Japanese Expansion in East Asia and Causes

What was the Reaction of France and Britain on the Japanese Aggression?

Did little to nothing; condemned them but didn't actually act

Japanese move into Indo-China

During the Southern Advance, Japan moves into Indo-China. Since it is the weakest spot, this is another attempt to win the war in China. The west is shipping arms to China through Indo-China. The Japanese hope to occupy Northern Indo-China to cut off shipments and will continue to move through Southeast Asia

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan

Meiji Emperor

Emperor of Japan between 1867 and 1912 in whose name modernizing reforms were instituted

Russo-Japanese War

Japan and Russia fight for Korea and Manchuria, Japan surprise attack, Admiral Togo and Japan destroy russia fleet at Tsushima

What were the possible causes for Pearl Harbour?

Japan angry

Treaty of Portsmouth -

Japan controls korea, also controls manchuria south port arthur, railway rights in Manchuria, Sakhalin Island, respect from west

Impact of war in Europe on Japan -

Japan had a desperate need for oil and steel

What happened at the washington conference of 1921?

Japan had changed its foreign policy to internationalism during the 1920's; aimed to develop economy peacefully, good relations with the US (key trade partner). Americans insisted that the Japanese leave the anglo-Japanese alliance and instead join the Four power treaty. The treaty was: to confer should the rights or possessions of any of the four countries be threatened in the pacific. .

What was the outcome of the Russo-Japanese war (1904-05) and how did it impact Japan's steamy relationship with other Asian countries?

Japan had won. They gained Korea and South Manchuria. The western countries are impressed and Asian countries look up to Japan. Enforces the idea that Japan was the almighty country of Asia. More nationalism and militarism.

Impact of WWI on Japan's economy -

Japan supplies goods to the allies, export is booming, japan's industry grows, increased self sufficiency

Kwantung Army

Japan's most elite military unit before the Second World War, stationed in the Liaodong Peninsula, next to Manchuria

21 Demands

Japan's sends a message to china's leader Yuan Shikai, Japan gets control over Shantung and Manchuria, threatens china with war, tells china to stop giving territory to other powers, May 8 china accepts war

Four-Power Treaty

Japan, US, UK, and France: will confer if rights/possessions are threatened

Second Sino-Japanese War

Japanese refer to it as "China Incident", provoked by the Marco Polo incident, 50% of casualties in the pacific, CCP and GMD form together to combat Japan, 10-20 million civilian deaths, Battle of Beiping-Tianjin july, General Song's chinese forces retreat, allowed free passage, Japan Wants Chinese cooperation, not chinese land." Imperial Japanese Army, Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army, Relentless attacks, Air Raids, Chinese refugees flee interior

Immediate

June 1940: Japan closes Burma Road—cutting off supplies to China America bans export of scrap iron to Japan—severely impacting its economy Desperate need for oil and steel Sept. 1940: Japan signs Tripartite Pact (Axis Pact) July 1941: Japan occupies southern Indochina US, UK, & Netherlands impose total trade embargo US demands Japan withdraw from China Oct. 1941: General Hideki Tojo replaces PM

Hideki Tojo's rise to Prime Minister

Konoe returns as Pm and attempts contain power of military, creates unity Imperial rule Assistance Association, fails to control military, 1941 Konoe resigned, General Tojo Becomes Prime minister

Zaibatsu

Large corporations and conglomerates which increasingly dominated the Japanese economy

Impact of the Meiji emperor

Limited the power of democracy, destroyed feudal system, remakes Industry, education, and fashion.

Consequences of the Manchurian invasion?

National: Raw materials Resources Industries economic support raised taxes in Japan n support of army Strengthened feeling of nationalism and pride International: Army and government contradictory Investigation by LON proved Japan as "Aggressors." --> Japan ended up leaving LON (1933).

open door policy

Policy advocated by the United States that called for all nations to have equal access to China's markets

Treaty of Kanagawa

Power is returned to the emperor, Made emperor Enlightened(woke)

Hamaguchi Yuko goals and assassination -

Prime minister 1930, Wants: relationship with china, disarmament, and end corruption, great depression cut money for military, agrees to London Naval Disarmament Conference, shot by radical right wing in November 1930, dies in April 1931

Manchukuo

Puppet state set up in Manchuria with Emperor Puyi as figurehead

Impact of the war in the Pacific -

RETRIBUTION War crime tribunals Military disarmed and disbanded Emperor renounces divinity DEMOCRATIZATION U.S. wants democracy and free market Land reform OCCUPATION US maintains bases in Japan

Reasons for invasion of Manchuria -

Rapid growth of Japan's population(they need land), Manchuria rich resources and manpower, Great depression( lack of markets and people are starving), presence since Russo-Japanese War(1905), General attitude toward chinese

Manchuria

Region of economic interest and influence to Japan

Lytton Report

Report created by Lord Lytton who researched the Manchurian Crisis and stated: Acknowledged Japan's special interests in Manchuria, but said its use of force was unacceptable Should give up territory and withdraw Manchukuo was not independent of Chinese administration Should become independent but under Chinese sovereignty

Emperor Taisho (Taisho Democracy) -

Representational Government,Prime minister from 2 parties,1925 universal male suffrage, expansion of electorate, support for labor, Society more open

conscription

Required military service by a government for a specific length of time and usually for men only

Island Hopping

South-west Pacific: General McArthur; Central Pacific: Admiral Nimitz (controls all of Pacific by 1943); Attack smaller islands with fewer defenses; Build airstrips; Attack next island

Anti-Comintern Pact

The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, governments) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the Third (Communist) International.

General reasons for lack of response to Japanese Aggression?

The Great depression (left countries vulnerable and unable to take action). Popular anti-war feelings in Europe. Trade with Japan Isolationism Fear of repeating WW1 'Open Door' policy in China. League of Nations more afraid of Hitler. Military weakness Failure of collective security Fear of communism US: lack of naval influence in Pacific.

What was the result of the Sino-Japanese war for Japan?

The Japanese army wanted war with the soviets, not the Chinese. However once the Marco Polo incident took place, things escalated (Jiang commitment to stop the Japanese). Japan hoped that China would accept Japanese leadership, but there was so much rage from the Nanjing rape and a strong nationalist view. Lack of effective weapons and industrial support meant Japan was becomig vunerable to Chinese attacks. 1938, japan offered a new union that would offer political, economic and cultural cooperation, but this was rejected so war continued.

The Three power/Tripartite pact and the Neutrality pact of 1940-41.

The Japanese signed the Tripartite Axis Pact which agreed that Germany and Italy would dominate Europe and leave Japan to dominate East Asia. If the Axis powers could defeat the Western democracies in Europe their colonies in Asia could be easily seized by Japan. Japan was able to secure its northern border after signing a pact with the Soviet union. During the war with China, there were border siputes with Japan and the soviet union. The Nazi-soviet pact had been a set-back for Japan. however, the neutrality pact of 1941 with the soviets allowed them to focus their forces in Europe and for Japan to could move forced further south.

Japanese domestic issues before 1932 (This is a long one).

The Northern Expedition of China was regarded with some degee concern by the Japanese government. The japanese had backed up Warlords in Manchuria, Zhang Zuolin. Zhang has become very powerful and had attempted to expand into Northern China, Which made him a target for Jiang. This could possibly impact Japans interests for Manchuria. The Japanese government planned to use its army in Manchuria to disarm Zhang and to force him to retreat back t Manchuria before he was defeated by Jiang. The policy was to let Jiang to have China whilst Japan focused on manchuria. This would have gone accordingly if the Japanese army in Manchuria had not forced Jiangs Northern expedition to halt in Jinan and thought that assassinating Zhang would be a better idea. This would provide the excuse they wanted to conquer Manchuria. This showed how the army would be able to undermine the government and therefore have power. in the 1930's Hamaguchi Yuko became prime minister and with the Great Depression, he was forced to not fund industries and cut government salaries along with salaries for both the civil and military sectors. Th military were unhappy and then outraged when Hamaguchi agreed to limit Japan's naval growth at the London Naval disarmament conference. This led to him being shot by a right-winged radical and resigning in 1931.

Explain the events of the Shanghai Incident (1932).

The Shanghai incident was the bombing of Shanghai during the Sino-Japanese war.

Explain the events and causes of the "Rape of Nanjing." (1937)

The chinese nationalist government had moved its capital to Nanjing, but abandoned this as the Japanese advanced. Chinese soldiers and civilians were subjected to death, rape and torture. Following a bloody victory in Shanghai during the Sino-Japanese War

Meiji Restoration

The creation of anew government of Japan after centuries of military government, in which Japan's Emperor held new powers and new, more modern systems of governance were created; it is named after the ruling emperor of that period

. The Dark Valley -

The schism in the Japanese military caused by the opposing military factions: the Koda-Ha and the Tosei-Ha. (Causes: The Stimson Doctrine, Occupation of Manchuria. A result of japan's expansion; Japan reaped economic benefits; Japanese industry soared BUT cost of maintaining army; requiring tax hikes; Army now in control; Popular support for army grew; Nationalism grew.)

What was the Reaction of the League of Nations on the Japanese Aggression?

There was a principle of collective security in the LON, however this was ignored even when China went to the LON on multiple occasions (Mukden incident) to remind the LON of their principle. A conference was held to cautiously assess the situation (in attempt to prevent creating an enemy). Although Japan was condemned, they continued to expand in Manchuria. LON sent fact-finding commission to Manchuria. This tok several months for Journey and completion of research. The research report stated that Japan did in fact have interests in Manchuria and it was unacceptable. Basically condemning Japan and not being bothered to do anything.

Total war

a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded; in this case this is due to the atomic bomb

Allied intelligence:

a. "Magic" - 1939: Japanese begin using coded machine: PURPLE; 1940: US Signal Intelligence Service breaks Japanese code, JN-25; New intelligence nicknamed MAGIC; Able to predict attack on Midway b. Navajo Code-Talkers - Navajo is unwritten; No symbols; Multiple dialects; 400 Navajo code talkers served in Pacific; Code, transmit by wireless, decode in 20 secs (would have been 30 min by machine); Japanese never broke the Navajo code

Shidehara Kijuro (Shidehara Diplomacy) -

ambassador for washington(foreign Minister), new internationalism, maintain good relations with US, economic advancement in china

Role of President Harry Truman -

authorizes Manhattan Project, the basis of the atomic bomb

Explain the political instability in China. Because China was all kinds of unstable.

by late 1920's, encouraes by the public outrage concerning the behaviour of foreignners in China, Chinese nationalusm had grown. The Nationalist party (of China) led by Jian jieshi began a campaign of national unification. This included anti-foreigner rhetoric and demands to end the unequal treaties that the great powers had forced China to sign. By 1921, a new political part, the communist party led by Mao Zedong joined with Jian Jieshi to form a united front. This led to the "Northern Expedition" to consolidate central government control and wrest power from the warlords. Eventually the nationalists and the communists were to crash in a civil war, which meant the focus was to defeat communism rather than the Japanese.

Admiral Nimitz -

fleet admiral of the United States Navy who watched over island hopping in the Central (and later all of) Pacific

Kamikazes

"Divine Wind"; Apr-June 1945; Idea of Vice Admiral Onishi Takijiro; Japanese air force no longer a threat; Therefore, turn airplanes into weapons; Death before surrender

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

(1887-1975) Leading military and political ruler of China after 1925, dominating China's political group known as the Nationalists

Nanjing Massacre

-Chinese nationalist government Abandons Capital of Nanjing 1937, civilians are victims, The Rape of Nanking would make it all but impossible for Japan to still be accepted as a respectable member of the international community." Akira Iriye, 6 week Massacre, "kill all captives", 90,000 chinese soldiers surrender and are murdered (30,000), 20,000- 80,000 Women raped(30,000), 300,000 civilians killed(12,000)

Civilian suicides

-In the battles of the philippine sea and okinawa, thousands of japanese citizens committed suicide due to fear of what torture the US might bring to them, and also that surrender was worse than death

Rise of militarism

-Military gains more influence on Foreign policy, Victory in both 1st Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War

Rise of nationalism -

-Resentment toward the American 1924 Immigration Act , Japan is destined to lead Asia

Early Japanese successes

10 Dec: Philippines & Guam; 11 Dec: Invade Burma; 18 Dec: Invade Hong Kong; 12,000 prisoners; 25 Dec: British surrender Hong Kong; 11 Jan 1942: Invade Dutch East Indies; 30-31 Jan: British forces retreat to Singapore; 15 Feb 1942: Capture Singapore - 80,000 British soldiers

Battle of the Philippine Sea

15 June-9 July 1944; US assault on Saipan; Will provide base for B-29's to attack main Japanese islands; Japan loses more than 300 planes; Only 1000 of 30,000 Japanese troops survive; Thousands of Japanese civilians commit suicide

First Sino-Japanese War

1894 to 95, japan defeats China, wants to be the world power

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

1902, ends japan's isolationism, first alliance between and non western nations

Role of America: 1924 National Origins Act, support for China, embargo, etc.

1924 National Origins Act—no more Japanese immigrants to US; US support of China; US embargo on iron; US imposes sanctions; US threatens Japanese oil supplies; July 1941: US freezes all Japanese assets

When did the Manchurian Crisis take place?

1931

Mukden Incident -

1931 explosion detonated near south Manchuria Railway, blamed Chinese, Staged by Japanese Colonel Seishiro Itagari and Lt. Colonel Kanji Ishiwara, explosion is used for pretext of invasion, Tokyo was not informed about this strategy

1932 Bombing of Shangha

1932 Japanese chinese fight, Japan bombs Shanghai, Highly populated city, chinese withdraw, world opinion turns against Japan

Manchukuo -

1932 puppet government is established, retired Qing emperor Puyi is "ruler", becomes base for expansion, Military makes all the decisions

Treaty of Tanggu -

1933 Chinese accept Japanese control of Manchuria

Amau Doctrine -

1934 Ameu Eiji Foreign affairs Spokesman, Challenges "open Door" policy, China is in the sphere of influence, other countries withdraw from China, Japan's claims to act unilaterally" to preserve peace and order in East Asia

When was the sino-japanese war?

1937

Nine-Power Treaty

1937 Original 5 plus China, Belgium, NetherLands, Portugal: China independence and Open Door policy, Japan has to give up Shandong

Japanese-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

1941

American reaction: embargo, freezing of assets, etc.

24 July 1941: Japan continues move through Southeast Asia; 26 July 1941: FDR freezes all Japanese assets in the US (Britain and Dutch East Indies do the same); Japan loses access to ¾ of overseas trade (incl. 88% of its imported oil); Only three years of oil reserves; Japan occupies Saigon, targets Malaya - rubber and tin

The Hull Note

26 November 1941; Secretary of State Cordell Hull; Final proposal from America to Japanese empire; Demands complete withdrawal of Japanese troops from Indo-China and China; Tojo: "This is an ultimatum."; Was it?

Tripartite Pact (Axis Pact)

27 September 1940; Germany, Italy, Japan; Germany & Italy to dominate Europe; Japan to dominate East Asia; Nazi victories in western Europe will enable Japan to attack the Asian colonies of Britain, France, and the Netherlands

Battle of Midway

3 June-7 June, 1942; Turning point; Japan hopes to ambush US aircraft carriers; Americans had broken Japanese codes; US destroys 3 of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers; Japan now on defense

Guadalcanal

7 Aug 1942 - 9 Feb 1943; First major Allied offensive; 2,000 Marines killed 20,000 Japanese killed; Will become major airbase; Allies embark on two-pronged attack

Attack on Pearl Harbor: successes and failures -

7 December 1941; 2-hour attack on naval base; 2400 killed; 19 ships, 150 planes disabled or destroyed (most were reused

Bataan Death March

9 April 1942: US forces surrender unconditionally; 10 April 1942; Japanese march 75,000 American and Filipino POWs to new camp; 85 miles in 6 days; No food or water; 5,000 out of 12,000 Americans die

Zhang Zuolin

A Chinese warlord in Manchuria backed by Japan; eventually assassinated by the Japanese out of their fear that he was gaining too much influence in China

The atomic bomb -

A devastating bomb that was dropped in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing many civilians. Created by scientists in the Manhattan Project, it ended the war quickly because Japan would not agree to unconditional surrender, there was concern USSR would get involved in war in the East, and profit, and more concern about number of American casualties in a land invasion

Treaty of Shimonoseki

After First Sino-Japanese War 1894-5 Control over Korea, Taiwan and S. Manchuria to Japan Triple Intervention - Russia persuaded France and Germany to force Japan to give up Liaodong

Treaty of Portsmouth

After Russo-Japanese War in 1904-5 Terms less than expected for Japan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement to not use war to solve international conflicts amongst the treaty signers by many countries who played roles in WW1, including Japan

American demands and Japanese reaction

America wants Japan to withdraw from Indo-China, respect neighbors, maintain "open door" trade policy; Japanese reaction is divided; Option #1: Withdraw from Indo-China and America will lift embargo, and as a result Japan enters months-long negotiations with America; Option #2: No retreat. America presents no real threat. Japanese navy presents war plan; Japanese cabinet makes decision.

General McArthur -

American five-star general and field marshal of the Philippine Army who played a substantial role in WWII, taking part in south-west pacific island hopping

Battle of Okinawa -

Apr-June 1945; Operation: Iceberg; Planned staging area for invasion of Japan; Japanese underground defense systems; Fighting among most brutal of the war; High death toll on both sides—including thousands of Japanese civilians

Explain the events of the Marco Polo bridge incident. "Marco!" "Polo!"

At the Marco polo bridge, fighting broke out between Chinese and Japanese forces. The army had drawn forces into China from Korea without consulting the government in Tokyo. The minister of war demanded that more forces were deployed from Korea and Manchuria, and although Prince Konoye attempted to contain the army, reinforcements were sent. This led to a full scale war.

What was the sino-japanese war?

At the Marco polo bridge, fighting broke out between Chinese and Japanese forces. The army had drawn forces into China from Korea without consulting the government in Tokyo. The minister of war demanded that more forces were deployed from Korea and Manchuria, and although Prince Konoye attempted to contain the army, reinforcements were sent. This led to a full scale war. End July, Japanese forced had taken Beijing and the following month there was fighting in Shanghai.

Reasons for Allied victory

Atomic Bomb, Proximity Fuse, Navajo Code Talkers, Island Hopping, Aircraft Carriers

Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project -

Authorized by Truman; Robert Oppenheimer - theoretical physicist; Los Alamos, NM; Goal: weaponize nuclear fission; 70 scientists petition to warn Japanese; Truman calls Oppenheimer a "cry-baby scientist"

Nature of naval battles in the Pacific: role of aircraft carriers -

Battleships increasingly vulnerable to air strikes; Carriers now essential; New aircraft; Carriers become smaller, more maneuverable; Carriers now need protection; Escort vessels carry new anti-aircraft weapons; Proximity fuse

Lytton Commission -

Blame is divided, Chinese Nationalism: Anti-Japanese Propaganda and won't compromise, japanese militarism and named aggressor," Japan should leave, BUT Manchuria should be semi-independent country" LOL

Chinese resistance

Citizen Militias, peasant Brotherhoods, Bandits, Anti Japanese volunteers, Communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army(1934)

General Yamamoto -

Commander of Japanese Imperial Navy / Chief Military Planner; Believes Japan can only succeed 6 mos.-1 year in war against US; Japan must act quickly and decisively; Helps plan attack on Pearl Harbor

Commodore Perry and the "Black Ships"

Commodore Perry comes into Japan with an american fleet of boats, Japan does not want to be humiliated by the Chinese so they resist

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Continual access to resources and raw materials for war, makes both nationalists and militarists happy, Imperial propaganda "Asia for the Asiatics!"

When did The bombing of Pearl Harbour take place?

Dec, 1941

Japan's role in WWI -

Declares war on Germany, takes Germany's base in shandong Peninsula, Navy occupies Germany pacific possessions, 21( savage) demands for china,

U.S. isolationism -

stay out of Europe, Great Depression forces Us focus on domestic problems, Trading with Japan, Us security is not affected, US Naval Forces ill equipped, Stimson non0-recognition Doctrine

What was the Manchurian crisis?

Explosion on a section of the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway Officers of the Kwantung army (Japanese army in Manchuria) claimed that the railways had been blown up by the Chinese. Excuse to retaliate --> the Japanese forced the Chinese to retreat from Mukden. The following day, the Kwantung army entered the North. Japanese government wanted the army to return to the railway zone, but they ignored them once again and pushed into the Manchurian countryside.

Mukden Incident

Explosion on the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway Accused Chinese nationals, really Kwantung agents PM Wakatsuki ordered the "non-expansion of hostilities" Kwantung Army had already moved into the surrounding countryside

Long Term

FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918) Imports and exports rise 300%, then suffer with return to civilian economy Control of German colonies Domination of China Resentment toward Peace Conference WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE (1921) ULTRA-NATIONALISM Return to Samurai and pre-Meiji Japan

Battle of Iwo Jima -

Feb-Mar 1945; Would be used as base for B-29s; Terrain difficult 6000 US marines killed; 21,000 Japanese defenders—only 1038 captured alive

Washington Naval Treaty

Five Power- Japan US, UK, France and Italy: 5-5-3 combo, Japan has to stop expanding

What was the Washington Treaty system?

Five-Power, Four Power, and Nine Power Treaties were agreements among the major nations that had won World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction.

China's actions following the Marco Polo Bridge incident.

Following the Invasion, a conference was held which included both the communists and the Nationalists. mao declared a policy of "total resistance by the whole nation." Despite this new policy, the Chinese did poorly in the war. By 1938, Beijing, Shanghai, Ghangzhou and Nanjing has all fallen to Japan. Escalation of war brought the Japanese further into a war they did not want, because their resources were being exhausted. Japan were forced to consolidate their position by adopting a policy og living off the land with the help of puppet governments. The most important of these was led by Wang Jingwei (former GMD colleague of Jiang). Thinking that China could never defeat Japan, Wang agreed to become hear of the new government of China. This regime recognized by Manchukuo and three axis powers, but not the western powers. This meant that China was divided into three main areas: Nationalist China based in Chongqiung, Communist China based in Shaanxi, and Japanese-occupied China in the East and North. Despite a "united" front, Communists and nationalist tensions were high. After the Pearl Harbour attack, and the declaration of war by the USA on Japan would ultimately lead to Japanese defeat. The Sino-Japanese war was now a global war (WWII).

Shidehara Kijuro

Foreign Minister and Ambassador of Japan who promoted a policy of internationalism; work with the United States and advance in China

Sakoku

Foreigners cannot enter the country japanese can't leave, japanese cannot leave, means "closed Country"

feudalism

Form of government in which mobility and and their associates, such as warriors, hold substantial governing power

Role of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt -

Franklin Roosevelt served as president of the United States for all but four months of World War II, leading the country through one of the most consequential periods in its history. Under Roosevelt's leadership, the nation rebounded from the devastating surprise attack at Pearl Harbor in December 1941, nearly achieving victory in both Europe and the Pacific by the time Roosevelt suddenly died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 12 April 1945.

Short Term

GREAT DEPRESSION INCREASING MILITARISM 1931: Invasion of Manchuria 1932: Bombing of Shanghai 1933: Exit from League of Nations 1934: Exit from Washington Naval Treaty SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1937) WAR PLANS "South program" dominates "North program"

What was the outcome of WW1 for Japan? and How did it impact its relationship with the west? The west isn't that into you Japan.....

Gave Japan an opportunity to expand its influence in Asia further. Japan demanded German colonial territory in China and when ignored, war was declared giving Japan military bases on the Shandong peninsula in the North of China. Allies distracted, Japan could issue China with the "Twenty--one demands". The most important of these required china to agree to the Japanese remaining in Shandong and grant Japan extra commercial privileges in Manchuria. Japan was able to supply goods to allies during WW1 and also by supplying orders to Asian markets that the allies were unable to fulfil. Thus, exports flourished. Japan became more self-sufficient by developing industries to produce goods previously imported. Japan, however, was reminded that it was not fully a member of the "Western club" by its failure to get racial equality clauses included in the charter of the LON. The Western countries were afraid of Japanese immigration into their countries.

The Twenty-One Demands

In 1915, Japan secretly presented these "grievances" to China. They included demands that Germany's concessions be transferred to Japan, and for Chinese recognition of special Japanese interests in various areas, including south Manchuria. Others, however, demanded Japanese influence over aspects of China's political, financial, and military affairs --- including that China should accept Japanese "advisors" in the government.

Triple Intervention -

Germany, Russia and france make japan give up Liaodong, Russia takes it,germany takes shandong, France and britain take chinese ports

Warlord Zhang assassination

Government tells Kwantung to disarm Warlord Zhang and banish him to manchuria,Assassinate him instead, Emperor tells PM tanaka for disobedience, PM Tanaka resigns, Army now empowered to ignore the government

Showa Emperor

Grandson of the Meiji Emperor and often called by his personal name, Hirohito, outside of Japan. He was preceded by the short range of his mentally-ill father, the Taisho Emperor

Japans Foreign policy? Why did they turn out to be such A-holes?

Growth of nationalism and military.

Stimson Doctrine

Henry Stimson, Secretary of State, towards Japan And China, non-recognition of treaties impair treaty right of US or chinese citizens, 9-power Treaty "Open Door", non-recognition of international territorial changes that have been executed by force

Shogun

Hereditary military governors of Japan from 1192 to 1867

Role of Emperor Hirohito

Hirohito (1901-1989) was emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He took over at a time of rising democratic sentiment, but his country soon turned toward ultra-nationalism and militarism. During World War II (1939-45), Japan attacked nearly all of its Asian neighbors, allied itself with Nazi Germany and launched a surprise assault on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor. Though Hirohito later portrayed himself as a virtually powerless constitutional monarch, many scholars have come to believe he played an active role in the war effort. After Japan's surrender in 1945, he became a figurehead with no political power.

Prime Minister Hirota Koki's submission to the Japanese military

Hirota Koki beomes PM; Weak - easy prey for military; Agrees to strong foreign policy; Agrees to only appoint serving officers as ministers for army & navy; Agrees to 7-point program; Expands arms production; Signs Anti-Comintern Pact; Supports army in Manchuria; Government now under control of military

. Instability in China

Humiliated by Western Countries, 1(911) Manchu Dynasty ended, China is divided by the Warlords and Regionalism, Growth of Communism and Nationalism, 19(27) Chinese civil war,Political instability

Liaodong Peninsula

In 1896, Russia persuaded China to lease the Liaodong Peninsula to it for twenty years Failure of diplomacy led to Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) Russia had just forced Japan to give China Liaodong Peninsula back

Manchuria, what was all the hype about? She's totally basic right..?

Not really. Manchuria was rich in raw materials such as Coal, Iron and timber. Security wise: Buffer to Russia. Markets helped to withstand impact of global depression. Four times larger than Japan (size matter apparently...). Living space for japan's population.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

Oct-Dec 1944; General Douglas McArthur; Largest naval battle; First use of kamikazes:; will destroy 34 Allied battleships; Japanese navy effectively destroyed

Five-Power Naval Treaty

Restricted competition in battleships and aircraft carriers by setting a ratio. This treaty required Japan's imperial navy to abandon its plans for a massive expansion

Proximity fuse

Secret Allied weapon; Shell detonates within approx. 75 feet of target; Anti-aircraft artillery no longer needs direct hit to detonate; May have helped shorten the war

Tripartite Act

Sept. 1940 Agreed that Germany and Italy would dominate Europe and leave Asia to Japan

Privy Council

Small government body of elites whose approval was required for laws, major political appointees and more; they controlled access to the Emperor of Japan and were heavily relied on by the Emperor owing to their prestige and experience

Hey Japan! Tell me a little bit about your Economic crisis

The global economic crisis that started in 1929 with the wall street crash harmed international economic order. Japan was dependent on the world trade and its exports fell drastically as countries put up tariffs to protect their own industries. The worst hit industry was the silk industry. Farmers were hard hit because over half of them relied on silk production. The result was poverty and extreme unemployment. The impacts of the economic disaster was a higher interest in Manchuria.

Humiliating Treaties

Treaty of Kanawaga (1854) - Open ports to US Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858) - Exchange diplomats, more ports Tokugawa resigns 1867 for failure to expel the barbarians

Stimson Doctrine

This policy stated that the USA would not recognize international border changes that resulted from war

Anti-Comintern Pact

This was an anti-communist alliance signed in 1936. This agreement (although not a military pact) eventually saw Japan joined in a common alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Plan of attack

Three-pronged attack (Overpower US outposts on Guam, Wake Islands; Attack Philippines; Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, when fleet stands down;) Destroy US fleet; Give Japan a free hand in Pacific

Kwantung Army

Wants political change,aggressive expansion, independent, violated government rules

Origins of Japanese nationalism and militarism

Wants to make Japan western power 2..0, equality with other countries, Japan is the leader of Asia, need for raw material and new markets, need for security, expansion, and rebuttal against by western actions

How was Machukuo created? (1933)

When Japan had taken over Manchuria it had been changed to Manchukuo.

Japan and the Paris Peace Conference -

japan is one of the top 5, takes control of german pacific islands, takes german economic privileges in Shandong, but no racial equality in the league of Nations Charter

July Conference of 1940 -

japanese minister and military leaders, "General Principles to cope with the Changing world situation", Lay out plans for french Indochina Burma, hong kong and dutch east indies, use of armed strength, plans for japan to go to war