joints (exam 2)

blood supply of joint

-articular a,v -blood vessels usually form anastomosis around joint

nerve supply of joint

-articular nerve -Hilton's Law: the nerve that innervates the joint will also innervates the muscle and skin around the joint

angular movements

-increase or decrease angle between bones a. Flexion - decreases angle of the joint b. Extension - increases angle between bones c. Hyperextension - two meanings i. Abnormal: forced extension beyond normal range ii. Normal: extension posterior to anatomical position (ie head-on collision) d. Plantarflexion - pointing toes towards ground e. Dorsiflexion -pointing toes upwards f. Abduction - movement away from midline g. Adduction - movement toward midline

hinge joint

-type of synovial joint -allows flexion and extension (movement around one axis) (ie elbow or knee joint)

saddle joint

-type of synovial joint -allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction (ex: carpometacarpal)

condyloid/ellipsoid joint

-type of synovial joint -allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction (ex: metacarpophalangeal) (starts with c= circumduction)

ball and socket joint

-type of synovial joint -allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation and circumduction (ie hip joint) (only one with "and" in the name, meaning it has extra movements)

pivot joint

-type of synovial joint -allows rotation (ex atlanto-axial joint: rotation of neck)

plane joint

-type of synovial joint -allows slight sliding/gliding movement (ex: acromioclavicular)

joint stability (structures that provide stability)

1. Articular surfaces/shape (fibrocartilaginous structures inside) 2. Ligaments (can be external (collateral) or internal (cruciate)) 3. Muscle tone (the better the tone, the better the stability) [give ALMs to provide stability]

structural classifications of a joint (type of joints that are formed)

1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints

cartilaginous joints

most are amphiarthroses 1. synchondroses -united by hyaline cartilage -example - epiphyseal plate 2. symphyses - united by fibrocartilage - amphiarthrosis -example - intervertebral discs

arthritis

1. Osteoarthritis -due to tear and wear during life -to diagnose, perform arthroscopy (investigation of joint cavity: insert camera through joint and examine the condition of cartilage) -can replace joint by artificial metal joint—arthroscopic surgery: knee or hip replacement—can also perform minor surgery to remove pus 2. Autoimmune arthritis -most common type: Rheumatoid arthritis -can be triggered by disease (or heat/cold) -the immune system (antibodies) attacks the body, leading to inflammation of the joints

functional classifications of a joint (extent of movements)

1. Synarthroses: immovable joints 2. Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints 3. Diarthroses: freely moveable joints (various shapes and allow different types of movements) (ex: all joints of lower and upper extremities) [arthr: dealing with joints, acronym SAD]

thought question: Active hip flexion and abduction were restricted to half range due to pain over anterior and lateral hip 1. What is the type of hip joint? 2. What is flexion and abduction?

1. ball and socket 2. active hip flexion (knee to chest) and abduction (leg out to the side) (since it is using the hip, remember the hip joint is ball and socket)

All of the following are angular movements EXCEPT... A. Abduction. B. Opposition. C. Flexion. D. Hyperextension. E. Dorsiflexion.

B. opposition (opposition is a special movement)

The epiphyseal plate is an example of... A. A synarthrosis. B. A secondary cartilaginous joint. C. A synchondrosis D. A and C E. A, B, and C

C. a synchondrosis

QQ: Which of the following relationships is INCORRECT? A. Syndesmoses - synarthroses B. Condyloid - diarthroses C. Symphyses - amphiarthroses D. Plane - amphiarthroses E. Sutures - synarthroses

D. plane- amphiarthroses (plane would be diarthroses)

Which of the following is FALSE regarding synovial joints? A. The articular cartilage of the joint is hyaline cartilage. B. The synovial membrane produces synovial fluid. C. There are six types of synovial joints. D. Synovial joints are amphiarthroses E. The fibrous capsule is the outer portion of the joint capsule.

D. synovial joints are amphiarthroses (they are actually diarthroses)

Which of the following is an example of a pivot joint? A. Acromioclavicular joint B. Carpometacarpal joint C. Metacarpophalangeal joint D. Elbow joint E. Atlanto-axial joint

E. atlanto-axial joint

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Only angular movements occur at hinge joints. B. Only circular movements occur at pivot joints. C. Only angular movements occur at saddle joints. D. Only angular and circular movements occur at ball and socket joints. E. Only angular movements occur at condyloid joints

E. only angular movements occur at condyloid joints

special movements of joints

a. Protraction -gliding in anterior direction (ie shoulders out) b. Retraction - gliding in posterior direction (ie shoulders in) i. Elevation (shoulder girdle up) j. Depression (shoulder girdle down) k. Opposition - thumb touches other fingers l. Reposition - moving fingers back to anatomical position m. Protrusion (stick out) n. Retrusion (backward displacement)

circular movements

a. circumduction - movement forming cone (ie making circle with leg) b. Rotation - movement around bone's long axis i. Lateral (external) (ie rotating neck to look to the side) ii. Medial (internal) (ie rotating neck to middle to look forward) c. Supination - palms face up d. Pronation - palms face downward e. Inversion- sole of foot towards midline f. Eversion - sole of foot away from midline

synovial joints

all are diarthroses Contents: -articular cartilage (made up of hyaline cartilage) -joint cavity: contains Synovial fluid -joint capsule: a. Fibrous capsule (outer) b. Synovial membrane (synthesis of synovial fluid) -articular disc/ meniscus

joint

an articulation; a site where two or more rigid components come together -split into functional and structural classificaitons

3 main joint movements (not including special movements)

gliding/sliding, angular, circular

fibrous joints

most are synarthroses 1. sutures - bones of the skull (synarthroses) 2. syndesmoses: bones connected by ligaments -example: interosseous membrane - (can be amphiarthrosis) -found in forearm and leg 3. gomphoses -peg-like process in a socket (can be amphiarthrosis) -example: tooth and bone

gliding/sliding

one bone glides over surface of another (Gliding movements occur as relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other, but they produce very little movement of the bones)

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket (pls help pledges carry some bitches)