JJ Chapter 16

Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)

A balanced, highly structured, comprehensive continuum of intervention for serious and violent juvenile offenders returning to the community

reality therapy

A form of counseling that emphasizes current behavior and that requires the individual to accept responsibility for all of his or her actions.

Juvenile probation officer

Officer of the court involved in all four stages of the court process—intake, predisposition, postadjudication, and postdisposition—who assists the court and supervises juveniles placed on probation.

Residential programs

Placement of a juvenile offender in a residential, nonsecure facility such as a group home, foster home, family group home, or rural home where the juvenile can be closely monitored and develop close relationships with staff.

wilderness probation

Programs involving outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities for juveniles to confront the difficulties of their lives while achieving positive personal satisfaction.

Balanced probation

Programs that integrate community protection, accountability of the juvenile offender, competency, and individualized attention to the juvenile offender; based on the principle that juvenile offenders must accept responsibility for their behavior.

parole guidelines

Recommended length of confinement and kinds of aftercare assistance most effective for a juvenile who committed a specific offense.

suppression effect

a reduction in the number of arrests per year for youths who have been incarcerated or otherwise punished

house arrest

an offender is required to stay at home during specified periods of time; monitoring is done by random phone calls and visits or by electronic devices

least restrictive alternative

choosing a program with the least restrictive or secure setting that will best benefit the child

The court also established the following minimum standards for a juveniles confined in training schools

-A room equipped with lighting sufficient for an inmate to read until 10:00 pm ■ Sufficient clothing to meet seasonal needs ■ Bedding, including blankets, sheets, pillows, pillowcases, and mattresses, to be changed once a week ■ Personal hygiene supplies, including soap, toothpaste, towels, toilet paper, and toothbrush ■ A change of undergarments and socks every day ■ Minimum writing materials: pen, pencil, paper, and envelopes ■ Prescription eyeglasses, if needed ■ Equal access to all books, periodicals, and other reading materials located in the training school ■ Daily showers ■ Daily access to medical facilities, including provision of a 24-hour nursing service ■ General correspondence privileges

SEVEN CORE VALUES CHARACTERIZE RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

-Crime is an offense against human relationships. ■ Victims and the community are central to justice processes. ■ The first priority of justice processes is to assist victims. ■ The second priority of justice processes is to restore the community, to the degree possible. ■ The offender has a personal responsibility to victims and to the community for crimes committed. ■ The offender will develop improved competency and understanding as a result of the restorative justice experience. ■ Stakeholders share responsibilities for restorative justice through partnerships for action.

Here are the arguments in favor of probation:

-For youths who can be supervised in the community, probation represents an appropriate disposition. ■ Probation allows the court to tailor a program to each juvenile offender, in-cluding those involved in person-oriented offenses. Recent research, however, raises questions about the adequacy of the present system to attend to the specific needs of female youths on probation. ■ The justice system continues to have confidence in rehabilitation, while ac-commodating demands for legal controls and public protection, even when caseloads may include many more serious offenders than in the past. ■ Probation is often the disposition of choice, particularly for status offenders.

AFTERCARE REVOCATION PROCEDURES

-Juvenile parolees are required to meet established standards of behavior, which gen-erally include but are not limited to the following: ■ Adhere to a reasonable curfew set by youth worker or parent. ■ Refrain from associating with persons whose influence would be detrimental. ■ Attend school in accordance with the law. ■ Abstain from drugs and alcohol. ■ Report to the youth worker when required. ■ Refrain from acts that would be crimes if committed by an adult. ■ Refrain from operating an automobile without permission of the youth worker or parent. ■ Refrain from being habitually disobedient and beyond the lawful control of parent or other legal authority. ■ Refrain from running away from the lawful custody of parent or other lawful authority.

Duties of the Juvenile Probation Officer

-Provide direct counseling and casework services ■ Interview and collect social service data ■ Make diagnostic recommendations ■ Maintain working relationships with law enforcement agencies ■ Use community resources and services ■ Direct volunteer case aides ■ Write predisposition or social investigation reports ■ Work with families of children under supervision ■ Provide specialized services, such as group therapy ■ Supervise specialized caseloads involving children with special problems ■ Make decisions about the revocation of probation and its termination

Family group homes

A combination of foster care and a group home in which a juvenile is placed in a private group home run by a single family rather than by professional staff.

Monetary restitution

A requirement that juvenile offenders compensate crime victims for out-of-pocket losses caused by the crime, including property damage, lost wages, and medical expenses.

behavior modification

A technique for shaping desired behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments.

Juvenile intensive probation supervision

A true alternative to incarceration that involves almost daily supervision of the juvenile by the probation officer assigned to the case.

electronic monitoring

Active monitoring systems consist of a radio transmitter worn by the offender that sends a continuous signal to the probation department computer, alerting officials if the offender leaves his or her place of confinement. Passive systems employ computer-generated random phone calls that must be answered in a certain period of time from a particular phone or other device.

group therapy

Counseling several individuals together in a group session; individuals can obtain support from other group members as they work through similar problems.

psychotherapy

Highly structured counseling in which a skilled therapist helps a juvenile solve conflicts and make a more positive adjustment to society.

reform school

Institutions in which educational and psychological services are used in an effort to improve the conduct of juveniles who are forcibly detained.

probation

Nonpunitive, legal disposition for juveniles emphasizing community treatment in which the juvenile is closely supervised by an officer of the court and must adhere to a strict set of rules to avoid incarceration.

boot camps

Juvenile programs that combine get-tough elements from adult programs with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training.

Foster care programs

Juveniles who are orphans or whose parents cannot care for them are placed with families who provide the attention, guidance, and care they did not receive at home.

community service restitution

The juvenile offender is required to assist some worthwhile community organization for a period of time.

Community Based corrections

Type/Main Restrictions -Probation/Regular supervision by a probation officer; youth must adhere to conditions such as attend school or work., stay out of troube -Intensive supervision/Almost daily supervision by a probation officer; adhere to similar conditions as regular probation -House arrest/Remain at home during specified periods; often there is monitoring through random phone calls, visits, or electronic devices -Restorative Justice/Restrictions may be prescribed by community members to help repair harm done to victim -Balanced Probation/Restrictions tailored to the risk the juvenile offender presents to the community -Restitution/None -Residential programs/Placement in a residential, nonsecure facility such as group home or foster home; adhere to conditions; close monitoring -Nonresidential programs/Reamin in own home; comply with treatment regime

individual counseling

counselors help juveniles understand and solve their current adjustment problems

nonresidential programs

juveniles remain in their own homes but receive counseling, education, employments, diagnostic, and casework services through an intensive support system

Group homes

nonsecured, structured residences that provide counseling, education, job training, and family living

rural programs

specific recreational and work opportunities provided for juveniles in rural setting, such as a forestry camp, a farm, or a ranch

Victim service restitution

the juvenile offender is required to provide some service directly to the crime victim

reentry

the process and experience of returning to society upon release from a custody facility postadjudication

suppression effect in paragraph

—a reduction in the number of arrests per year following release from a secure facility—which is not achieved when juveniles are placed in less-punitive programs. 4 Murray and Cox concluded that the justice system must choose which outcome its programs are aimed at achieving: prevention of delinquency, or the care and protec-tion of needy youths. If the former is a proper goal, institutionalization or the threat of institutionalization is desirable.

aftercare

transitional assistance to juveniles equivalent to adult parole, to help youths adjust to community life

community treatment

using nonsecure and non institutional residences, counseling services, victim restitution programs, and other community services to treat juveniles in their own communities