Jamal POSC 200 Full Year
what are political manifestations of globalization?
- state sovereignty : sovereign power (to rule within own space) is being transformed but not necessarily being eroded completely - eroded bc nation states aren't always the most important entity anymore - state autonomy : in a more interdependent world : states are forced to cooperate - territoriality : border/territory remain important, but a new geography of political organizations and political power is emerging - regional blocks like EU - how MNCs react to this new geography
European Court of Justice
- strongest body of the EU - all legal matters are deliberated and decided on here - it's rulings take precedence over national law
NGO weaknesses vs nation states
- suffer from a lack of communication and ineffective networking - perpetuate a lot of problems associated with governments - undermine capacity/legitimacy of governments - ex. NGOs trying to refinance loans - can be aggressive going after/calling out governments - don't have the capacity to enforce decisions or implement policy - can lack democratic transparency - even though they demand this transparency from governments
economic internationalism/free trade
- supported/promoted by World Bank, IMF, and World Trade Organization - elimination of trade barriers: each country should produce based on its comparative advantage - focus on privatization - minimal state involvement: Adam Smith and the invisible hand - Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI)
problems with GDP and GNP
- tells us very little about how much you can actually buy in the country - can buy a lot more in Mexico with $5 than in the US - doesn't tell us anything about income distribution of about how well people live
Who are the Israelis?
- term comes after the establishment of Israel in 1948 - 80% are Jewish - divided into 2 subgroups - Ashkenazi Jews : Jews who are of European decent - Mizrahi/Sephardic Jews : Jews who came from Arab countries/were already in Palestine - 20% are Druze, Muslims, and Christians
how has terrorism changed as a result of globalization?
- terrorism isn't associated with exact dates/targets anymore - perpetrators are becoming increasingly transnational - ex. people joining ISIS from all over the world - terrorism now assumes global dimensions - response is still pretty much soy from states - what hasn't changed is that the people killed in these attacks were never the specific target(s)
what was the 1967 war?
- the Arab countries receive misleading information from Russia about an Israeli attack, so they mobilize Egypt and Syria - Israel then remove Egyptian plane and war broke out - during the war Israel captured and occupied the rest of Palestine - 300,00 more Palestinians became refugees
what was "Our Common Future"?
- the Brundtland Commissions's first, and maybe most important, report - dealt with issues pertaining to sustainability in a systemic way - popularized the term "sustainable development" - for the first time an international forum was trying to promote socioeconomic development and at the same time sustainability - these two areas had to proceed so that meeting the needs of the present would not interfere with the the needs of future generations
what are the important differences between the ICJ and ICC?
- the ICJ is closely intertwined with the UN and the ICC is independent - only a member nation state of the UN can bring a case to the ICJ - other state parties can bring a case to the ICC - the SC can bring a case to the ICC - a prosecutor can bring a case to the ICC - the ICJ doesn't determine individual criminal responsibility, it only deals with states - the ICC can determine criminal responsibility of individuals and send them to prison; no one is exempt from prosecution
why do people criticize the ICC?
- the court undermines national sovereignty - it unfairly attacks African countries - all 26 cases have dealt with Africa - there's no police enforcement to get people into court - it goes after simple cases with poorer countries because it's weak
what is the first Intifada?
- the culmination of Palestinian resistance to Israeli occupation - end of 1987-early 1993 - Intifada means "shaking off" - had extensive civil disobedience by Palestinians - demonstrations, strikes, refusal to pay taxes to Israel, a boycott of Israeli products; predominately peaceful - no immediate victor - made clear to Israelis and Palestinians that the current status quo was untenable - something had to happen - some accepted that there should be a Palestinian state - Palestinian leaders (abroad) recognized the need for change
what is the core argument in The Clash of Civilizations?
- the idea that all future conflicts after the end fo the Cold War will be civilizational - future conflict won't be between different countries for economic reasons or based on power struggles, rather it'll be based on civilizational differences
what is the UN doing?
- the most important institution in the protection of human rights 1. formulates and defines international standards by approving conventions and making resolutions 2. advances human rights by promoting knowledge and public support 3. protects/implements human rights - ex. boycotting aggressor states, protects refugee, helps with the delivery of humanitarian assistance 4. (relates to 3rd generation) promotes economic development of poorer countries (often former colonies) - form of solidarity and recognizes these countries need extra support - subject to the whim of its members, especially the SC
what is internal migration?
- the movement of people within borders of a nation state - related to urbanization - people are increasingly moving to cities - by 2050, movement to urban area will increase by 67% - also seeing a ruse in megacities - this rapid migration flows to cities is causing stress on cities - on infrastructure, on traffic flows, etc
What was the Bandung Conference?
- the non-aligned movement (NAM) and the term third world emerged from this conference - led by: - Naser of Egypt - Tito of Yugoslavia - Nehru of India
what was the aftermath in terms of Israeli settlements?
- the settlements were essentially large housing projects built illegally by Israel on land confiscated from the Palestinians in the occupied territories - only Israelis could live there - ideologic settlers liver there because it's their biblical right - economic settlers liver there because they were given and economic reason - they are considered illegal because the occupations were supposed to be temporary today there are approximately 190 settlements occupying 30% fo the West Back with a population of ~650,000 - in 2003, Israel withdrew settlers from the Gaza Strip - settlements are connected by "bypass roads" for the exclusive use by Israelis or foreigners - must have yellow(Israeli/Jerusalem resident) license place to use them - Palestinian plates were green and white - needs to be resolved - since 1993, Israeli settler population in the West Bank has tripled - Israel has refused to follow international law regarding occupation
Adam Smith and the Invisible hand
"If the state isn't involved in the economy you will have the most efficient type of economic interactions" -Smith The "invisible hand will take care of it" - basically if you let the economy and supply and demand work on their own, it'll all balance out in the end
what is demography?
- the study of population change and characteristics - changes a result of interplay of three processes : fertility, mortality, and migration - P = (births-deaths)+(in-migration)-(out-migration) - worst case scenario assumes 2.5 children per couple - 28 billion people by 2150 - best case scenario 1.7 children - 7.8 billion in 2050 and 4.3 billion people in 2150 - a bit to optimistic as in 2020 there's already 7.8 billion people - current fertility rate: 3.3 in 1970 it was 4.5 - fertility: rough number of children per mother - average annual rate of population change - consistently high in subsaharan Africa - it's negative in Eastern Europe - W. Europe and N.America it's 0-1%
what is GNP
- the wealth of citizens in a country - different from GDP because GDP includes the wealth and contributions of undocumented immigrants and people who visit the country and does not include citizens who are abroad/working in other countries - GNP concerns the wealth of all citizens abroad or in the country and does not include things produced by foreigners or undocumented workers
Territoriality
- the world order is principally organized into exclusive political communities with fixed borders that are recognized by others - ex. Isis attempted to establish an Islamic state just by declaring its borders, but no country recognized those borders so it wasn't legitimate
why were efforts so much more efficient and successful with the ozone depletion issue?
- there is a belief that climate change can be fixed with technology - climate change doesn't seem as immediately threatening - saving the ozone layer was declare a necessity for life - it is far more expensive to challenge climate change - addressing climate change also would affect many factors of our daily lives
Why are the rating decreasing with time?
- there was a dramatic decline in support for the war on terror - when we invaded Iraq and Saddam Hussein was overthrown and killed, most countries felt that the world was less dafe - we are much more favorable in Europe than in the Middle East - Trump
what happens when a country has a debt crisis?
- they have to go to an international organization to get another loan - usually go to IMF or other financial institution - that organization will put forth a set of reforms the country has to put in place in order to get future loans and be forgiven - these reforms are claimed to help build the country's economy - known as SAPs
why are political attitudes and behaviors prerequisites?
- they ultimately lead to democracy taking root - certain attitudes and beliefs mist be in place for democracy to take place - norms and values related to politics must be there - they support democracy norms and values - recognize the needs and willingness among a population to accept a government as a way to resolve conflict - critique: it's not clear, attitudes change, etc
what is the ICC doing?
- thought of in 1999, established in 2002 - first ever treaty based international criminal court established to promote rule of law and to ensure the gravest of international crimes don't go unpunished - complimentary to national criminal juristiction - independent body - unlike the ICJ - initially there were 66 members, now there are 123 member countries - objective: prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity, and war cromes - initially, then president Clinton signed in 2000 but didn't get ratification from Congress - under president Bush, our membership was nullified and in in May 2002 he asked that the US not be bound to the ICC - and we still aren't - why? 1. due to our record with humanitarian and war crimes (Iraq and Afghanistan) if we were in the ICC, we would be held accountable for our conduct in international affairs 2. in terms of legality, the ICC statute requires that if an American were to commit crimes on US soil, that the ICC would decide when and where they would be prosecuted. in the Constitution it states that if an American commits a crime on US soil, they must be prosecuted on US soil - there would have to be amendments made in order for us to join - the ICC will step in if they feel national investigation in unsatisfactory
security
- to create a balance of power - happened with the Cold War - creates a deterrence - mutually assumed destruction (MAD) - if a nuclear war breaks out, both parties have the ability to destroy each other
Functions of the UN
- to maintain international peace and security - to develop friendly relations among nations and solve international problems - to promote cooperation and human rights - to harmonize actions of nations (same objectives) - since 2000 - to implement Millennium Development Goals
what are other global health problems?
- undernutrition - in th eUS, over 35M people live under the poverty line - this means there are millions of people with bad nutrition and many deficiencies - this leads to them having weaker immune systems - in 2004, 5.6M children under the age of 5 died of undernutrition - overnutrition - problem prevalent in the developed world - in the US, over 140M adults are overweight and 66M are obese - leads to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and more - depression - 154M people suffer from depression - 850,000 people die from suicide a year - it's often overlooked/not taken as seriously sit obviously should be - lack of maternal healthcare - one woman dies every minute due to pregnancy/birth complications - it would be easily solved just with proper healthcare
what were the Oslo Peace Accords?
- where the Declaration of Principles (DOP) was signed
what was the global reaction to the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer?
- within 9 months the global community (27 countries) sat down to deal with the issue - the countries signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol)
Sovereignty
- within its borders the state has an entitlement to supreme and exclusive political and legal authority as well as a monopoly over the legitimate use of force - the state has legal power, political power, and power over force
how is women's labor employment disproportionate?
- women are working longer hours - most women in developing countries work in the informal sector
how is women's political participation disproportionate?
- worldwide as of 2016, 22.9% of people in parliamentary positions are women - Nordic countries have the best "balance" with 41.1% women - counties with the most women in Parliament: Rwanda (63.8%), Bolivia, and Cuba - Rwanda: any men were killed in a genocide and they have quotas in place - US is #76 with 23.6% women - the first country to allow women to vote was New Zealand in 1893 - Switzerland didn't allow it until 1971 - 1995: Sweden had the first parliament with 50/50 men and women - quotas
what did the millennium development goals attempt to address with poverty?
- (recap) they were proposed at the UN Millennium Summit in 2006 - 198 countries committed to them - the main objective was to decrease poverty by half - other initiatives were to have universal primary education, gender equality, reducing child mortality, etc - proposed richer countries give .7% GDP to Millennium Development Fund
Peace Treaty of Westphalia
- 1648 in Europe - established the legal basis of modern nation states
What was Thomas Mathus's perspective on population growth?
- 1798: Mathus published an essay that argued the human desire to reproduce will lead to starvation, poverty, and human misery if it was not halted by positive checks such as famine, war, and epidemics - very negative perception population growth - supported delayed marriage and abstinence - people who have very similar ideas are called Neo-Malthusians - they don't have the religious aspect that Malthus had
what is the 1st wave?
- 1828-1926 - stated under the influence of the French and American Revolutions - ended in the post WWI era - most countries that democratized in the 1st wave included European countries and former British colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, US)
what were the conflicting agreements made by the British?
- 1915-1916 : Hussein-McMahon Correspondence - 1916 : Sykes-Picot Agterm-75reements - 1917 : The Balfour Declaration
what is the 2nd wave?
- 1943-1962 - starts during WWII - relates to fight against fascism - relates to the fall of European colonialism in Africa and Asia - much of South America (Peru, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, ...) turn to democracy
what were some global solutions to proliferation?
- 1945: Truman suggested that all nuclear tech and materials be placed under UN control - didn't happen - 1960: Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - 1967: Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America - 2009: Obama called for complete elimination of nuclear weapons - won a Nobel Peace Prize for this - Libya and South Africa were two of the countries to voluntarily disarms their nuclear programs - not a solution: Pakistan, India, and Israel are unofficial nuclear powers
what is the 3rd wave?
- 1974-onward - Spain leads the way of turning to democracy in the 70s - people argue whether we're still in the 2rd wave - once the Arab uprising and protests started in 2011, many said we should be in the 4th wave - given the ending and consequences of these uprisings, some argue not - with the exception of Tunisia, most countries did not end up with a democracy
Uruguay Round
- 1986-1994 - the WTO negotiation round that the bulk of the WTO's current work comes from
what were the peace processes?
- 1991: Madrid Peace Conference - 1993: Oslo Peace Accords - Declaration of Principles
what are some of the social costs of vertical proliferation?
- 1996: the US spent $31,480/person on weapons, $899/student on education, and $231/person on healthcare - 2001: US defense expenditure was 23x larger than 7 rogue states * rogue states: countries we consider to be a danger to us, at the time Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria... - 2005: US military spending was 48% of the world's total expenditure
what was the global reaction to the climate change crisis?
- 1997: Kyoto Protocol - 2015: Paris Climate Agreement
what are the waves of democratization?
- 1st wave - 2nd wave - 3rd wave
what was the Copenhagen Amendment?
- 2nd amendment to the Montreal Protocol - 127 countries signed - every member of the UN - some agreed to be on accelerated time tables to get rid of the use of the ozone depleting substances - the US was one
stats for forcibly displaced peoples (FDPs)
- 3.6m Venezuelans displaced abroad - 80% worlds displaced people are in countries/territories that are affected by acute food insecurity and malnourishment - 73% of FDPs are hosted in developing countries - 68% came from just five countries
what was the significance of the 1948 war?
- Arabs vs Jews - Jewish side won with the support of Britain and other Western powers - aftermath: - Israel would control 78% of historic Palestine - by 1950, the West Bank would come under Jordanian control and the Gazal strip under Egyptain control - approximately 750,000 Palestinian refugees would be pushed to the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt - it was the start of the Palestinian refugee problem - before the war, zionists had made terrorist attacks on Palestine - people become fearful and left or were forced out - UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees), the UN Refugee Agency creates UNRWA (UN Relief Works Agency) specifically for Palestinian refugees it got so bad - 4.5M Palestinian refugees are currently registered with them
what happened at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio?
- Brough sustainable development to the mainstream - showed that there was a significant difference between developing and developed countries in the way of the environment and their ability to address environmental issues - the South argued that the North got rich off of ruining the environment so they should pay and bear responsibility - the North argued that the South needed to bear responsibility as well and be more careful with their development - major output: Agenda 21
CSRs
- Corporate Social Responsibility - when MNCs decide to behave in a more moral way and return to the societies they work in - when there is a recognition and need to do things differently - 3 ways to implement - voluntary/internal codes of conduct : training employees, higher wages, health benefits, etc - ex. Nike used to get a bad rep for their practices so they decided there were going to change their policies voluntarily and internally - sector wide agreements : a whole sector/industry decides to change (MNCs coming together) - ex. Apparel Industry Partnership was created to improve working conditions in the garment industry - general CSR codes : not particular to any industry and/or corporation ex. UN Global Compact challenges corporations to comply with 9 principles drawn from UN treaties on human rights, the environment, and labor
European Parliament
- EU's decision making body - has 705 members - has elections at the national level
European Commission
- EU's policy making body - initiates legislation, mostly economic policy
East, West, North, and South
- East vs West: cultural differences - East: China, Japan, India, etc - West: North America, Western Europe, etc - tend to be more democratic - North vs South: more economic - more wealthy countries tend to be in the north and power countries then to be in the south - income and survival at birth rates follow these trends, especially in Subsaharan Africa - the US's wealth is greater than the poorest 100 countries combined - the developed north is where 1/5 of people live - controls 85% of worlds wealth - controls 4/5 of world's resources
EU
- European Union - regional IGO - 27 member states -3 main bodies - European commission - European parliament - European court of justice
what were the G8 and HIPCs?
- G8: biggest 8 economies the world - HIPCs: Highly Indebted Poor Countries; the poorest countries with tremendous debt
what is GDI?
- Gender-Related Development Index - measures all of the same indicators as HDI but measures the disparities between men and women within them
What is GDP?
- Gross Domestic Product - all that is produced in a country; the wealth of a country
what is HDI?
- Human Development Index - created by the UNDP in 1975 - gives a comprehensive view of how people live and what their living standard is - measured by a group of indicators - longevity: measured by life expectancy at birth - knowledge: measured by a combo of adult literacy and school enrollment - standard of living: measured by purchasing PPP per capita - doesn't tell anything about gender disparities
How do IGOs compare to states in terms of efficiency?
- IGOs can also fall prey to nation-state political battles - IGOs Madame congestion - too many IGOs wanting to do too much - problems of legitimacy - ultimately, we are better off bc of these efforts - now the US, an imitator of many of these efforts, wants to be less involved...thoughts?
who should provide global health leadership?
- IGOs vs nation-staes - July 2019: US withdrew from WHO and as a result WHO lost on of its largest sources of funding - is the global community better off with WHO or by themselves?
IGOs
- Intergovernmental Organizations - members are nation states - created through agreements, usually treaties
IMF
- International Monetary Fund - 189 members - initial mandate was to promote international monetary cooperation and stability - by the 19070s it became a financial lending institution - since 2008 it's attempting to go back to its initial mandate
MNCs
- Multinational Corporations - an enterprise, business, or corporate organization operating in more than one country - there's a parent organization and then they own foreign affiliates - engage in foreign trade, marketing, and foreign direct investment (establishing a business in another country) - vary in size and revenue - in 1969 there were 7,000 - in 2018 there were 78,000 parent organizations and 790,000 foreign affiliates worldwide
NGOs
- Non-Governmental Organizations - eclectic - have different characteristics, can be involved in different areas - have no armies - seek moral high ground - aspiring for some greater good to help all people - vary in terms of size and wealth - usually non-profit, but if there is a profit it's reinvested into the community
what is PPP?
- Purchasing Power Parity - purpose is to tell you how much money is worth and how much it benefits people - the base indicator is 100 - the highest is Bermuda with 154 - the US is at 100 - tells you how much you can buy in a certain country base off of your income - tells us very little about inequality
what are SAPs?
- Structural Adjustment Policies include... - trade liberalization - balancing exchange rate - tax reform - regulatory reform - privatization - reforms in terms of property rights - government austerity - conditionality
What are the defining characteristics of nation-states
- Territoriality - Sovereignty - Autonomy
GATT
- The General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade - signed 1997 - established rules of trade - only for the tide of goods though (why WTO came)
what is the UN International Research and Training Institute (INSTRAW)?
- UN body dedicated to conducting research on gender issues
what was the Millennium Challenge Account?
- US initiative in 2002 by the Bush Administration - increase in US foreign aid from $11b to $16b over 3 years - in 2004 the administration created the Millennium Challenge Corporation to administer the MCA - it was to reward countries that are meeting US standards of capitalist economic development and democratic governance
economic inequality
- US's and world's most damning issue - US has over 37 million people in poverty - US: .01% of the population (13 thousand families) has as much wealth as poorest 20 million families - often intersects with racial, gender, religious, and ethnic inequality
what was the 1979 UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women?
- Un Compact; agreement by international community - aka the Bill fo Rights for Women - ratified by 160 countries - but not all abide by it - the US has not ratified it - argue that we don't need to because most of it is guaranteed by our own laws and if we did, we would need to add amendments to our laws and it would be too much
what international institutions are acting on human rights?
- United Nations - International Court of Justice (ICJ) - International Criminal Court (ICC)
what is the origin of WMDs as we know them?
- WWII: Roosevelt authorized $2B 5 year project: the Manhattan Project to produce atomic weapons - the weapons were finally created under Truman - the first two to be used were at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan - an immense global price we're still paying
what are the civilizations that Huntington divided the world into
- Western (US, N. American, Western Europe, Australia) - Latin - Japanese - Sinic (Chinese) - Hindu (Indian) - Islamic (all of the Islamic world) - Orthodox (Orthodox Christian ex. Russia) - African - other
what happened from 1500-1800
- Western European conquest of Asia, Latin America, and Africa - beginning of colonialism - birth of capitalism - development and spread of markets - international trade
what was the 1936 Peel Commission?
- a British investigative commission - meant to investigate developments in Palestine and explore options to resolve the conlifct - decided that the best option was to divide the territory into 2 states - 1 Jewish state - 1 Christian/Muslim state
What was the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and how did it contribute to the conflict?
- a series of 8 letters between Hussein, an Ottoman governor/leader of Arabs, and McMahon, a British offical - McMahon promised Hussein some kind of sovereignty if the Arabs supported the British against the Ottomans - the agreement : Hussein would convince the Atabs to revolt against the Ottomans and would enter WWI on the side of the Allies. Hussein demanded British recognition of the independence of what would become know as Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Palestine, and Saudi Arabia - once the war ended McMahon said there was a misunderstanding to what countries would be given independence and that Palestine was never supposed to be/never was included - the people who would lead the Arab revolt were Hussein son, Fay Sal, and Lawerence of Arabia - they win
what was Huntington's definition of culture?
- a set of shared learned values, beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, modes of living, customs, and symbols - the highest cultural grouping of people and the broader level.of cultural identity that people share is basically a civilization
what is an ecosystem?
- a system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) suctioning together as a unit
NGO strengths vs nation states
- able to incorporate individuals - integrate minorities, women, etc due to their size and objectives - leverage the voice of certain individuals - smaller and more flexible than governments - can respond faster than governments - don't have to go through red tape like governments - have more network power
How do we measure poverty?
- according to the World Bank, they measure poverty as anyone who has an income of less than $1/day - China uses the same measurement - the US uses the measurement of a family of four whose income is $20,444/year or less
what happened, where any of these agreements upheld by the British?
- after the end of WWI, the British move on their plans - at the Paris Peace Conference, they implemtent what looks most like the Sykes-Picot Agreement with the idea that they were going to fulfill the Balfour Declaration as well - surprise, they didn't - what the colonial powers decided: - British will take Jordan, Iraq, and Palestine - promises made to Hussein were completely disregarded - Britain becomes mandatory power over Palestine *mandate: puts country under colonial rule, says these people are not ready to be independent so we're going to help them and eventually uncolonize - facilitating it for a Jewish home - Arabs are figuring our there were betrayed - anti-semitism was rising in Europe so there was an increase of immigration of European Jews to historic Palestine - Arabs also realize the British are facilitation this immigration for zionist aspirations
What was the Balfour Declaration and how did it contribute to the conflict?
- agreement between the Zionist movement and Lord Balfour of the British parliament - promised British support to zionist aspirations - primed his magistracy's government would view in favor of the establishment of a national home for Jewish people in Palestine - not promising statehood, but some kind of home - no one in the Middle East was consulted
What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement and how did it contribute to the conflict?
- agreement with France - made between Sir Mark Sykes, member of parliament/secretary to the British cabinet, and Charles George Picot, a French diplomat - agreed that if they won WWI, they would divide the territory (that part of the Middle East) among themselves - Britain would take Jordan and Iraq - France would take Lebanon and Syria - due to Palestines religious significance, it would be put under an unidentified international administration
what were the DOPs?
- agreements gained between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the government of the state of Israel - includes a number of agreements - the start of a peace negotiation agenda/schedule for the next 5 years - important issues pertaining to the conflict would be agreed upon during final status negotiations - Jerusalem (delayed to final stage), water (delayed to final stage), final borders (still a problem), settlements (still a problem), Palestinian refugees (still a problem), and security arrangements
what is UN Resolution 242
- aka land for peace resolution - most cited resolution pertaining to the Arab-Israeli conflict - UN SC resolution (binding) - adopted unanimously on November 22, 1967 - the centerpiece to peace talks between Israelis and Palestinian - main principles: 1. withdraws of Israeli armed forced from terrorizes occupies in 1967 war 2. termination of all claims of belligerency in respect to the acknowledgement of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of every state in the area and their rights to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force - today most Arab countries don't recognize Israel or have diplomatic relations with them - Egypt, Jordan, and United Arab Emirates have though
what was the aftermath in terms of military administration?
- all aspects of Palestinian life would be regulated by the laws of the Israeli military administration - travel, education, healthcare, etc - Palestinians would be denied basic civil and political rights - all forms of collected resistance - outlawed - all expressions of Palestinian nationalism - outlawed - the flag, colors, etc - denied basic freedoms: speech, press, etc - collective punishments: curfews, collective housing demolition, closures or roads/schools/community centers - key feature of Israeli military occupation - 100s of political activists were sent to Jordan - 10s of 1,000s of acres of Palestinian land was confiscated - between 1967-2000 over 300,000 Palestinians were imprisoned without trial and over 500,000 were tried in the court system
How does colonial legacy affect global poverty?
- almost all third world countries are former colonies - those that weren't like Iran and Turkey were still countries where colonial powers intervened in their domestic/economic affairs - between 1870-1900 ~35 mill sq kilometers were under European control - 60% British - 30% French - 10% other - through European colonialism, the global economy and economic order were created - due to this many developing countries (elude Latin America) are newer nation states - 75% were established after WWII
what are quotas?
- an initiative that increases women's political representation - they require a certain women to constitute a certain percentage of candidates or that women hold a certain percentage of legislative seats - positive aspects: - helps women and countries because it guarantees a certain level of representation - when women are given this opportunity, there are better representing the population - critiques - just because there are women running for positions doesn't mean that they're winning - some quotas are just for candidate lists - just because women are in parliament doesn't meant that they're representing women or introducing norms that's bettering society
what is liberal anti-americanism?
- appears in democracies like France or England - opposition is to American policies and the charge is that the US is often hypocritical because it doesn't live up to its professed ideals/values that its critics share - these democracies and the US are supposed to have the same values - expressing outrage over US policies such as treatment of prisoners in Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib - GB : US prison in Cuba - AG : US prison in Iraq where massive and atrocious human rights abuses were found - these democracies would argue how can a country stand for freedom and at the same time condone these horrific acts/violations of human rights
what is the cornucopian perspective on population growth?
- argue that technological innovations and market forces will manage the use of natural resources and will allow for population growth to solve global economic problems through through increased productivity and the capacity fro economic progress through the use of economics - don't think population growth is inherently a bad thing because scientific innovations will take place and offset some its negative impact and market forces will adjust accordingly - comes form the name of the scientist Cornucopias
there was also military redeployment -->
- as part of the Oslo Accords, the Israeli military redeployed from major Palestinian towns - they withdrew from 7 key towns - these towns comprised 13% of the West Back - they redeployed to outside these towns - Israel dismantled the settlements in the Gaza Strip - they then unilaterally withdrew from the Strip in 2005 - these areas are all now under Palestinian control
what happened from 1870-1914
- birth of the modern world economy - increased capital flows - Britain is involved in foreign direct investment in different parts of the world - increased global integration of capital markets - 3 key developments facilitated this increased global integrations of markets: 1. during this period, the railway is developed; increased rail transportation 2. ship transportation advances 3. invention of the telegraph - increased military globalization; militaries are traveling more between places
Criticisms of UN
- bloated bureaucracy : massive organizations with hundreds of bodies and thousands of employees - it's not doing enough - does not represent the current configurations of global power : it still reflects the winners of WWII being the most powerful; countries like Germany, Brazil and India aren't getting the recognition they deserve; France and the UK aren't really world powers anymore - where should resources come from : who should be funding the UN? should it scale down or gather more resources? - it'c controlled by stronger nation states and can fall into gridlock like during the Cold War - there's no agreement on how to reform the UN's flawed structure
among the main sticking points...
- borders of the future Israeli and Palestinian states - Israel still has no official borders and none proposed for Palestine - needs to be a just solution for Palestinian refugees - the states of Jerusalem - Israel now claims the city as its undivided capital - most countries don't recognize it as such - settlements need to be resolved - WATER - the final security issues
MNC pros
- bring capital goods and technology to a country - job creation - seen as one of their biggest strengths - bring access to the international market - they stimulate the economy
Globalization
- came into popular usage in the 80s - refers to increased global connectedness; economically, politically, socially, and culturally - describes increased movement of people, knowledge and ideas, and goods and money - everything feels closer, boundaries are becoming blurrier, problems are also now interconnected - globalization isn't new, but what is is the increased velocity of it, the density of the networks, and to the extent that it's definitely about transnational
what is sovereign nationalist anti-americanism?
- comes from Latin American, Middle East, and other countries that feel like the US interferes into their policies or manifests quite a bit of cultural dominance - with this type fo interference and cultural dominance the national identity and strategic interest of peoples or states in these regions is actually threatened - ex. people in the Middle East would be very critical of US policies in Pakistan and Israel and Iraq and our supporting of different dictators and cultural aspects in different parts of the world - they feel that the sovereignty of these countries is being eroded/challenged by the US
what is social anti-americanism?
- comes from critics who are staunch supporters of human welfare thus they oppose American economic policy because it promotes laissez-faire (free market) ideals but more importantly, it erodes welfare stage protections - in the US, we don't guarantee free education, healthcare, etc for everyone like in social democracies like France, Germany, or Canada - they rail against American lead globalization as it exposes people to the harshness of the market and they are critical of the impact of this globalization - expressed by more radical countries like Bolivia - those who critique the US on our social policy and not protecting the poor and nor providing social welfare to all our citizens
UN Security Council
- comprised of 5 permanent members who have veto power : China, France, Russia, UK, and US (winners of WWII) - and 10 non-permanent members that are chosen from the GA and have 2 year terms - strongest, most significant body of the UN : decisions are binding and CAN be enforced
what is the Kyoto Protocol?
- contains legally binding emissions targets for key greenhouse gases - US wanted to achieve Kyoto Protocol without reducing emissions and just letting science do its thing (wtf) - 2001; industrialized countries (minus US) agreed to reduce CO2 emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels - Russia signed in 2004 - treaty went into effect in 2005 - US eventually agreed to voluntarily agree to Kyoto standards - developing countries were exempt from the emission targets - expired 2012 and the Doha Amendment was singed for 2012-2020
what do tax reforms entail?
- could entail major tax breaks/cuts for the wealthy and big companies - in many cases, like in the US, the richest people/businesses get the biggest cuts
Doha Agenda
- current WTO round launched in 2001 - objective : address the concerns of developing countries
what do regulatory reforms entail?
- cutting red tape - simplifying administrative processes - improving government functions -can be cumbersome to enforce and take a long time to see results
why was economic development a prerequisite?
- direct correlation between democracy and levels of economic development of a society - most democratic societies are of, at least, a certain level of economic development - why? - in societies with higher economic development, there's higher literacy rates and better education so the people are more likely to demand democracy - India turns this idea on its head though: India's democracy has been on the decline and people are worried at the moment, however it is the largest democracy and brings more people to the polls than the entirety of Western Europe while not meet the criteria of economic development
what are economic/financial manifestations of globalization?
- economic activity has become more globally orientated and international trade has become central to most economic activity - very few nation states can survive being an autarky (not trading) - international economic institutions like WTO, IMF, etc work towards an economically integrated world - move toward free global market with few trade barriers - increased breadth of financial markets, banking, etc
what are the conditions/prerequisites needed for democracy to take place?
- economic development - class structure *- political institutions and civil society *- political attitudes and behavior
what was the Paris Climate Agreement?
- effectively replaced Kyoto Protocol - almost every country has signed, including developing countries - aims to substantially reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to limit global temperature rise to 2 degreed Celsius above pre-Industrial levels in this century while also trying to LIMIT that rise to only 1.5 degrees Celsius - provides a path to help developed nations help developing countries to mitigate climate problems and to adapt to different efforts - Trump Administration left the agreement in 2017 - US was bound to it until Nov 4, 2020
what are the types of democracy?
- electoral democracy - liberal democracy - social democracy - guided democracy
what is UNFM (now UN Women)?
- emerged from 1975 UN meeting - UN body focused on women's issues
what happened/is happening from 1980s-present
- emergence of very important economic actors - countries that were nor economically important before emerged as being so - ex. the Newley Industrialized Countries (NICs) - original NICs : Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and South Korea - significant and rapid technological advancements especially in transportation, communications, and information technology - Japan also emerges as an important economic actor - it's a new source of foreign direct investment in the 80s - rise of China and its entrance into the global economy in the 90s and 2000s
COVID facts
- end of January, WHO declared COVID a public health emergency fo international concern - March 11: WHO declared COIVD. a global pandemic - in a span of 3 months, COVID went from a cluster of cases in China to a global pandemic with 500,000 cases - Nov 22: 10,314,254 total cases with 241,069 deaths - Dec 8: 14,636,914 cases with 281,253 deaths - we lost 291,557 Americans in WWII
why is class structure a prerequisite?
- especially is one with the emergence of a substantial middle class - it acts as a stabilizing force - it serves as a bridge between upper and lower classes - they have the skills to politically organize and create political parties - it doesn't play a role in all cases though - lots of Middle Eastern countries have a comfortable middle class and democracy is not emerging
World Trade Organization
- established 1995 - 164 members - deals with the rules of trade between nations at a global/near global level, specifically to facilitate free trade through trade agreements and negotiations, trade dispute settlements, assistance to developing countries on trade matters, etc - GATT was its predecessor - WTO included trade of services, a trade dispute mechanism, and the protection of intellectual property rights
what was the Brundtland Commission?
- established by UN in 1983 to deal with the unresolved tension - 1987: the commission issued one of its most important documents - "Our Common Future"
UN
- established in 1945 after WWII to bring harmony - has 193 members and 2 observer states (Palestine and the Vatican) - observer states can deliberate but can't vote
what is the ICJ doing?
- established in 1946 by the UN - also called the World Court - related to the UN but has a more specific mandate: it is an international court - court consists of 15 judges, elected for 9 year terms - must be elected by the UN GA and SC - each judge must receive a majority in both UN bodies - the 5 members of the SC are also involved in the ICJ - they must agree to enforce/support and judgement the ICK makes - cases must be brought to the ICJ by a UN member country - rulings are advisory, not binding - the first of it's kind
what is social democracy?
- explicit concern is equality, social justice, and the provision of services from the states (education and free healthcare) - guaranteed equal accès to healthcare and education, even higher education - SOCIAL RIGHTS - ex. Canada and Western Europe - vote in elections and civil and political rights are still important - takes electoral and liberal democracy points seriously as well
Based on the survey data presented, what are the general trends pertaining to global sentiment towards the United States? towards the American people? And towards US foreign policy?
- favorability of AMERICANS is quite high - the favorability of AMERICA is low vs other countries - basically everyone but India doesn't like the US that much - other countries don't think that the US is considerate of other countries with our foreign policy
what is radical anti-americanism?
- feel that everything to do with America is a threat to the world - it's less prevalent in the world than the others - it's tied to radical.extremist groups like Al-Qaeda or Isis - they're fundamentally opposed to American identity and they feel it needs to be transformed either within or without the US itself - basically opposed to everything American
what was the Madrid Peace Conference?
- first meetings which se in motion negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians - they began bilateral negotiations
what was the importance of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment (aka the Stockholm Conference)
- first time a serious discussion and global cooperation was had about the environment - objective was to address this conflict scientifically but also socially and economically - established the UN Environmental Program (UNEP) - did not solve tensions of how do you continue to promote socioeconomic development and how do you promote sustainability
what was the structural perspective on poverty?
- focuses on structural factors that may lead to population changes such as: population displacement, health, disease, food security, and the outcomes of other social and economic processes - want to understand WHY population numbers change no whether it's inherently good or bad - population growth is often the result of the lack of development - where female literacy is higher, population growth rates are lower and vis-versa
industrialized countries vs newly-industrialized countries (NICS)
- focusing on the level of industrialization in the country - NICS originally referred to Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea - emerged in the 80s - in a matter of a few decades, they went from developing countries to newly-industrialized with a significantly improved economic wellbeing - these terms are criticized because they don't tell anything about the wellbeing of the people
What is political Zionism?
- founded by Theodore Hertz in 1882 - form of Jewish nationalism - emerges in Europe in response to sustained discrimination and racism and a history of violence against the Jewish people - believed the only solution was for there to be a state that would be exclusively for Jews
Why is the WTO Controversial?
- free trade policies they promoted sent the poor into poverty and lost them their jobs by bringing in big corporations into their countries - they work for big business - they don't include the environment and labor concerns - some claim it's biased in favor of wealthier states - they pressure the South to accept rules that benefit wealthier states - wealthy countries aren't held to the same standard as poorer countries
what is conditionality?
- future credit is tied to the successful implementation of the SAPs - there's the issue of sovereignty and the inequality of power with poorer countries - organizations are telling nation states what to do to continue to get credit - and these things are only dictated to poorer countries, no the wealthy ones
How does political turmoil affect global poverty?
- given many nation states are new and were arbitrarily put together/carved out, they were predisposed to ethnic/religious conflict - also by the scarcity of and the fight over resources - causes countries to no be able to escape poverty
what is the UN Environmental Program (UNEP)?
- had a large role in setting political agenda and coordinations environmental policy in the UN system - also put the environment firmly on the agenda of the global community
what is the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty?
- halted the spread of nuclear weapons beyond the 5 nuclear powers - US, France, Russia, UK, China - intent was that these 5 would eventually disarm too - occurred during the Cold War - also halted the spread of technology and assistance - believed to be unfair as why do these 5 countries get to have nukes
should healthcare be a human rights?
- healthcare as a human right is enshrine in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - the MDGs also introduced this principle that healthcare should be a human rights - countries such as Canada, France, and the UK have it as a right - the US does not - it's not part of the conversation in the US, we have insurance reform and healthcare reform on the table right not - we spend $22T on healthcare and we have one of the most inadequate systems in the developed world - 1M people a year declare bankruptcy because of medical bills they can't pay
what was the first zionist conference?
- held in 1897 in Switzerland - to decide where the Jewish state would be - considered Argentine, Cyprus, East Africa, and The Congo - decided on Palestine due to the area's significance to the Jewish faith - at this time the Jews in Palestine constituted 5% of the whole Jewish population - they were not consulted as this idea came from the Jews in Europe - the ethnic tension for the Middle Eastern Jews wasn't nearly as bad as it was for the Europeans - it was seen as a form of colonial settlement by the Palestinians - another European project that disregarded indigenous people and projected their belief that there can control people throughout the world
what were the main criticisms (most given by Edward Said) that Huntington received?
- his idea of civilization is way too broad - much of the conflict int he world is inter-civilizational conflict - are these civilizational categories accurate? - too general - do these countries regard themselves as civilizations - what about he move towards increased global cooperation? - ex. peace building, peace keeping like all of the post WWII efforts - isn't it paradoxical to think only about civilizational conflict - what about political and economic conflicts? - is civilizational conflict really just about values
What is the definition of political economy
- how politics determines aspects of the economy and how economic institutions determine the political process - how interactions between the state and the economy proceed
what is gender-mainstreaming?
- idea proposed and utilized by the World Bank since 1995 - idea that we should not be addressing women separately but integrate gender ponderations in all development assistant work - has become commonplace for many international organizations
immigrants vs emigrants
- immigrants: people coming into a country - emigrants: people leaving a country - countries are not required to let people in, but countries that continue to do so for permanent resettlement are US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (colonial settler societies
developed, developing, underdeveloped, and lesser developed countries
- implicit assumptions about the level of development so there's debate about whether these terms should be used - where do you draw the line and they're a bit vague - 'developing countries' is used quite often to describe countries that aren't the most impoverished but are developing their economies
flu facts
- in a typical flue season, 400,000 people die - the Spanish flu (1918-20) was the most deadly flue - over 24.7M people died - it has some mirrors of Corona - masks, early fear, pressure to reopen, etc)
what are social and cultural manifestations?
- increase in communication technology - facilitates our global connections - news services - idea of 24 news room is very contemporary - popular culture - no longer confines to a town, region, or nation state
what is Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?
- industrialization strategy associated with the economic nationalism approach - became popular in the 30s in response to the Great Depression - high tariffs and quotas to protect domestic production - protection of infant industries - over valued currencies - encourage development of local industries - worked into the 70s when it started to fail
inelastic vs elastic demand
- inelastic: people will want to import so much - ex. there's a limit to how many bananas you can.want to eat - elastic: you can always improve the product and people will want more - ex. iPhone
informal vs formal sectors
- informal sector: paid under the table, nor official employment, no laws about employment like about working conditions - formal sector: income is taxable, wages are recorded, official employment - in the informal sector, it's hard to document human rights abuses and so it's more likely abuse, mistreatment, and withholding of wages are much higher with less accountability
Globalization : what's it all about
- intensification of worldwide economic, political, and social integration - increased velocity of change - proliferation of MNC's and transitional organizations as key players in the global economy- it's not just nations states anymore - new modes of communication infrastructure : social media - increased migration flow - changes in how we understand conflict, security, and terrorism
Global Issues
- involves international issues that cross political boundaries - not limited to confines of a nation state - affects a large number of people
what is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?
- it was approved in December 1948 by the UN GA - no votes against it - first international document that outlines what rights all humans should have - initially had 30 articles, it now has over 200 additional documents - encompasses the 3 Generations of Rights - 1st generation - 2nd genration - 3rd generation
what was the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone?
- it was the first discussion about the ozone depletion - no binding agreement was reached
why is UN Resolution 242 controversial?
- it's subject to misinterpretation - the French version says "some territories" so the right-wing government of Israeli, since they pulled out of the Sinai Peninsula thinking they pulled out of "some territories", don't think they have to do anything else
UN General Assembly
- largest body of UN - includes all members and observers - very significant - deliberate world affairs - not the strongest body because even though they make decisions, and issue resolutions, their decisions are not binding - decisions can NOT be enforced
what is privatization?
- main objective: generation of wealth - can make businesses more competitive and make better products - however, there's massive firing of employees to be more efficient and make more product - employees become disposable - there's problems with healthcare and education - the average citizen won't have the guarantee of these services
what do reforms in terms of property rights entail?
- making clear of what ownership entails - can be dangerous; whole communities can be undermined
what is Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI)?
- manufacturing for export - produce what you're good at producing in excess in order to be able to competitively export it - production is driven by consumer demand elsewhere: if you exports based on your comparative advantage you'll have the hard currency to import foods you don't produce
what is the debt trap?
- many countries have fallen into serious debt and are unable to recover from it causing many problems - in 2006, the debt in subsaharan Africa was 107% of its GNP - it's debt was 7% higher than the rest of their wealth and what they were producing
How does geography affect global poverty?
- many impoverished countries are in the southern hemisphere - the countries are also more prone to natural disasters - increases the vulnerability of crops and economy
what is guided democracy?
- many would argue this isn't a democracy - borders on authoritarianism - society perceived in terms of it's aggregate interests - as a whole common interest - the leader knows best for the population and the state - the state and the autocrat are one - individuals don't have rights because they don't know best - no elections OR uncontested elections - ex. Libya and Brazil
what happened during the WWII era?
- massive increase of anti-semitism and the Jewish community being persecuted and killed; Jewish immigration to Palestine is increasing *note: US blocked Jewish immigration into the states - 1947: Palestine is still under British mandate and after the end of WII, Britain decides it's going to turn over the issue of Palestine to the UN
how is women's health disproportionate?
- maternal death rates are higher in countries with less equality - high in South Asia and in all of Africa - 20-50% of women experience some kind of domestic violence in marriage - primary victims of today's wars are women and children, not soldiers - the use of rape as a weapon is becoming more prevalent
what is the Gini Index/Gini Coefficient?
- measures inequality - G. Index measures 0-100 and the G. Coefficient measures 0-1 - they're the same thing just with different scales - 0 = complete equality -1/100 = complete inequality -doesn't tell a lot about the living quality of people
what are global crime facilitate by?
- money laundering: money is transferred from one place to another in a way the government can't account for it - ex. honey corporation, offshore accounts, etc - corruption: misuse of power/office for personal gains
what is a liberal democracy?
- more demanding definition of democracy - put in place by social scientists like Robert Dahl - US is a liberal democracy - democracy requires what is required of an electoral democracy AND every adult has the right to vote and the right to contest for office AND there is freedom fo press, assembly, speech, and association - main emphasis is on representative government chosen through competitive elections - criticism: allows political completion between equal citizens without taking into account the unequal resources citizens possess - ex. the majority of US senators are multimillionaires
what was the aftermath in terms of refugees?
- more refugees - another wave of Palestinian refugees : 300,000 - many ended up in Jordan - 180,000 were first time refugees
what is government austerity?
- most critical and has the most side effects - want to limit state expenditures and eliminate subsidies - government downsizing, decreasing the number of people working in the public sector - education, health care, and the cost of basic needs can become more expensive
What was Arab Nationalism?
- most of the region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire - Turkey is what's left of the Empire - the Arabs wanted to be sovereign and controls themselves
first world, second world, third world, and forth world
- much more political - the first use of these terms was to refer to political categories and emerged during the Cold War - first world: capitalist countries - second world: communist/socialist countries - 1955: other countries said they didn't want to deal with Cold War politics and wanted to be non-aligned - the Bandung Conference - non-aligned countries became the third world - the terms lost this meaning after the end of the war - today: - first world: wealthier countries - second world: not as wealthy - third world: developing countries - forth world: much less common, a more recent term referring to the poorest countries
what are types of global crimes?
- narcotics trafficking - trafficking of persons - cheap labor - sexual abuse - forced to be soldiers in war - one of the most pressing global crimes - most vulnerable people in society are often the victims - trafficking of arms - many more risks trafficking arms over state borders than locally
Key Players
- nation states - IGOs - NGOs - MNCs - CSRs
what does it mean to overvalue your currency and why do you do it?
- need to still import capital goods but since you aren't exporting, you don't have the currency needed in trade so you need your currency to be worth more - objective of this importing is just to import capital goods necessary to build industries
Autonomy
- no ruler has the right to intervene in the sovereign affairs of other states
Millennium Development Goals
- now called Sustainable Development Goals - very ambitious/ overarching program about promoting development, eradicating poverty, and dealing with the most pressing issues
what is terrorism?
- objective is the creation of a culture of fear among the civilian population - involves the illegitimate use of force - typically refers to force directed against non-combatants - those involved don't wear a uniform - often a weapon of the weak; people who have no other way to make a statement
how is women's education disproportionate?
- of the world's 1b illiterate adults, 2/3 are women - 2/3 of 130m world's children not in school are girls - this discrepancy is most prevalent in South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
what is balancing the exchange rate?
- often includes exchange rate devaluation - devalue your currency in order to make exports more competitive - however it makes imports harder and more expensive to buy
what is privatization?
- once you privatize and are not reliant on government owned enterprises, you're able to run the economy more efficiently - develop enterprises based off of the needs of the economy rather than having th government control what goes on
what was the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer?
- one of the strongest pieces of international environmental policy - became effective in 1989 - the countries that signed, who were responsible for 90% of products that cause ozone depletion, agreed to decrease their use of CFCs and all other products that deplete the ozone - there was the Copenhagen Amendment in 1992
what is the climate change crisis?
- over the last century the burning of fossil fuels has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. this has changed the natural greenhouse, and in effect, the atmosphere's temperature has been increasing
weaknesses of ISI
- over-valuation of local currencies helped reduce costs of imports, but that also mean exports became more expensive and so they became less competitive - since manufacturers were allowed to import their capital goos, a capital goods industry never developed - in the long run, you are still dependent on other countries for these capital goods - because you gave high subsidies, there was never improvement in consumer production, and therefore production wasn't competitive - no incentive to improve when there was no imports to compete with
MNC cons
- overwhelm a locality and drive local firms our of business - they're more efficient and have lower prices - often maintain control over technology and intellectual property - don't share it with the community - change/influence local laws to their advantage - use their economic strength and power - hurt environment because of low standards - go to countries where environmental restrictions are lessened and do things for cheap at a greater cost to the environment - mistreat subcontractors or employees - go to places with little-no labor laws/min wages and take advantage of it
what was the ozone depletion issue?
- ozone protects us from ultra-violet rays which can cause lots of health issues and environmental issues - the ozone depletion was the worst over Antartica - the major cause of ozone depletion is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) alone with other chlorine- and bromine- containing compounds - CFCs are used in refrigerators, cresol cans, coal and oil extraction, etc and the destroy ozone molecules - 1985: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone - 1987: Nasa discovered there was a hole in the ozone layer over Antartica
What are asylum seekers?
- people who come to another country and ask to reside there as their life is in danger - 4.2m people
How do poor policies affect global poverty?
- policies aren't sound/well thought out or there is lots of corruption - Success story : Botswana managed to improve economic state and decrease the rate of HIV but establishing sound policies
why are political institutions and civil society prerequisites?
- political institutions: political parties - civil society: groups putting pressure on a system and making political demands to better/increase democracies - these structures lead to democracy because: - they're an essential force against the state - they mobilize previously excluded groups - they facilitate for a political culture that is respectful of democratic practices - that respects elections, respects losing/conceding and election, etc
what happened from 1945-1980
- post WWII - birth of Bretton Woods Institution : Bretton Woods Conference - leads to birth of IMF, World Bank, and GATT - increased capital flows from the US and US production systems - increased MNCs - especially in America - reduction in international trade barriers
Palestinian territories through time
- pre 1948, they had 1005 of historic Palestine - 1947: 48% - 1967: 22% - today: 12%
why do countries build WMDs?
- prestige - deterrence - security
what is electoral democracy?
- primarily concerned with procedure - procedures associated with democracy - democracy is a political system that holds fair and contested elections on a regular basis - contested: elections have people running against each other
what were the pros and cons of the MCA?
- pro: developing countries are allowed to propose what they want to use the money for - con:some say the criteria is very problematic since the need to meet the "US standard"
what is the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939?
- protest against the British due to their disregard of the Arabs and their support for the zionist movement
Bretton Woods Conference
- purpose was to establish new systems, regulations, and procedures for the post-WWII global economic and financial order - the World Bank(International Bank for Reconstruction Development) and IMF were founded here - the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was recommended here before it was later signed
push and pull factors
- push factors: negative developments that motivate or force people to flee their homes due to things like environment or economic disasters - pull factors: positive factors that motivate people to move from their homes - ex. US is the "land of opportunity"
weakness of EOI
- puts market interests above human interests - ex. when you privatize you lay off a lot of people and also with producing only to comparative advantage you let whole industries die off - places heavy burdens on the environment - the comparative advantage of many developing countries is traditional primary goods - makes them susceptible to factors that puts them in a much more vulnerable situation - ex. if you produce bananas you're susceptible to environmental problems - also demand for primary goods are inelastic where demand for manufactured goods is elastic - developing countries remained exporters of these primary good because there was no incentive structure to develop manufactured good production
Objectives/Missions of NGOs
- raise consciousness about certain issues - climate changes, racism, etc - promote new norms - new ways of understanding things, etc - seek to influence policies of states, IGOs, MNCs, etc - promote more open societies - more responsible to citizens, greater democracy, respecting human rights - promote research and to inform policy - monitor certain practices
Who are the Palestinians?
- refers to Christians and Muslims and Druze who lived in Palestine for century - also includes Jews who lived in historic Palestine before the state of Israel was established - approx 9 million worldwide - divided into 3 subgroups - Palestinians who live in West Bank and Gaza Strip (old historic Palestine) - those who hold Israeli citizenship and live in Israel - those who live in the diaspora (rest of the world)
what is the demographic transition perspective on poverty?
- relies heavily on the difference between developed and developing countries - population growth rates are lower in developed countries - argue that all societies will undergo value shifts relating to family size as they become more industrialized and economically developed - towards smaller families - widely criticized as it insinuates that non-Western countries' experiences should mirror those of Western countries and that their values should do that as well
what is trade liberalization?
- requires the elimination of all trade barriers including tariffs and quotas - argument is that developing countries are unable to withstand competition from developed countries
what are the problems with horizontal proliferation?
- same as vertical - less control and oversight
what does paying off the debt entail/why is it so difficult?
- servicing the loan: paying the interest on the loan - re-paying capital: paying the initial loan - they have the pay the loan with hard currency - most developing countries' currencies aren't hard currencies - they can only get these hard currencies through exports
what was the Grameen Bank?
- set up in 1976 - started with the idea of giving loans to women to start small business schemes - as of 2007, 90% of borrowers were women - issues - not all women have been Abel to pay off loans and have gone into debt - good things - it was very helpful as thousands of women have benefited from it
what happened at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development?
- shifted to sustaining the environment and to social development and economic growth - in contrast to the North/South argument at Rio Summit, at this summit the South argued that the North had not fulfilled the agreement and therefore they didn't need to either and this conference emphasized the priorities of developing countires - major outputs: - Johannesburg Declaration - the understanding that the South could not bear the same responsibility as the North **keep in mind most environmental damage leads back to developed countries in some way
what are the trends in democratic and autocratic countries?
- since 1900, the number of democracies has increased and the number of autocracies has decreased - however, there is a recent trend starting around 2006/7 where there's been a small dip in democracies and a small rise in autocracies - we can't say yet whether this recent trend will become more permanent trajectories *the level of anocracies (between a democracy and autocracy) has generally stayed along the trends of autocracies
what are the problems with vertical proliferation?
- social costs - challenge to other countries *don't assume it's safer than horizontal proliferations just because it's only in one country
what are the new dimensions of global security caused by globalization?
- soft power - information power - the power of nature - asymmetric power - human security - changing dimensions of terrorism - the rise of global crime
what were the issues with the MDGs?
- some countries didn't disperse their promised funds - gaps in promised funds vs. funds given
malaria facts
- spread through mosquitoes - prevalent in sub-Sharan Africa and Southeast Asia - we have made global strides to eradicate it, but there is still more to be done - over 1.5M people die from it every year
economic nationalism/state-led economic development
- state is heavily involved in the economy - an economy should provide for itself; it shouldn't rely on imports - diversification - domestic needs come first: production is driven by only what your country needs - national sovereignty: don't produce according to World Bank, IMF, etc. Less likely to listen to dictates/ suggestions from intl organizations - protectionism - Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
In Anti-Americanism in World Politics (2006),Katzenstein &Keohane explain that there are 4 different factors contributing to anti-Americanism. What are these four factors?
1. Liberal Anti-Americanism 2. Social Anti-Americanism 3. Sovereign Nationalist Anti-Americanism 4. Radical Anti-Americanism
some questions to address
1. NORMS: to what extent have global norms pertaining to human rights changed? - how has UDHR evolved since 1948? 2. UNIVERSALISM VS RELATIVISM: which institutions have the rights to enforce and impose certain human rights standards? how do we decided who has this rights? - universalism says: all nation states and individuals are all subject to the same international standards of human rights - relativism says: human rights vary region to region and states and people should be judged accordingly 3. STATE SOVEREIGNTY: how does this discussion impact state sovereignty? - is it an infringement on it or should we even be thinking in these old terms of state sovereignty 4. WEAK STATES VS STRONG STATES: to what extent do weak states have the capacity to implement? - should persecution be the same fro strong and weak states?
what are the two ways to approach poverty?
1. absolute poverty: the dollar measurements (above); you are impoverished based on a set of indicators 2. relative poverty: you are impoverished based on how you compare to others - ex. we are all impoverished in comparison to Jess Besos
what are some global responses and achievements with infectious diseases?
1. dramatic decrease in deaths due to malaria - still an issue though 2. smallpox was officially announced as eradicated in 1979 3. polio initiative reduced cases by 99% 4. introduction of the anti-retroviral vaccine in 1996 - helped with HIV/AIDS 5. increase in global immunization - lead to important improvements - measles, mumps, and tetanus are no longer as problematic 6. immunization for COVID will soon be available. Modern and Pfizer have completed clinical trials. Vaccines are 95%+ effective. Bothe companies are in the process of going FDA approval
how is globalization affecting the spread of infections?
1. environmental changes/climate change - we will experience bouts of new diseases due to these changes 2. rise of megacities - there are 33 cities with populations of 8M or more - with people so closely packed, pathogens travel faster - many people live in squalor, making them even more susceptible 3. refugees and migration - refugees traveling and migration flows facilitate the spread of infections and these people become more susceptible to them 4. war (and movement of troops) - similar to refugees, soldier movement facilitates the spread of infections 5. modern medical practices - increased dependence on antibodies lowers/inhibits the growth of immune systems *6. relationship to global disparity/poverty - we are all as safe as the poorest and most vulnerable among us - income/economic inequality - during COVID, the group of people who lost the most jobs were those with the lowest income jobs - those who lost the fewest number of jobs were those with the highest paying jobs - throughout COVID, the billionaires' wealth has been skyrocketing - racial/ethnic inequality - black and Latinx people are much less able to telework (work online) - natives have higher hospitalization (5.3x) and death (1.4x) rates - as do black people (4.7x) hospitalization and (2.1x) death - ethnic minorities also had higher unemployment rates than whites - gender inequality - a vast majority of frontline workers are women (about 70-80%) - societies that are more equal have done a much better job in controlling the pandemic
what are the challenges in eradicating/curing these infectious diseases?
1. lack of education - lack of education of importance of mask wearing, how clusters form, role of the individual in stopping the spread of COVID (especially in US) 2. lack of preventative healthcare - many infections can be solved with immunizations and preventative care - especially those causing issues in developing countries because for them, cost is an issue - also anti-vaxxers in the US 3. failed government responses - governments being slow to report infections in fear of economic loss - governments being slow to take action in response to finding out about infections 4. skewed priorities of pharmaceutical research - skewed in favor of health issues in developed countries - 90% of global pharmaceutical researches for more developed countries - the return on their investment is much lower in developing countries - so Southern countries have resorted to stealing patented drug 'recipes' to make the drugs themselves to distribute it to their populations - ex. the anti-retroviral vaccine (HIV)
what are the factors that lead to the 3rd wave?
1. socio-economic change - especially those that occurred in the 80s - many countries went into economic crisis - the solution was to loosen up and try democracy to make people less unhappy with the government 2. alternative discredit - by the 1990s, communism failed as a political system, Marxism and Leninism failed as ideologies, and authoritarianism was failing - by default, it became evident that democracy might be the best route 3. end of the Cold War - early 1990s, - US was less inclined to support authoritarian regimes - became more vocal about human rights abuses 4. impact of globalization - helped spread democracy through globalized communication - people are better understanding and demanding freedom and liberty
what has changed within this approach today?
1. states are important, but are not the main actors anymore - MNCs, IGOs, etc are also important 2. there have been strides made toward making the world more harmonious 3. given the state isn't the only factor, we need to consider how the other actors fit into configurations of power 4. since WWII there's an increase in IGOs putting out binging agreements 5. maximization of interests now includes more that just material power 6. threats we face go beyond the nation state - ex. climate change
what key developments lead to the emergence of human security?
1. the end of the Cold War - security was no longer about an arms race and national security - they could focus on other aspects of security without the threat of nuclear war 2. a better understanding of the daily insecurities of the world's vulnerable populations. especially the poor, who make up the majority of the world's population - ex. poverty, the safety fo their neighborhoods 3. globalization, which has lead to unprecedented change and uncertainty - reminded people human security is important
what is the traditional/realist approach to international relations and security?
1. the state is the main actor in the international system 2. relationships between nations are characterized over a struggle for power, in particular hard power - hard power: wealth, weapons; material assets 3. international relations defined by the configuration of power in the international system - it was bipolar during the Cold War - multipolar after WWII 4. international system is anarchic - states do as they choose, there's no overarching rule - some say the UN breaks this rule to some extent, but they don't really 5. states are rational - states are concerned with the maximization of their interests 6. security is understood as defending a nation states from other states
what are the tools of analysis when examining women and development?
1.structure - context of opportunities and constraints that are put on an individual's actions/choices - ex. how society is organized, history, laws, class, economics - would highlight hierarchies of oppression, impacts of oppression, etc - shows that everyone can't just do whatever they want - ex. the effect of the patriarchy on women's abilities to do things 2. agency - individual's ability to act independently and make choices that align with one's values and preferences about what people can do and capability - because of your job/credentials you can and can't do certain things 3. intersectionality - about interconnectivity - based on the premise that all individuals and groups have layered identities based on social relations, histories, and structures and that the interconnectivity of these identities and related institutions must also be considered together - can't just lump all women together - ex. minority women have different experiences than white women - adds to the critique of quotas - simply wanting "women" isn't enough
how many forcibly displaced persons were there in 2019?
79.5 million
Andrei Merkevitz approaches anti-Americanism differently. How does he explain anti-American sentiment, especially on the part of Europeans?
Andrei Mekevitz- Uncouth Nation 2007 -European Anti-Americanism -Unacceptable -Europeans are envious bc of Americans values work ethics, etc...
Lecture Two
Global Health, Infectious Disease, and COVID-19
Lecture One
Global Security: Weapons Proliferation, Terror, and Transnational Crime
What does Huntington say about inter-civilizational conflict?
In Huntington's view, intercivilizational conflict manifests itself in two forms: fault line conflicts and core state conflicts. Fault line conflicts are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations. Core state conflicts are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core states become involved
who wrote The Clash of Civilizations
Samuel Huntington
Lecture Four
The Democratic Turn or Lack Thereof?
Lecture 3
The Human Rights Debate
What are the main factors contributing to this conflict?
The Jews had just suffered a major genocide and wanted a place of their own, and picked historic Palestine as the location of their new settlement.
what does the Un come up with?
UN Resolution 181/ The Partition Plan - the idea is to divide historic Palestine into 1 Jewish state and 1 Christian/Muslim state - an indirect response to what's happening in Europe - 6M Jews were killed in the Holocaust - support for creating a Jewish state (but it was done without consulting the Arabs, Muslims, or Palestinians) - Arabs viewed this as an unfair resolution and questioned the legal competence of the UN to come up with this decision that would determine their fate - the plan: - 55% of Palestine would go to the Jewish population - current Jewish population in historic Palestine: 28.8% - 45% to the Muslims and Christians - over 71% of the population - most fertile territory along the coast would be a part of the future state of Israel - decided Jerusalem would be a Corpus Separatum (a separate territory under UN control)
where did we first see chemical weapons?
WWI: mustard has was introduced by the Germans
who is Ester Boserup?
a Danish economist who in 1970 found that women in the agriculture sector were completely ignored by development programs - the majority of food producers were women, but all the agricultural aid, including credit and tools, was given to men - these women are heads of household and were engaged in the double burden - since then, organizations such as USAID and the World Bank have put much more effort in addressing women in development
what is comparative advantage?
a country will produce what they are good/efficient at producing and will use this as exports and will import what they don't produce
what happens when a country can't pay its debt?
a debt crisis - 1982: the first major debt crisis; Mexico announced it was unable to pay back their loans or even the just the interest on the loans * in 1970 the UN GA proposed all countries with advanced economies should pay .7% of the GNP to poorer countries to try and avoid this issue - many countries have never done this - US has given .17% - collectively, all of these countries have given .33%
what did the World Conservation Union, the UNEP, and the Worldwide Fund for Nature propose in 1991?
a more elaborate definition for sustainability - there were constraints on the biosphere and there sustainability was not just for the future generations but also about improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems
what is agenda 21?
a non binding agreement that set a global plan of action for sustainable development
What is jihad?
a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam.
how does Marber assess globalization?
although the term 'globalization' seems to have a negative association, or to be seen in a bad light; in reality, globalization has proven to have had an unprecedented positive impact on the world as a whole and speaks to a 'story of human progress and promise'
what is diversification
an economy is diversifying its economy to be able to produce everything it needs
what is the power of nature?
as populations grow putting pressures on the environment, as the climate changes, we need to see nature as a source of power - even in a way that can threaten security
what are non-tariff barriers (NTBs)?
can include quotas -ex. put a limit on the number of cars the country can import in a year can also include voluntary export restraints or other restrictions on imports - ex. EU has restraints on agricultural imports aim in to protect the domestic market
For an economy to prosper, you need a balance of ...
capital flows, meaning your input is equal to your output
what are megacities?
cities with a population of 10 million or more
what are global crimes?
crime facilitated by globalization
what is soft power?
culture, prestige, reputation of a country, ability to persuade others, impact on the international system - it has become much more signification in the recent decades - it's how small countries like Canada and Norway are playing a role in the international community
what is hard currency?
currencies that have credibility in intl markets - ex. US dollar, EU Euro, Yen, etc - NOT Israeli Shekel, Peso, etc
what are non-communicable diseases (NCDs)?
diseases not caused by infections and it can't be transferred from one person to another - ex. cancer, heart disease, diabetes, chronic illnesses, etc - originally only a Western health problem, but have become a global problem - hold the top 2 global killers : cancer and cardiovascular disease
what are infectious diseases?
diseases transmitted by other persons, insects, animals, food, and/or water - can cross borders and require global initiatives
what is GDP per capita?
dividing the wealth of the country by the population - looking for an average
how does Annan asses globalization?
due to the vast amounts of fossil fuels that the world uses, it is destroying the climate, which in effect, is taking down the global economy with it. the article talks about how if we want to change the world and fix the environment and global economy, the wealthier nations must begin the process of using more efficient types of energy. while doing this, wealthy nations also have to spread knowledge to poorer states so they can begin to become more independent and not rely on industry and powerful states
what is the 3rd generation?
encompasses collective and solidarity rights - articles 27-28 - 1948: most of the world (80%) was under colonial rule - these articles show the interests of the majority of the people - focuses on the duties and rights to these communities - has arguably the weakest record of implementation
what are internally displaced persons (IDPs)?
forcibly displaced people who have been displaced from their homes but have not had to cross national boundaries - make up the largest portion of forcibly displaced persons: 45.7m people
what are subsidies?
giving extra payments to domestic producers as an incentive to sell things at a lower, more competitive price - US gives farmers subsidies to remain competitive with external goods - profits are not hurt
what is asymmetric power?
globalization increases opportunities and the dangers of asymmetrical exercise of power - disproportionate capabilities of weak states and non state powers to challenge powerful states in the international system - can cause them to resort to terrorism and other unconventional means
Millennium Development Goals and women
goals relating to women and children: - reduce by 2/3, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate - reduce by 3/4, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality rate - achieve by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
what are infant industries?
industries that are recently established but aren't very competitive and haven't excelled yet
what is information power?
information networks associated with globalization - communication, the internet, social media - providing people and organizations with information and a platform - ex. Jodi Williams (Vermont) organized anti-land mines movement and helped get the anti-land mine treaty passes
what was the decade of women?
it was declared at the first international women's conference held by the UN after 1975 was dubbed as the international women's year - goal was to address women's socioeconomic and political status and the challenges they face - UN and global community came together to focus on women's issues for first time
what is the 1967 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America?
made Latin America a nuclear free zone - still is one today
When did the Arab-Israeli conflict begin?
may 15h, 1948
what is free trade
no restrictions on imports or exports
Have women achieved equality with men in any country (+stats)?
no. - of the world's 1.3b poor people, 70% are women and children -between 75-80% of world's 32.9m refugees are women and children - 2016: 59 women had served as heads of state - women earn and average of 75% of pay of males for the same work, outs of the agricultural sector
what is the 1st generation?
originated from 17th and 18th center Western ideals and was expressed in the French and American Revolutions - articles 2-21 of UDHR - focuses on rights of individuals (civil and political rights)
what is the 1960 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty?
outlawed nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and under water - to protect the environment
what are refugees?
people being forced over state lines - 2019: 26 million refugees worldwide - 10.4m are registered with UNHCR - 6.6m are Syrian refugees- Syrians are the biggest population of refugees - 5.6m are Palestinians registered with UNRWA
what are national population policies
policies adopted by governments to deliberately influence demographic changes -examples: - birth control promotion - education programs, making it cheaper, etc - Egypt now has one of the lowest population growth rates in Middle East - tax breaks - giving a better tax break with the more kids you have - in US and W. Europe where growth rates are very low these make sense - China's one child policy of 1979 - very aggressive, controversial policy - changed it in October 2015 to 2 children - India's mass sterilization during the 1970s - even more controversial
what is protectionism?
protecting your domestic production from imports from other countries with a set of policies: - tariffs - subsidies - non-tariff barriers (NTBs)
what are social rights?
rights pertaining to education, housing, employment, healthcare, etc that states should guarantee their citizens - socialist societies and social democracies put more emphasis on social rights - old Eastern European countries and Canada and France
what are positive rights?
rights that a government, group, or individual should provide - ex. right to vote, police protection, the right to council, etc
what are negative rights?
rights that are based on the absence of interference and permit and/or oblige action - ex. freedom of speech, private property, life, freedom of religion, etc - nothing should ever obstruct these rights - many political and civili rights are framed as negative rights
what are civil rights?
rights that belong to every citizen of the state and aren't connected with the organization or administration of government - ex. rights of porosity, marriage, protection by law, freedom to contract, trail by jury, etc - rights also highly valued in the US
what are political rights?
rights that entail the power to participate directly or indirectly in the establishment or administration of government - ex. right of citizenship, right to vote, and right to hold public office - US places a lot of value on them
prestige
some countries believe they gain prestige in the global arena with more WMDs
what is the 2nd generation?
stems from the Western socialist tradition - focuses on social and economic rights - necessitates productivity on the part of the government - focus on social equity and government responsibility towards citizens - articles 22-26 - objective: balance the excessive individualism from the 1st generation
what are tariffs?
taxes imposed on imports; used when a product from another country is being produce cheaper than in your country, you tax it to make that outside product less competitive
what was another global initiative to end poverty?
the G8 agreed to forgive the debt of 39 of the poorest countries in the world with the most debt (HIPCs) - debt relief was contingent upon the HIPCs implementing reforms from the IMF - as of 2017, 36/39 reached their completion points
what is the Johannesburg Declaration?
the North and South put together an implementation plan - 300 voluntary partnerships are involved - involve private sector and civil society groups
what is vertical proliferation?
the development and stockpiling of armaments in one country
How do Keohane & Nye explain globalization?
the four main time periods : - 1500s-1800s - 1870-1914 - 1945-1980 -1980s-present
what is human security?
the individual is put in the center of the security debate
What is ethnic cleansing?
the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
What is proliferation?
the rapid increase in the number of destructive capability of armaments
what is horizontal proliferation?
the spread of weapons/weapons technology across country borders
what are conventional weapons?
the weapons the make up the majority of military arsenals - guns, tanks, bullets, planes, ships, etc
how does Ghemawat assess globalization?
the world isn't as flat/globalized as we though, and that the majority of the world isn't very interwoven. even thought we have more resources connect to others in different parts of the world, that feature is till no being used, and what we believe to be connecting with others is more local and domestic than in theory
how does Barber assess globalization?
there are two possible futures for the world: Jihad which a future where each country is rigidly independent on themselves and do not want any integration with other countries, or McWorld which is a future where each country is completely integrated and bleak uniformity among the globe. the main point they're trying to make with this juxtaposition is that neither complete integration or isolation Among the countries of this globe are acceptable for the advancement of humans
what's happened since then?
there was the 2nd Intifada - 20 years ago - musch more violent on both sides - instigated by the fact that there had been negotiations for 7 wars with little to no improvements and a porvactive incident were a key Israeli officer went to the Dome of the Rock - Israel decided to build the Israeli Separation Wall/The Fence
deterrence
threat of reprisal to prevent attack by adversaries
what was the significance of human security coming to the fore in the 1990s?
unlike traditional security approaches that focus on the nation-state, human security puts the individual at the center of security concerns. this is extended to global security which stresses comprehensive security worldwide. global health challenges have also forces us to redefine our conception of security.
what are WMDs?
weapons of mass destruction - they're developed to have a devastating effect even when used in small amounts - nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons - far less discriminating than conventional weapons
what is the double burden?
when someone, usually and in this case a woman, is the main source of income for a household while also being responsible for all the housework