and not to those who have plundered and abused them. [That] we concede the Congress under the resent national compact, has no right to interfere with any of the slave states, in relation to this momentous subject [slavery]. But we maintain that Congress has a right. . . to suppress the domestic slave trade between the slave states, and to abolish slavery in those portions of our territory which the Constitution has placed under its exclusive jurisdiction." -Source: William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of the National Anti-Slavery Convention," 1834 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the influence of the Second Great Awakening on reform movements

What was it that Jackson vetoed that made it THE issue of the 1832 Presidential Election campaign?

the national bank

One thing that Jackson really did was he rewarded his supporters. He rewarded the people who had voted Democrat, who saw themselves as part of the Democratic Party with government positions. And this is called ______ . So to reward the democratic machine that had put him in office, he kicked out earlier office-holders and rewarded the Democrats with offices.

the spoils system

"In a time of rapidly changing means of communication and systems of production, when everything from race relations to banking practices came under challenge, there was no sharp distinction between the mainstream and the marginal. The utopians simply carried even further the perfectionism that mainstream evangelists like Charles Finney reached. Typically, they did not so much reject American society as wish to elaborate upon it, to carry its innovative qualities to extremes. Their communities attracted attention out of all proportion to their size." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt?

the spread of religious ideals following the Second Great Awakening

A major change from the early republic to Jacksonian Democracy was that in the early republic there was a fear of

the tyranny of the people

At his inauguration, Jackson __________________ , signaling that he thought of himself as being beneath the people that he was there to serve the people.

turned to the crowd and bowed

"Religious identity . . . allowed women to assert themselves, both in private and in public ways. It enabled them to rely on an authority beyond the world of men. . . . In contrast to the self-abnegation required of women in their domestic vocation, religious commitment required attention to one's own thoughts, actions, and prospects. . . . No other avenue of self-expression besides religion at once offered women social approbation, the encouragement of male leaders (ministers), and, most important, the community of their peers." -Source: Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835, 1977 The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

women's growing participation in antebellum reform movements