KC (ch 8)

Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt ________ than do boys.

2 years earlier

A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains ________ pairs of chromosomes.

23

An infant is considered preterm if it is born before week

38

In the context of memory changes in late adulthood, which of the following is a true statement?

Age-related declines are more apparent in episodic memories.

________ occurs when the production of beta amyloid precursor protein goes awry, producing large clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cells.

Alzheimer's disease

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding on to her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. He kicks and hits her every time she tries to hold him. In the context of the findings of the Ainsworth strange situation experiment, which term best describes Adam's attachment style?

Ambivalent

________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

Attachment

Eliza plans to enroll her 1-year-old son, Danny, in an infant-toddler program. Before enrolling him, she takes him to the center to see if he is able to adjust well. Danny explores the room as long as Eliza is present. He does not cry when Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms. When she returns, he avoids her and seems indifferent to her. In the context of the findings of the Ainsworth strange situation experiment, which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?

Avoidant

Which of the following is a characteristic of the sensorimotor period?

Children's understanding of the world is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities.

________ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.

Chromosomes

Dawn is 1 week of age. Ellis is 6 years of age. Fritzi is 9 years of age. Girard is 15 years of age. In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Dawn—sensorimotor

Clarissa's mother was 38 years old at the time of Clarissa's birth. Clarissa suffers from severe intellectual disabilities, and doctors have diagnosed that her condition is due to an extra chromosome that she received at the time of conception. Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa.

Down syndrome

Dr. Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Maru is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Which of the following statements is likely to be true in this scenario?

Dr. Edward is using a longitudinal research method.

Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.

Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old. She drank heavily during her pregnancy. As a result, Barney's birth weight was lower than average. Although he is five years old now, his growth has been delayed, he has learning disorders, and he displays some facial abnormalities. From which of the following conditions is Barney most likely suffering?

Fetal alcohol syndrome disorder

Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without question. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but they are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In the context of parenting styles defined by Baumrind, which of the following is a true statement?

Hailey's parents are authoritarian parents, whereas Isabella's parents are authoritative parents.

Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece or cut into two pieces. Colin tells her to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. In the context of Piaget's theory, what does Colin's answer suggest?

He lacks an understanding of the concept of conservation.

Which of the following genetic or chromosomal abnormalities is correctly described?

In phenylketonuria, the body is unable to produce a critical enzyme, which results in an accumulation of poisons that cause profound intellectual disabilities.

Which infant reflex is correctly described?

In the Babinski reflex, infants' toes fan out when the edge of the soles of their feet is stroked.

Which of the following is true of cross-sectional research?

It compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

Which of the following is true of longitudinal research?

It traces the behavior of one or more participants as they get older.

At 12 months of age, Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth. Which of the following behaviors in the Ainsworth strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?

Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns.

________ refers to the process by which people examine and evaluate their existence.

Life review

A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He finds significant differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative effects of nature and nurture on the preference for visual novelty?

Nature has a substantial influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

Which of the following stages of prenatal development is correctly matched with its description or milestone?

The germinal stage is characterized by the growth of the zygote from a single cell to 100-150 cells.

Which of the following is true of genes?

They are the biological equivalent of software programs for the body's hardware.

Eighth graders Maura and Trish are caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things. They ground her for a month and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern. Additionally, for a week, they make her spend every afternoon at the library, researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario?

Trish's parents are authoritative parents.

Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was having trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. Which of the following concepts is being illustrated in this scenario?

Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development

The chromosomal combination that is present in a typical female child is

XX.

The chromosomal combination that is present in a typical male child is

XY

Some Western legal systems consider either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?

Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.

Yolanda is 24, Zachary is 44, and Andrew is 73. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her stage as proposed by Erikson. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?

Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; and Andrew: ego integrity

Two-year-old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body cannot break down fat. According to his doctors, he was born with Tay-Sachs disease. Which of the following is true of Zack's condition?

Zack is most likely to die by the time he is four.

Bonnie is 3 months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop

a general sense of mistrust.

According to the ________ theory of aging, people who age most successfully are those who maintain the interests, activities, and level of social interaction they experienced during middle adulthood.

activity

Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She keeps herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the ________ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully.

activity

A teratogen is defined as

an environmental agent that produces a birth defect.

According to the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD), in comparison with children who stay at home with their parents, children who attend high-quality child-care centers

are generally more considerate and sociable.

Unlike cross-sectional research techniques, longitudinal research techniques

assess change in behavior over time.

Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not comply. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are

authoritarian

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the stage in which a person aware of his or her impending death is likely to try to think of ways to postpone death and dedicate his or her life to religion?

bargaining

The "strange situation" experiment designed by Mary Ainsworth aims to

classify the attachment behavior of toddlers.

According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the ________ stage of development.

concrete operational

Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade. According to Piaget's theory, Edward is likely to be in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice than he has. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has failed to grasp the concept of

conservation

Max is a graduate student who wants to determine the relation between identity formation and the environment. To do so, he interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds and asks them what they plan to do when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a ________ research method.

cross-sectional

According to the ________ theory of aging, aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.

disengagement

According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of the intimacy-versus-isolation stage occurs

during early adulthood.

In the ________ stage of development, a developing individual is about one-fifth of an inch and has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development.

embryonic

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life that developmental psychologists call

emerging adulthood.

The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20s is called

emerging adulthood.

Cleona is a 14-year-old whose parents are always fighting. In the context of current marriage and divorce trends in the United States, Cleona is most likely to

experience her parents' divorce before she turns 18.

The longest part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth, is the ________ period.

fetal

In the context of information-processing capabilities of children, preschoolers can hold only two or three chunks of information in short-term memory, 5-year-olds can hold four, and 7-year-olds can hold

five.

The ________ reflex prompts babies to clear their throats.

gag

Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless. Her job is routine, and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the ________ stage.

generativity-versus-stagnation

Which theory of aging suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time?

genetic preprogramming theory

In the first two weeks of a pregnancy, the zygote develops from a microscopic speck to 100-150 cells. These two weeks constitute the ________ period.

germinal

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development?

germinal, embryonic, and fetal

According to Erikson, adolescents are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of

identity versus role confusion.

Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dona is using a ________ research method.

longitudinal

Which developmental research technique requires a significant expenditure of time as a researcher waits for the participants to get older?

longitudinal research

The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile is called

menopause

Two children are participating in a study on memory: Heather, a preschooler, and Ileana, a sixth grader. When the children fail one of the recall tasks, the researcher asks each child what she would do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; on the other hand, Ileana says that she would try to write the items down. The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in ________ during childhood.

metacognitive ability

According to Erikson, people enter the generativity-versus-stagnation stage during

middle adulthood.

To stop baby Rudy from crying for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, his mother put it in her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said, and it worked. Rudy's mother capitalized on his lack of the concept of

object permanence.

Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules for his homework, bedtime, and household chores. They believe that freedom and responsibility are important, and hence they patiently tolerate all of Walter's mature as well as childish behavior. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called

permissive

Jack registers as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the ________ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

postconventional

During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He did not want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the ________ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

preconventional

A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism but fails to understand the principle of conservation. In the context of the Piagetian stages, she is most likely in the ________ stage.

preoperational

Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of any touch on her cheeks. This is the ________ reflex.

rooting

In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the ________ attachment style describes a child who exhibits distress at his mother's departure in the Ainsworth strange situation but is easily soothed on her return.

secure

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children. She administers different levels of calcium to two groups of children, one group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten. She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly over a period of one year. Based on the given evidence, it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using ________ research.

sequential

According to Mary Ainsworth, when a child with an avoidant attachment style is exposed to the Ainsworth strange situation, he or she will

show no concern when the mother leaves the room.

Some children are naturally easygoing and cheerful, whereas others are irritable and fussy, or pensive and quiet. This basic, innate disposition that children are born with is called

temperament

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, which of the following would prove to be most effective in comforting a frightened infant or child?

touching or holding the child

According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the ________ stage.

trust-versus-mistrust

Which theory of aging suggests that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently as people age?

wear-and-tear theory

The new cell formed by the union of an egg and a sperm is called a

zygote