Joints

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmosis

Bones united by ligament Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) Example: Anterior tibiofibular ligament and Interosseous membrane

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint arm up, leg back

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphysis

Fibrocartilage is connecting material NO MOVEMENT Example: connecting pubic bones

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Fibrocartilage unites bone Hyaline cartilage present as articular cartilage Strong, flexible amphiarthroses (slightly moveable These joints act as shock absorbers, and exhibit limited movement Ex: intervertebral discus of fibrocartilage connecting vertebrae

articular capsule

Fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint 2 layers that enclose the joint cavity tough external layer is fibrous! composed of dense IRRegular connective tissue inner layer is synovial membrane composed of LOOse connective tissue

Diarthroses

Freely moveable Ex. Hip, knee, shoulder, elbow

Synarthroses

Immovable joints -ex: sutures in the skull

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

Rigid, interlocking joints Immovable joints for protection of brain Contain short connective tissue fibers Allow for growth during youth In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse Called Synostoses

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

elevation/depression

Up and Down movements such as opening and closing ones mouth, shrugging shoulders etc.

condylar joint

a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility between metacarpals and proximal phalanx, radius

Synovial Joints

adjoining bones covered in articular cartilage; separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane

Cartilaginous Joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

plane joint

allows only gliding movement., carpals of wrist, tarsals

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end ball and socket

fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together, NO JOINT CAVITY!

uniaxial synovial joint

elbow, hinge movement in 1 plane

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Structurally joints are classified as

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

hyaline cartilage unites the two bones, all immoveable (synarthroses) - Ex: the immovable joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum

extension

increases the angle of a joint arm back, leg forward, extend neck back

Abduction

movement away from the midline

Protraction

moving a body part forward

Retraction

moving a part backward mandible goes back

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket - All Diarthrosis (freely moveable)!

plantar flexion

pointing toes

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis connection between radius/ulna and humerus proximal radioulnar joint, uniaxial movement! c1 & c2

bursae

sac filled with synovial fluid that reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and bones rub together

ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

Multiaxial Synovial Joint

shoulder, ball and socket (movement in or around 3 planes)

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint - ex: pubic symphysis, between tin & fib

Functionally joints are classified as

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation between trapezium (carpal) and metatarsal 1

biaxial synovial joint

wrist, condylar movement in 2 planes