JJ Exam 2
Don't worry too much about memorizing these: Types of Feminist Theories: -Liberal Feminism - also called mainstream feminism, is a main branch of feminism defined by its focus on achieving gender equality through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy -Phenomenological Feminism - pays more attention to the regulator than the regulated; examine matters such as whether adolescent females receive the benefits of chivalrous treatment, why adolescent females have received discriminatory treatment by the JJ system, and how juvenile laws penalize females -Socialist Feminism - believe that women's liberation must be sought in conjunction with the social and economic justice of all people. They see the fight to end male supremacy as key to social justice, but not the only issue, rather one of many forms of oppression that are mutually reinforcing. -Marxist Feminism - is a philosophical variant of feminism that incorporates and extends Marxist theory. Marxist feminism analyzes the ways in which women are exploited through capitalism and the individual ownership of private property. -Radical Feminism - is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical re-ordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, class, and sexual orientation; masculine power and privilege as the root cause of all social relations and inequality -Third-Wave Feminism - feminists, object to white feminists defining "women's issues" from their own standpoint without including women of color and third-world concerns, and to antiracist theory presuming that racial and ethnic minority women's experiences are the same as those of their male counterparts. These feminist theories focus on the significant roles that sexism, racism, class bias, sexual orientation, age, and other forms of socially structured inequality have in women's lives. -Postmodern Feminism - criticize other feminisits for assuming that women are a "clearly defined and uncontroversially given interest group"; claim truth can be determined providing that all agree on responsible ways of going about it
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The Mass Media and Delinquent Behavior: -Violent TV and Movies - TV violence most likely to negatively impact the behavior of those children who are already predisposed toward violence, and that it seems to have much less influence on young people who are not so predisposed -Violent Video Games - Playing violent video games tends to make children more aggressive and less prone to helping behaviors -Internet-Initiated Crimes -Gangsta Rap Child Abuse and Neglect: -7 types of child maltreatment: physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, lack of supervision, emotional maltreatment, educational maltreatment, and moral-legal maltreatment -Abuse/neglect increased likelihood of arrest as a juvenile Extent and Nature of Child Abuse and Neglect: -Perpetrators of Maltreatment - ___% of child victims were abused by parents acting alone or w/ another person -Neglect - malnourished, ill-clad, dirty, w/o proper shelter or sleeping arrangement; w/o supervision, unattended; ill and lacking essential medical care; denied normal experiences that produce feelings of being loved, wanted, secured, and worthy (emotional neglect); failing to attend school regularly; exploited, overworked; emotionally disturbed due to constant friction in the home, marital discord, mentally ill parents; exposed to unwholesome, demoralizing circumstances -Nature of Abuse - 5 explanations: (1) structural factors such as lower socioeconomic class, large family size, or single parenting; (2) the mental illness of parents; (3) a parent's history of abuse as a child; (4) transitory situation factors, including such "triggers" as alcohol, drug use, or unemployment; and (5) particularly difficult, demanding, or problematic child
84
-_____ ______- Durkheim; posits how broad social conditions influence deviant behavior and crime; conflict between cultural goals and availability of institutional means -white males age 44-54 highest group of suicide victims -Learning theory - Bobo doll and Bandura; theory of learning process and social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. Adult hit the bobo doll and after they left the children imitated the adult by hitting the bobo doll when mad. Other way was hugging the bobo doll when scared and children copied the behavior again -Gender and delinquency - may years kept tighter control on women than men - double standard -______ _____ _____- Burgess and Park; the principle that states cities tend to grow in concentric rings around their core. The highest values and intensive uses occur at its core while values and intensity decreases moving outward -_______- is a group of people within a culture that differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters -social institutions that impact juveniles the most - family, school, religion, peers/friends -women and men are starting to commit similar crimes - females become more male in their crimes -Albert ______- social structure theories - mostly delinquent males and their transition to either crime or some other form of delinquency
Anomie theory, Concentric zone theory, subculture, Cohen
Explanations of Female Delinquency: -Psychological Explanations --W.I. Thomas- men w/ higher amounts of sexual energy that lead them to pursue women for sexual pleasure; women posses maternal feelings devoid of sexuality and so exchange sex for domesticity Freud- penis envy; delinquent girl attempts to be a man, drive for accomplishment is the expression of her longing for a penis Mostly focus on the sexual factors and sexual maturity or wanting to be like men -Sociological Explanations --Began in the late 1970s - numerous studies have proceeded from the assumption that sociological processes traditionally related to males could also affect the delinquent involvement of females --_______ Opportunity Theory - perception of limited opportunities was more strongly relate to delinquency among adolescent females than among adolescent males --The Women's Movement - Crime among adult women and juvenile females was clearly linked to opportunity - equality --Social Control Theory - Delinquency results when a juvenile's bond to the existing social order is weakened or broken; females are less involved in delinquency than males b/c sex-role socialization results in greater ties to the social bond for females than males; females more closely supervised by parents; females encourage to be more dependent while males independent --General Theory of Crime - Females, compared w/ males, reported more self-control and less access to delinquency
Blocked
Theory Construction: 1) concept - anything as long it is real; described particular way to be used in research - operational definition (operational not correct research not applicable) 2) variables - dependent, independent 3) hypothesis 4) experiment 5) conclusion - data show correct or incorrect; changes -Classical school of thought and positivist began to use scientific method in an attempt to explain and predict phenomenon in the social world -______- delinquent crime rational and have a free will to engage/not engage in it - Beccaria - hedonism -______- that human behavior is determined by desires to increase pleasure and to decrease pain -_____ _______- utilitarianism -classical theorists more focused on hedonistic calculus (etc.) than spiritualism -______ ______ theory- based on the fundamental tenets of classical criminology, which hold that people freely choose their behavior and are motivated by the avoidance of pain and the pursuit of pleasure -______ ______ theory- looks at crime from an offender's point of view. A crime will only be committed if a likely offender thinks that a target is suitable and a capable guardian is absent. It is the offender's assessment of a situation that determines whether a crime will take place.
Classical, hedonism, Jeremy Bentham, rational choice theory, routine activities theory
-Sociological Explanations --Differential Association Theory - Emotional bonds to families were negatively related to the learning of violent definitions for girls, but not for boys; coercive parental discipline and aggressive friends were positively related to the learning of violent definitions for boys, but not for girls; and patriarchal beliefs about gender inhibited female violence w/o any effect on male violence -_______ Hypothesis - girls become more boylike and acquire more "masculine" traits, they become more delinquent --Peer Group Influences - Male delinquency is more influenced than female delinquency by delinquent peer groups of delinquent associates --Power-Control Theory - As mothers gain power relative to their husbands, usually by employment outside the home, daughters and sons alike are encouraged to be more open to risk taking; parents in egalitarian families redistribute their control efforts so that daughters are subjected to controls more like those imposed on sons; daughters in patriarchal families are taught by their parents to avoid risks; daughters freed from patriarchal family relations more frequently become delinquent --Labeling and an Interactionist Theory of Delinquency - delinquency is determined in part by the self as conceived by symbolic interactionists, which in turn is determined by a process of labeling by significant others; larger effect on male delinquency and parents were more likely to falsely accuse male delinquents; delinquency for both females and males occurred through a process of role-taking ________ is one of the strongest correlates of delinquent behavior
Masculinity, Gender
Labeling Theory: -60s/70s most influential approaches to understanding crime and delinquency -Sometimes called the interactional theory of deviance of the social reaction perspective -Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil - more likely to enter deviant careers from negative labeling -Edwin Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance in labeling -Howard Becker: Deviant Careers from labeling -The Juvenile Justice Process and Labeling - Labeling causes more deviance and delinquent acts -Recent Applications of Labeling Theory --Formal (official agents of the justice system) or informal (parents, neighbors, friends) labeling _______ _________: -assigns symbols and creates meaning based on their interactions with one another; people are motivated to act based on the meaning they assign to people, things, and event. Meanings are then created in the language that people use both in communicating with others, in self-talk, or in their own private thought. --Social interaction can influence delinquency in two ways: (1) the specific situation that juveniles encounter may present opportunities for delinquent behavior, and (2) the immediate situation influences delinquent behavior through its effects on the content and direction of social interaction. Furthermore, deviance is transmitted through socialization in the same way that non-deviant behavior is learned. Delinquent behavior can be taught through play groups and gangs
Symbolic Interactionism
Conflict Theory: -Laws as tools created by the powerful for their own _______ -Dimensions of Conflict Criminology --Socioeconomic Class and Radical Criminology ---______ inspired the new school of criminology - radical criminology ---Causes of crime are rooted in social conditions that empower the wealthy and the politically well organized butt disenfranchise the less fortunate --Power and Authority Relationships - Social order of society is based on the relationships of conflict and domination between authorities and subjects --Group and Cultural Conflict - Delinquency or crime arises b/c individuals are members of a subculture that has conduct norms that are in conflict with those of the wider society -Radical Criminology - Marx --Alienation and Powerlessness Among Youth ---Lengthening of the time before youths assume adult roles and are given adult responsibilities has contributed to powerlessness and alienation among youths and has been a major factor leading to delinquent behavior. Lower-class youths, especially minority youngsters, are the most powerless and alienated --Definitions of Delinquency ---Law as an oppressive force that is used to promote and stabilize existing socioeconomic relations - law maintains order but order imposed on the powerless by the powerful --Economic Exploitation of Youths --Social Injustice ---Poor and disadvantaged youths tend to be disproportionately represented in the juvenile justice system, although research indicates that actual acts of delinquent behavior are uniformly distributed throughout the social spectrum ---Female status offenders are subject to sexist treatment in the juvenile system ---Racism is present and minorities are dealt w/ more harshly than are whites
benefit, Marx
Chapter 8: -_____ _____- the sequence of births in a family and a child's position in it, whether firstborn, middle child, or youngest -_____ _____- a family in which parents are divorced or are no longer living together -____-____ _____- sexual activity that occurs between brother and sister -_____ ____- the mistreatment of children by parents or caregivers. Physical abuse is intentional behavior directed toward a child by the parent or caregiver to cause pain, injury, or death. Emotional abuse involves a disregard of a child's psychological needs. Sexual abuse can also be done. -____ ____- brothers or sisters who are engaged in delinquent behaviors; an apparent factor in youngsters' involvement in delinquency -_____ ______- in the field of adolescence, a disregard for the psychological needs of a child, including lack of depressed love, withholding of contact or approval, verbal abuse, unrealistic demands, threats, psychological cruelty, and so on -____ _____- the number of children in a family; a possible risk factor for delinquency -_____-____ ______- sexual activity between father and daughter. Also refers to incest by stepfathers or the boyfriend(s) of the mother -_____-____ ______- sexual activity between father and son. Also refers to incest by stepfathers or the boyfriend(s) of the mother
birth order, broken home, brother-sister incest, child abuse, delinquent siblings, emotional abuse, family size, father-daughter incest, father-son incest
Chapter 6: -________- an economic system in which private individuals or corporations own and control capital (wealth and the means of production) and in which competitive free markets control prices, production, and the distribution of goods -______ _____- the rules of a group governing the ways its members should act under particular conditions; violation of these rules arouses a group reaction -_____ _____- a perspective which holds that delinquency can be explained by socioeconomic class, by power and authority relationships, and by group and cultural differences - Karl Marx -______ _______- social scientific thinkers who combine Marxist theory with the insights of later theorists, such as Sigmund Freud -_____ _____ _____- a perspective proposed by Thorsten Sellin and others which includes the idea that delinquency or crime arises because individuals are members of a subculture that has conduct norms which are in conflict with those of the wider society -______ ______- a group whose members view the entire apparatus of crime control as a tool or instrument of the ruling class -______ ________- a perspective developed by Herman Schwendinger and Julia Siegel Schwendinger, which holds that the most important variable predicting delinquency in teenagers is their status position relative to that of their peers -______ _____- the view that society creates the delinquent by labeling those who are apprehended as "different" from other youth, when in reality they are different primarily because they have been "tagged" with a deviant label -_____-______ _____- the view of John Hagan and his associates that the relationship between gender and delinquency is linked to issues of power and control
capitalism, conduct norms, conflict/critical theory, critical criminologist, culture conflict theory, instrumental Marxists, instrumental theory, labeling theory, power-control thesis
Chapter 7: -____ _____- the idea that the justice system treats adolescent females and women more leniently because of their gender. Although it might have played a role in justice system processing in the past, most people believe that it no longer applies to American justice today -______ _____ _____ _____- an argument made by Meda Chesney-Lind and others that adolescent females' victimization at home causes them to become delinquent and that this fact has been systematically ignored -_______- the person traits, social positions, and values and beliefs that members of a society attach to being male or female -_____ ______- societal definitions of what constitutes masculine and feminine behavior -_______ ______- the idea that as girls become more boylike and acquire more "masculine" traits, they become more delinquent -_____ _____ _____- the impact of the values and behaviors of fellow age-group members on teenagers' involvement in delinquency -_____-____ _______- the process by which boys and grils internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender
chivalry factor, feminist theory of delinquency, gender, gender roles, masculinity hypothesis, peer group influence, sex-role socialization
-______ primary agent for the socialization of children The Family and Delinquency: -______ Home - family in which parents are divorced or are no longer living together; is more evident for status offenses than it is for more serious offenses -_____ Order - Delinquency exhibited more by the middle child -______ Size - large families have more delinquency than do small families - more middle children -Delinquent Siblings or Criminal Parents - Juvenile had delinquent siblings and/or criminal mothers and fathers - more likely to be a delinquent -Quality of Home Life - poor home life more likely to become a delinquent -Family Rejection - higher delinquency rates -Discipline in in the Home - inadequate supervision and discipline in the home cite to explain delinquent behavior; strict, lax, and unfair discipline associated w/ high rates of delinquency Transitions and Delinquency: -Divorced and single-parent families, blended families, out-of-wedlock births, homelessness, unemployment, alcohol and drug abuse, and violence are some of the family problems that affect adolescents today -Adolescents experiencing such problems are at a high risk of becoming involved in socially unacceptable behaviors
family, Broken, birth, family
Chapter 7 Summary: -Female delinquency, like all other social behaviors, takes place in a world where ______ shapes the lives of adolescents in powerful ways. -Feminist theory, on which this chapter builds, starts with the assumption that adolescent females are socially positioned in society in ways that make them especially vulnerable to male victimization, including physical and sexual abuse and the negative effects of poverty, -Feminist theory proposes that the meaning of gender and the nature of gender-related behavior depend heavily on the social context in which they are found -One area of agreement among feminists and nonfeminists is that delinquency theories are primarily focused on why males commit delinquent acts, and that not much attention has been given to the nature or causes of female delinquency. -A major disagreement among theorists centers on whether separate perspectives are needed to explain female delinquency, with some writers charging that existing theories are inadequate to explain delinquency by females.
gender
-Delinquency studies/theories gender biased and lacking the perspective of female delinquency Gender Ratio in Offending: -Continued economic oppression, instead of enhanced economic opportunities for women, may be the root cause of the narrowing of the gender gap in crime that has taken place over the past four decades -Pathways, crime, lives Gender and Delinquency: -Children put into ______ _____ by society -Girls have a greater tendency to internalize and experience higher rates of anxiety, depression, withdrawal, and eating disorders -Girls experience sexual abuse more -First step along females' pathways into the JJ system is victimization (13 and 14); abuse follows its way w/ females into the JJ system -⅔ of of females in JJ system are minorities, primarily African Americans and Hispanics Explanations of Female Delinquency: -Biological and Constitutional Explanations --______- Women more primitive or lower on the evolutionary scale, b/c they are less intelligent and have fewer variations in their mental capacities than men; women unable to feel pain so insensitive to the pain of others and lack moral refinement; women criminals have inherited male characteristics
gender roles, Lombroso
-_____- intrafamily sexual abuse which is perpetrated on a child by a member of the child's family group and includes not only sexual intercourse, but also any act designed to stimulate a child sexually or to use a child for sexual stimulation, either of the perpetrator or of another person -____-____ ___- sexual activity that occurs between a mother and her son. Also refers to incest by stepmothers or the girlfrined(s) of the father -_______- a disregard for the physical, emotional, or moral needs of children. Child neglect involves the failure of the parent or caregiver to provide nutritious food, adequate clothing and sleeping arrangements, essential medical care, sufficient supervision, access to education, and normal experiences that produce feelings of being loved, wanted, secure, and worthy -_____ ____ ____- Disapproval, repudiation, or other uncaring behavior directed by parents toward children; it can be a factor of delinquency -_____ _____- leaving the custody and home of parents or guardians w/o permission and failing to return within a reasonable length of time. A status offense -___ ____ ____- any intentional and wrongful physical contact with a child that entails a sexual purpose or component. Such sexual abuse is termed incest when the perpetrator is a memver of the child's family -_________- the process by which individuals come to internalize their culture; through this process an individual learns the norms, sanctions, and expectations of being a member of a particular society -_____ ____ ______- the parental monitoring, guidance, and control of children's activities and behavior. Unfair and inconsistent supervision and discipline often are associated with delinquency
incest, mother-son incest, neglect, rejection by parents, running away, child sexual abuse, socialization, supervision and discipline
-_____ ______ ______ ______- Cohen concept; used to explain how poorer, lower-class children are evaluated on the same basis as their wealthier, middle and upper class counterparts lending to frustration because they do not have the same opportunities; poorer classmates more likely to participate in crime and blame on schools treatment of lower class youths -______ ______- recognizes that juvenile delinquents hold conventional values and attitudes; they are aware that their delinquent actions are viewed by society as deviant. To nullify these conventional values and beliefs, juvenile delinquents learn techniques of neutralization -______ _______- argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work cooperatively to produce justice, as opposed to competitively. A criminal justice model in which the majority of citizens in a society share the same values and beliefs -______ ______- believes formal social control, or law, keeps society together and that the legal system creates boundaries and a system of right or wrong. The criminal justice system is comprised of three parts: police, courts, and corrections. -____ ____ ______- was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision which held the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment applies to juvenile defendants as well as to adult defendants. Juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be afforded many of the same due process rights as adults, such as the right to timely notification of the charges, the right to confront witnesses, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to counsel.
middle class measuring rod, drift theory, census theory, structural functionalism, In re Gault
-______ ______- according to labeling theory, the initial act of deviance that causes a person to be labeled a deviant -_____ ___ ______ _____- in labeling theory, the concept that the process of acquiring a delinquent identity takes place in a number of steps -______ _____- a perspective that holds that the causes of crime are rooted in social conditions that empower the wealthy and the politically well organized by disenfranchise the less fortunate -________ _______- Edwin Schur's proposed policy toward delinquents, which advises that authorities should "leave the kids alone whenever possible" -______ _______- According to labeling theory, deviance that is a consequence of societal reaction to an initial delinquent act -_____ ______- according to many conflict-oriented criminologists, unfairness in the juvenile justice system resulting from the fact that poor youth tend to be disproportionately represented, female status offenders are subjected to sexist treatment, and racial minorities are dealt with more harshly than whites -______ _______ ______- theoretical perspectives that derive their explanatory power form the give and take that continuously occurs between social groups, or between individuals and society -______ ______- a group which argues that the form taken by the legal system in a society can work to reinforce capitalist social relations -______ ______ _____- a perspective in social psychology that analyzes the process of interaction among human beings at the symbolic level, and which had influenced the development of several social process theories of delinquent behavior - create symbols with meaning -______ _____ _____ _______- Robert M. Regoli and John D. Hewitt's view that, in the US, authority is unjustly used against children, who must adapt to adults' ideas of what constitutes "good children"
primary deviation process of becoming deviant radical criminology radical nonintervention secondary deviation social injustice social interactionist theories structural Marxists symbolic interactionist theory theory of differential oppression
Chapter 8 Summary: -Studies of the relationship between the family and delinquency have generally concluded that the quality of life within the home is a more significant deterrent of delinquent behavior than the presence of both parents; that parental rejection is associated with delinquent behavior; and that inconsistent, lax, or severe discipline is associated with increased delinquency. -Similar research concludes that delinquent behavior among children increases proportionately with the number of ______ within the family. Divorced and single-parent families, blended families, births to un-married women, alcohol and drug abuse, poverty, and violence are problems that some families encounter. -Adolescents are exposed to a variety of seemingly negative media influences, including violent movies, television shows, and video games; Internet pornography; and gangsta rap and other forms of music carrying violent themes. -Research findings show at least a _____ link between child abuse and neglect and delinquent behavior and status offenses. -Children who have been neglected and abused may experience psychological problems, run away from home, become involved in truancy and disruptive behavior in school, and turn to drug and alcohol abuse. -Some neglected and abused youngsters become involved in deviant sexual behavior and assume an aggressive stance toward others. -In many cases of child maltreatment, authorities are reluctant to intervene unless severe physical injury, gross neglect, or sexual abuse can be demonstrated.
problems, partial
Abuse, Neglect, Delinquency: -An abused or neglected child is more likely to become involved in delinquency or status offenses and impact the development of a child --Emotional Trauma of Child Abuse and Neglect --Runaways --Disruptive and Truant Behavior in School --Drug and Alcohol Abuse --Sexual Behavior --Violence and Abuse Merton's Mode of Adaptation: -adopted to. social structure in various ways - related to an individual's ability to adapt to the social structure. Society's way to adapt and deviant ways -goals and means for achieving them Durkheim: -studied suicide in Europe -> brought scientific method into studies -> believed suicide rate varied and that there were factors that created variations in suicide country to country -found that ______ was a major factor in suicide -Countries w/ catholicism as the primary religion had lower suicide rates - sin to commit suicide (ostracized them and their family) and members tended to be more supportive of the group and taught their faith must come 1st -found that the degree of social supports served as a buffer to criminal or delinquent behavior
religion
Delinquency Across the Life Course: -In sociology, the _____ _______ theory is a theory developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories. The theory directly links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics; a core principle of social disorganization theory that states location matters - Shaw and McKay -______ ________ theory - Emile Durkheim believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability, and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols -The major difference between the two theories are that classical school is mainly based on _____ ____ and suggests that crime as a choice, whereas positivism criminology argues that crime is not a choice (biological, psychological issues) - uses scientific method -Chicago School -real focus on _____ ______ (relationships between people and their environment) - physical structure as well as the influences that go w/ it can impact person's behavior w/o even knowing about it; social disorganization leads to crime; can create situations that enable to crime/criminality -far more criminogenic conditions in the urban environments -hypothesis - nature of the relationship between 2 or more variables -need to incorporate the scientific method into testing and theories - w/o it research it is bad -theory- hypothetical statements that are used to prove phenomenon
social disorganization, structural functionalist, free will, social x
Chapter 6 Summary: -Reactions to deviance and crime play an important role in the creation of offender social identities. -Reactions to deviance and crime occur within a _____ context, although it is one that may vary from the family to the group, to school settings, to official labeling by the justice system, and even to society's political decision-making mechanisms. -In individual experience, social reaction occurs during the process of everyday interaction, and that process frequently involves the application of labels to what is perceived as unacceptable behavior. -Societal responses to deviant behavior may result in the application of negative ______ to individuals who engage in such behavior, and those labels may limit future possibilities for positive personal accomplishment. -Radical criminologists relate delinquency to alienation and powerlessness among youths, especially lower-class youths; to the dominant class's creation of definitions of crime to control subordinate classes; and to what they see as economic exploitation of the lower classes.
social, labels
-key indicators for delinquency - social status, lifestyle, biological -_______- William Sheldon; human beings can be classified as to body build in terms of three extreme body types: endomorphic, or round, fat type; mesomorphic, or muscular type; and ectomorphic, or slim, linear type. - criminals tend to be mesomorphic -genetics - what do most scientists want to examine among humans - concordance and discordance - twin studies - look at nature vs. nurture -identical twins more concordance than fraternal twins -strain theory- a theory which proposes that the pressure the social structure exerts on youths who cannot attain cultural success goals will push them to engage in nonconforming behavior -blocked opportunity- limited or nonexistent chances of success; according to strain theory, a key factor in delinquency Merton's Theory of Anomie/Adaptation: (Part of Strain Theory and expansion of Durkheim's early work) -______- the most common mode of adaptation. Such individuals accept both the goals as well as the prescribed means for achieving the goal. Will accept, though not always achieve, the goals of society and the means approved for achieving them. -______- accept societal goals but have few legitimate means to achieve those goals, thus they innovate (design) their own means to get ahead. The means to get ahead may be through robbery, embezzlement or other such criminal acts. -tied to criminal behavior -______- abandon the goals they once believed to be within their reach and thus dedicate themselves to their current lifestyle. They play by the rules and have a daily, safe routine. -_______- given to those who give up not only the goals but also the means. They often retreat into the world of alcoholism and drug addiction. These individuals escape into a nonproductive, non striving lifestyle. -_______- occurs when the cultural goals and the legitimate means are rejected. Individuals create their own goals and their own means, by protest or revolutionary activity.
somatotypes, conformity, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, rebellion
A Feminist Theory of Delinquency: -Adolescent females' ______ at home causes them to become delinquent and that this fact has been systematically ignored -Parents' insistence on their arrest in reason why they come into the JJ system; parents initiate the issue -Virtually all these women were victims of physical and/or sexual abuse when they were younger; more than 60% had been sexually abused, and about half had been raped Gender Bias and the Processing of Female Delinquents: -Females grow up in a culture that facilitates domination and control by _____ --Gender Relations --The Influence of Class --Racial Discrimination Gender Across the Life Course: -Longitudinal studies reveal that delinquent careers differ by ______ -Males begin earlier and extend longer into adult years -Limits female delinquency while at the same time enabling and rewarding male delinquency: male dominance, differences in routine daily activities, variations in both sexual interests and transition to adulthood, and an ideology that defined both crime as male acitivty and child care as female activity
victimization, males, gender
-Considerable evidence supports the position that female delinquency is produced by many of the same sociological factors as male delinquency. More behavioral variation exists _____ genders than between them. -An argument can be made that the relationship between the sexual and physical victimization of adolescent females at home and later law-violating behavior has been ignored, and that new theoretical efforts are needed to deal with these experiences. -Generally speaking, female delinquents are not treated more leniently by the juvenile justice system than are male delinquents when they commit status offenses, especially where disapproved sexual behavior is involved. -Evidence shows that sexual offenses, incorrigibility, and running away from home do not make up the entire delinquent repertoire of girls; indeed, the offenses of male and female delinquents appear to be converging and are beginning to reflect similar patterns. -Further examination of how gender, class, and race are interrelated will likely lead to additional insights into the problems facing female adolescents in the United States today.
within
