KHAN QUESTIONS PERIOD 5

The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the

passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act

Which of the following would most likely have opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

A New England abolitionist

This painting, which was painted in 1872 by the artist John Gast, is called

American Progress.

The Compromise of 1850 did which of the following?

Enacted a stringent fugitive slave law.

In the mid-nineteenth century, the process shown in the map was advocated by supporters of which of the following ideologies?

Manifest Destiny

Which of the following was a common justification in the United States for the trend depicted in the map?

The belief in White cultural and political superiority

Which of the following states the principle of "popular sovereignty?"

The settlers in a given territory have the sole right to decide whether or not slavery will be permitted there.

This poster was intended to: (Iowa and Nebraska)

promote the settlement of western lands

Most of the Irish immigrants who came to the United States following the potato famine of the 1840s settled in

urban areas of the North

The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT:

Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base.

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the perception of many White Southerners that antislavery sentiment was spreading in the 1850s?

Congress voted to end the interstate slave trade

James K Polk was a

Democrat

Prior to the Civil War, a transformation occurred in the workforce of the New England textile mills as New England farm girls were replaced by

Irish immigrants

After the two nations made peace by signing the _______________ in mid 1848, the United States gained over a million square miles of new territory, a landmass larger than the Louisiana Purchase.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

"If we do not exclude slavery from the territories, it will exclude us . . . Where slave labor strikes its roots deep into the soil of a territory, free labor will not grow, but perish. We are all personally interested in this question, not indirectly and remotely, as in a mere political abstraction, but directly, pecuniarily and selfishly." -Speech given by Oliver P. Morton, 1860 The speech excerpted most directly reflected a growing belief after 1850 that:

slavery was incompatible with free labor.

"The issue before the country is the extinction of slavery. No man of common sense, who has observed the progress of events, and who is not prepared to surrender the institution, with the safety and independence of the South, can doubt that the time for action has come—now or never. The Southern States are now in the crisis of their fate; and, if we read aright the signs of the times, nothing is needed for our deliverance, but that the ball of revolution be set in motion." -Source: The Charleston Mercury, "What Shall the South Carolina Legislature Do?" November 3, 1860 Which of the following most directly contributed to the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

the Republican Party nominating Lincoln as a presidential candidate

Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image? (Iowa and Nebraska)

the completion of the transcontinental railroad

Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image? (Slavery down the Throat)

the conflict in Kansas over the extension of slavery

"Sir, the tendency of this bill is to stimulate the formation of a sectional party organization. And, as I said in my speech on the passage of the Senate bill, I regard that as the last and most fatal evil which can befall this country, except the dissolution of the Union; and that last and greatest calamity to the country, the success of such a movement would infallibly bring about." -Source: John Bell, Speech on the Nebraska and Kansas Bill, 1854 The warnings expressed in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?

the formation of the Republican Party

the election of Lincoln to the presidency in 1860 (electoral map 1860)

the rise in sectional tension over the expansion of slavery to western territories

The image was created most directly in response to which of the following? (Hounds of San Fransisco attacking)

the rising tension between racial groups following mass American migration to the West

The first use of the Oregon trail en masse is in what year?

1841

In just 2 years the number of people setting off from Independence goes from 70 to

1000

US President __________ is the leader most associated with Manifest Destiny.

James K. Polk (1845-1849)

Chief Joseph made an observation about contact with Lewis and Clark. Which Nation did he represent?

Nez Perce

"A higher than any earthly power still guards and directs our destiny, impels us onward, and has selected our great and happy country as a model and ultimate centre of attraction for all the nations of the world." -Robert J. Walker, "Report as Secretary of the Treasury for Fiscal Year 1846-1847," 1847 The ideas in the excerpt about Manifest Destiny have the most in common with ideas associated with which of the following?

Puritan beliefs that New England would be a "city on a hill" for the world

In the spring of 1846, tensions mounted between the United States and Mexico, and the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) started, in part, over a border dispute between the two countries. Mexico claimed the Nueces River to be Texas's southern border, but the United States insisted the border lay further south at the __________ .

Rio Grande River

Anti-immigrant nativism of the 1840s and 1850s had the most in common with which of the following earlier developments?

The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), which limited rights for foreign-born residents

Before there were gold miners flooding San Francisco, most people who went to the West were farmers. As land became scarcer in the East, a trickle of farming families headed to the fertile of ___________ Oregon, through the Oregon Trail.

Willamette Valley

Meanwhile, the debate over the __________ was one of the major events leading up to the Civil War. The legislation, which was strongly opposed by the slaveholding South, asserted that the Mexican-American War had not been fought for the purpose of expanding slavery, and stipulated that slavery would never exist in the territories acquired from Mexico in the war.

Wilmot Proviso

Who protested the Mexican War?

abolitionists anti-imperialists Whigs

Many people found work in the industries that served the miners, like hardware stores, boarding houses, and restaurants. And between 1860 and 1880, the ___________ in the United States tripled.

miles of railroad track

"Provided that an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime whereof the party shall first be duly convicted." -Source: The Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose the policy suggested in the excerpt?

southern Democrats

"The principal reason why we abhor so much the term slavery is, the base cruelty with which some tyrant slaveholders . . . have treated their slaves. Hence we are very apt to use as synonymous terms, slavery, cruelty, tyranny, and oppression. . . . Does any one really believe that a man cannot treat his slaves kindly, tenderly, and affectionately? If any one thinks it possible, then let not, for the future, the terms slavery and cruelty be inseparably united." -William Willcocks Sleigh, Abolitionism Exposed!, 1832 Which of the following groups would have been likely to support the author's views expressed in the excerpt?

southern Democrats

Which of the following changes to the United States during the nineteenth century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image? ('Secession Movement)

the election of Lincoln to the presidency in 1860

This is a print showing the San Francisco Harbor in 1848 (below left). There's a little smattering of houses, and a few boats in the water. It looks pretty peaceful, and it was. San Francisco only had about a thousand residents, and California had only newly become a U.S. territory at the close of the Mexican-American War. And this is a photograph of San Francisco Harbor in 1850 (below right). The water is crowded with ships, and the land is crowded with houses. Less than two years later, San Francisco had 30-thousand residents, mainly young men who had come from all over the world, making the city perhaps the most culturally-diverse place on earth at that time period. What happened?

the short answer is, gold.

"A higher than any earthly power still guards and directs our destiny, impels us onward, and has selected our great and happy country as a model and ultimate centre of attraction for all the nations of the world." -Robert J. Walker, "Report as Secretary of the Treasury for Fiscal Year 1846-1847," 1847 The excerpt best reflects which of the following?

the widespread belief that the United States was superior to other nations and bound to expand

Sam Houston led his forces to defeat Santa Anna's army at the ____________, and forced Santa Anna to recognize Texan independence.

Battle of San Jacinto

The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act instituted popular sovereignty to

allow people living in a territory to determine whether slavery should be permitted there

The change depicted on the maps most directly contributed to which of the following? (States and Territories of the United States of America"

the balance of free and slave states in the United States

Which of the following most directly contributed to the change over time depicted on the two maps? (States and Territories of the United States of America")

the passage of the Compromise of 1850

"That any attempts by congress to interfere with the institution of slavery in any of the territories of the United States would create just grounds of alarm in many of the States of the union; and that such interference is unnecessary, inexpedient, and in violation of good faith; since, when any such territory applies for admission in to the union as a state, the people thereof alone have the right, and should be left free and unrestrained, to decide such question for themselves." -Source: State Senator Broderick, Journal of the California Legislature, 1850 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the rise of debates in the federal government over the extension of slavery

"Yesterday, November the 7th, will long be a memorable day in Charleston. The tea has been thrown overboard; the revolution of 1860 has been initiated. Intense though quiet excitement prevails throughout the community. The Government officials, as our columns will show, have resigned. . . . The Federal officers who have resigned their places are expected to address the meeting to assemble as soon as the Legislature shall have acted. Charleston is not behind the State, and will play her part in the grand drama now before us, as becomes her intelligence, her stake and her civilization. On every lip is the stern cry 'vive la liberta!'" -Source: The Charleston Mercury, November 8, 1860 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

the secession of several southern states

The attitudes of the Southern states depicted in the political cartoon contributed to which of the following developments in the mid-nineteenth century? (Secession Movement)

the start of a war between the Union and the Confederate states

The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the:("Filling cartridges at the United States Arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts,")

organization of American society to support the war effort.

Which of the following statements best describes the perspective expressed in the image about immigration? (Coming to America; Returning for a Visit.)

Irish immigrants could improve their financial situation by coming to America

Which of the following statement best describes the message of the political cartoon?

Cass is a war hawk who favors territorial expansion

Until 1836, Texas had been part of Mexico, but in that year a group of settlers from the United States who lived in Mexican Texas

. declared their independence

In 1862, in the midst of the Civil War, Congress passed the ____________ , which granted railroad companies more than 100-million acres in order to complete a transcontinental railroad, which they did in 1869.

Pacific Railway Act

The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States? (Political cartoon depicting Abraham Lincoln conducting a train poised to crash into a wagon)

the split of the two major parties into sectional parties over the issue of slavery

The political cartoon was intended to: (The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things)

warn Americans about the threat of Irish immigrants.

In 1862, Congress also passed the ___________, which grated 160 acres of land, for free to anyone over the age of 21 who had never taken up arms against the U.S. Government, so no one who was affiliated with the Confederacy, as long as they made improvements to the land within five years. And this included women, immigrants, and African-Americans.

Homestead Act

"[A]nnexing Texas had meant the addition to the Union of a huge southwestern state where slavery was legal, and slavery's spread was something to which large numbers of Northerners were emotionally and politically opposed. This opposition increased and began to be more strident during the War with Mexico, which many in the North regarded as a war brought on largely by southern expansionists. Hostilities officially ended in February of 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, as a result of which approximately one-fifth of the United States of 1849 was acquired by the victors. . . ." -Source: Holman Hamilton, historian, Prologue to Conflict, 1964 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important political effect of the annexation of Texas?

It led to debates about the extension of slavery to the newly acquired territory.

The Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case in 1857 effectively repealed the

Missouri Compromise

The graph above refutes which of the following statements? (Slaveholders in 1860)

Most southern families held slaves.

The United States gained which of the following from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ?

Possession of California and most of the Southwest

The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1864, which of the following was most true of the Civil War? (William Newman, "Final Issue of the War— the Longest Purse Wins,")

The Union had a significant economic advantage over the Confederate states.

Which of the following was the most direct catalyst for the secession of South Carolina?

The election of 1860

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 Which of the following late-nineteenth-century federal actions most directly supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The sale of land to settlers at low cost

Which of the following provisions of the Compromise of 1850 provoked the most controversy in the 1850's?

The strengthened Fugitive Slave Law

"Dear Sir: Another election in Kansas Territory has passed, and, like the first, as controlled entirely by Missourians. A few days before the election, I was traveling in the southern and eastern part of the Territory, and met hundreds of people from Missouri on their way to the different voting precincts in the Territory. . . . "If they give us occasion to settle the question of slavery in this country with the bayonet let us improve it. What way can bring the slaves redemption more speedily. Wouldn't it be rich to march an army through the slave holding states & roll up a black cloud that should spread dismay & terror to the ranks of the oppressors?" -Source: Doctor Charles Robinson, in a letter to Eli Thayer, 1855 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how pro-slavery and antislavery advocates could not compromise over the extension of slavery

"A free blank of the African race, whose ancestors were brought to this country and sold as slaves, is not a "citizen" within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States. "When the Constitution was adopted, they were not regarded in any of the States as members of the community which constituted the State, and were not numbered among its 'people or citizens.' Consequently, the special rights and immunities guaranteed to citizens do not apply to them. And not being 'citizens' within the meaning of the Constitution, they are not entitled to sue in that character in a court of the United States . . ." -Source: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, the opinion of the Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the ruling excerpted?

increased tension between abolitionists and defenders of slavery

"Yesterday, November the 7th, will long be a memorable day in Charleston. The tea has been thrown overboard; the revolution of 1860 has been initiated. Intense though quiet excitement prevails throughout the community. The Government officials, as our columns will show, have resigned. . . . The Federal officers who have resigned their places are expected to address the meeting to assemble as soon as the Legislature shall have acted. Charleston is not behind the State, and will play her part in the grand drama now before us, as becomes her intelligence, her stake and her civilization. On every lip is the stern cry 'vive la liberta!'" -Source: The Charleston Mercury, November 8, 1860 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the editor's views expressed in this excerpt?

southern Democrats

An Act to secure Homesteads to actual Settlers on the Public Domain [Homestead Act], 1862 "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter section or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands . . ." A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the US government's support for westward migration

"Ideally, in a democracy, the civilian leadership determines policy and the military aligns its strategy to conform to it. In terms of the Civil War, this meant the antagonists were Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. Obviously, Lincoln was by far the more successful. He always kept the political objective firmly in his mind, and he always ensured that his subordinates, military as well as civilian, hewed to the administration's political course. . . . "Jefferson Davis, a man utterly determined to protect his military prerogative, failed to control the political realm. He allowed his generals to decide when to extend the war into Kentucky, though this effectively destroyed the Confederacy's strategic position in the West. He knew what he wanted—independence—but he came up short in coordinating and guiding the various elements of Confederate national power to achievement of this objective." -Source: Donald Stocker, historian, The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War, 2010 Which of the following was the most significant effect of the difference in leadership described in the excerpt?

the United States eventually prevailed over the Confederacy

In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president on a Republican platform that advocated all of the following EXCEPT

the abolition of slavery throughout the United States

"Strike out the term white, and what will be the result? Hordes of Mexican Indians may come in here from the West and may be more formidable than the enemy you have vanquished. Silently they will come moving in; they will come back in thousands to Bexar, in thousands to Goliad, perhaps to Nacogdoches, and what will be the consequence? Ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty thousand may come in here and vanquish you at the ballot box though you are invincible in arms . . . "Talk not to me of democracy which brings the mean, grovelling yellow race of Mexico . . . upon an equality of rights and privileges with the freeborn races of Europe. The God of nature has made them inferior; he has made the African and the red man inferior to the white." -Source: Remarks from the Texas Constitutional Convention, as printed in Distant Horizon: Documents from the Nineteenth-Century American West (2000), 1845 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical events?

the acquisition of new territories in the West

The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States? (Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, "A Family Quarrel,")

the debate over extending slavery to western territories

"The principal reason why we abhor so much the term slavery is, the base cruelty with which some tyrant slaveholders . . . have treated their slaves. Hence we are very apt to use as synonymous terms, slavery, cruelty, tyranny, and oppression. . . . Does any one really believe that a man cannot treat his slaves kindly, tenderly, and affectionately? If any one thinks it possible, then let not, for the future, the terms slavery and cruelty be inseparably united." -William Willcocks Sleigh, Abolitionism Exposed!, 1832 Which of the following developments from the mid-nineteenth century emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

the defense of slavery as a positive good by white southerners

"I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. "Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South. . . . Let any one who doubts, carefully contemplate that now almost complete legal combination -- piece of machinery so to speak -- compounded of the Nebraska doctrine, and the Dred Scott decision." -Source: Abraham Lincoln, "House Divided" speech, 1858 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

the emergence of sectional political parties

Phenomena like that shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following? (Political cartoon depicting Abraham Lincoln conducting a train poised to crash into a wagon)

the end of the Second Party System

"The issue before the country is the extinction of slavery. No man of common sense, who has observed the progress of events, and who is not prepared to surrender the institution, with the safety and independence of the South, can doubt that the time for action has come—now or never. The Southern States are now in the crisis of their fate; and, if we read aright the signs of the times, nothing is needed for our deliverance, but that the ball of revolution be set in motion." -Source: The Charleston Mercury, "What Shall the South Carolina Legislature Do?" November 3, 1860 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

the formation of the Confederate States of America

"Meanwhile, Britain had extorted by the Anglo-Chinese Opium War major trade concessions in East Asia, including a lease on Hong Kong. American (chiefly New England) shipowners and merchants worried that they would now be excluded from the lucrative China trade they had cultivated since 1784. To forestall any such development, Webster's close associate, Caleb Cushing . . . negotiated in 1844 the Treaty of Wanghai, by which the Chinese Empire accorded the United States most-favored-nation status in trade." -Historian Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?

the growing support for American imperialism in the 1890s

"We are constantly upbraided for entertaining the wish and intention to extend slavery. This is constantly thrown up to us on every opportunity and in every form, and the cry is raised that the Union is endangered by our course upon this very subject, and this argument is thrown out on every possible occasion that it is we who make these assaults and endanger the permanency of our institutions. It is not so. . . . "I only wished to state that there is danger of the Union; that its foundations are shaken; and that they may probably fall, and I believe that they certainly will fall, if the people who have been dealing these blows so fast and so heavily do not cease the agitation of this subject." -Source: Senator Solomon W. Downs of Louisiana, The Congressional Globe, Volume 18, 1849 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the mid-nineteenth century?

the increase in sectional conflict

"[A]nnexing Texas had meant the addition to the Union of a huge southwestern state where slavery was legal, and slavery's spread was something to which large numbers of Northerners were emotionally and politically opposed. This opposition increased and began to be more strident during the War with Mexico, which many in the North regarded as a war brought on largely by southern expansionists. Hostilities officially ended in February of 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, as a result of which approximately one-fifth of the United States of 1849 was acquired by the victors. . . ." -Source: Holman Hamilton, historian, Prologue to Conflict, 1964 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

the influence of regional identity in politics

The image most directly reflects which of the following developments during the 1860s? ("Filling cartridges at the United States Arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts,")

the mobilization of civilians to wage war against the Confederate states

"The slaves of the South are the happiest, and, in some sense, the freest people in the world. The children and the aged and infirm work not at all, and yet have all the comforts and necessaries of life provided for them. They enjoy liberty, because they are oppressed neither by care nor labor. . . . The free laborer must work or starve. He is more of a slave than the Negro because he works longer and harder for less allowance than the slave and has no holiday, because the cares of life with him begin when its labors end. He has no liberty, and not a single right." -Source: Frederick Law Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, 1853-1861 The ideas about slavery expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?

the positive good theory

"That any attempts by congress to interfere with the institution of slavery in any of the territories of the United States would create just grounds of alarm in many of the States of the union; and that such interference is unnecessary, inexpedient, and in violation of good faith; since, when any such territory applies for admission in to the union as a state, the people thereof alone have the right, and should be left free and unrestrained, to decide such question for themselves." -Source: State Senator Broderick, Journal of the California Legislature, 1850 The ideas about slavery in the territories expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?

the principle of popular sovereignty

"In the long run, the most significant division of American opinion exacerbated by the war in Mexico was that between the North and South. The doctrine of America's manifest destiny had not sprung originally from a slave power conspiracy but from policies with nationwide appeal and deep cultural roots. When James Knox Polk came into office, territorial expansion did not constitute a sectional issue but a party one. . . . Polk did not share Calhoun's disposition to view all matters in terms of their impact on the slavery question. Nevertheless, as his term went by, his administration increasingly appeared narrowly southern in outlook. The president's imperialist objectives came to prompt a bitter sectional dispute over slavery's extension, bearing out Calhoun's foreboding." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The pattern described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments?

the regional divisiveness within political parties

The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of which of the following? (Hounds of San Francisco attacking Little Chile"

the rise in conflict between white Americans and the residents of the Mexican Cession territory

The image was created most directly in response to which of the following? (Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, "A Family Quarrel,")

the secession of the southern states from the United States

The major patterns on the maps best support which of the following statements? (Map of electoral college in 1860)

the states that seceded from the Union did not give Lincoln electoral votes

Before 1848, the non-Indian population of the State of California was about 15-thousand people. By 1860, it was more than ____________. And, in the same time period, the Native-American population decreased from 150-thousand to ___________. The gold rush, and its impact on California, is one very dramatic illustration of the causes and effects of westward migration in the years surrounding the Civil War.

350-thousand / only 30 thousand

Despite Polk's war message saying that American blood had been shed on American soil, many US politicians were also skeptical about who started the war and where. A young Whig congressman from Illinois named ___________demanded that Polk show him the exact spot where American blood had been shed.

Abraham Lincoln

The Mexican-American War confirmed Texas's southern border, indicating the United States victory. The United States also acquired ____________ , New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as parts of Nevada, Utah, Colorado and Wyoming.

California

"With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers. "Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 The excerpt best reflects which of the following historical situations?

Congressional leaders sought political compromise to resolve discord between the North and the South.

The trend shown in the map led most directly to which of the following?

Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of slavery in new territories

Which of the following best describes the policy of the government of Mexico toward Texas?

It encouraged American settlement in Texas in the 1820's and early 1830's.

"In the long run, the most significant division of American opinion exacerbated by the war in Mexico was that between the North and South. The doctrine of America's manifest destiny had not sprung originally from a slave power conspiracy but from policies with nationwide appeal and deep cultural roots. When James Knox Polk came into office, territorial expansion did not constitute a sectional issue but a party one. . . . Polk did not share Calhoun's disposition to view all matters in terms of their impact on the slavery question. Nevertheless, as his term went by, his administration increasingly appeared narrowly southern in outlook. The president's imperialist objectives came to prompt a bitter sectional dispute over slavery's extension, bearing out Calhoun's foreboding." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the Mexican-American War had on the United States?

It increased sectionalism over the issue of slavery.

"The agitation on the subject of Slavery, now raging through the breadth of the land, presents a most extraordinary spectacle. Congress, after a protracted session of nearly ten months, succeeded in passing a system of measures, which are believed to be just to all parts of the Republic, and ought to be satisfactory to the People. The South has not triumphed over the North, nor has the North achieved a victory over the South. Neither party has made any humiliating concessions to the other." -Source: Senator Stephen A. Douglas, in a speech, 1851 According to the excerpt, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the "system of measures" had on the United States?

It preserved the Union and prevented secession by southern states.

Which of the following statement about the Dred Scott decision is correct?

It stated that Black people were not citizens of the United States.

This drive to expand the United States West to the Pacific is often called manifest destiny, based on a phrase that was coined by New York journalist __________ , who wrote in 1845 that westward expansion would be "The fulfillment of our manifest destiny "to overspread the continent allotted by Providence "for the free development "of our yearly multiplying millions."

John O'Sullivan

The first attempt to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty in determining the status of slavery occurred in

Kansas

Support for slavery in the Southern states was based on all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Most White families owned slaves.

Which of the following principles was established by the Dred Scott decision?

National legislation could not limit the spread of slavery in the territories.

"Your Memorialist . . . represents to your honorable body, that he has devoted much time and attention to the subject of a railroad from Lake Michigan through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and that he finds such a route practicable, the results from which would be incalculable—far beyond the imagination of man to estimate. . . . "It would enable us, in the short space of eight days (and perhaps less) to concentrate all the forces of our vast country at any point from Maine to Oregon. . . . Such easy and rapid communication with such facilities for exchanging the different products of the different parts would bring all our immensely wide spread population together. . . . "[W]ith a railroad to the Pacific, and thence to China by steamers, can be performed in thirty days, being now a distance of nearly seventeen thousand miles. . . Then the drills and sheetings of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, and other manufactures of the United States, may be transported to China in thirty days; and the teas and rich silks of China, in exchange, come back to New Orleans, to Charleston, to Washington, to Baltimore, to Philadelphia, New York, and to Boston, in thirty days more." Asa Whitney, merchant, "National Railroad, Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean," memorial to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, 1845 The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments?

Popular support for the idea of Manifest Destiny

The Republican Party of the 1850s took which of the following positions on slavery?

Slavery could remain where it existed but should not be extended into territories or new states.

For the United States government, the addition of this new territory was political kryptonite. Both Northerners and Southerners were convinced that the opposite region was conspiring to limit their economic opportunities in the West. During the war, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced a resolution in the House that would prohibit slavery in any territory gained from the conflict. The reaction to the Wilmot Priviso showed just how big the sectional divide in the country was becoming, since party lines broke down entirely. Northerners, Whig, and Democrat alike voted for the Wilmot Proviso, and Southerners, Whig, and Democrat alike voted against it. Ultimately, the proviso passed in the House was defeated in the Senate. And then gold was discovered in California, just before the end of the war, sending hordes of prospectors West and making statehood for California an urgent issue that would soon upset the balance of power between free and slave states in Congress. In other words, we can draw a direct line from the Mexican War to the breakdown of the second party system, which was replaced by a solidly ____________and a ______________, and from there to the Civil War.

Southern Democratic party / new Northern Republican party

"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men. . . . "Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can't be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. "Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . . "My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by." President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22, 1861 The excerpt most likely reflects which of the following historical situations?

States in the South had begun seceding after the presidential election.

President Tyler's contribution to heading the country down a path to Civil War would relate to which state?

Texas

"If we do not exclude slavery from the territories, it will exclude us . . . Where slave labor strikes its roots deep into the soil of a territory, free labor will not grow, but perish. We are all personally interested in this question, not indirectly and remotely, as in a mere political abstraction, but directly, pecuniarily and selfishly." -Speech given by Oliver P. Morton, 1860 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the views expressed in this excerpt?

The Free Soil Party

"If we do not exclude slavery from the territories, it will exclude us . . . Where slave labor strikes its roots deep into the soil of a territory, free labor will not grow, but perish. We are all personally interested in this question, not indirectly and remotely, as in a mere political abstraction, but directly, pecuniarily and selfishly." -Source: Speech given by Oliver P. Morton, 1860 Which of the following was a major difference in economic development between the North and the South in the 1850s?

The North's economy relied on free labor, while the South's economy relied on enslaved labor.

"I think the time has come now when we should attempt the boldest moves, and my experience is that they are easier of execution than more timid ones, because the enemy is disconcerted by them— as, for instance, my recent campaign." "I attach more importance to the deep incisions into the enemy's country, because this war differs from European wars in this particular— we are not only fighting hostile armies, but hostile people; and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies. . . . The truth is, the whole army is burning with insatiable desire to wreak vengeance upon South Carolina. I almost tremble for her fate, but she deserves all that seems in store for her." -Source: General William T. Sherman, in a telegram to General Halleck, 1864 Which of the following was a key difference between the United States' strategy and the Confederacy's strategy during the Civil War?

The Union destroyed the South's ability to wage war by destroying railroads, cities, and cutting off trade, while the Confederacy aimed to win by not losing territory to the North.

"The [US population]not only outnumbered the rebels, but its other resources also dwarfed the Confederacy's. The North's wartime expenditures totaled over three billion dollars, two-thirds of it spent on military supplies. . . . Northern industry thus went into overdrive during the war . . . "The South also developed manufacturing capacity, but because the region was largely wedded to single-crop agriculture, it depended heavily on imported military supplies. One telling comparison: on the war's eve, Southern shops manufactured four million pairs of shoes annually whereas Massachusetts alone produced over forty million pairs . . . " -Source: Louis P. Masur and J. Ronald Spencer, historians, "Civil War Mobilizations," OAH Magazine of History, 2012 According to the passage, which of the following was a major difference in economic development between the United States and the Confederacy during the Civil War?

The United States produced their own war supplies, whereas the Confederacy imported their war supplies.

"Ideally, in a democracy, the civilian leadership determines policy and the military aligns its strategy to conform to it. In terms of the Civil War, this meant the antagonists were Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. Obviously, Lincoln was by far the more successful. He always kept the political objective firmly in his mind, and he always ensured that his subordinates, military as well as civilian, hewed to the administration's political course. . . . "Jefferson Davis, a man utterly determined to protect his military prerogative, failed to control the political realm. He allowed his generals to decide when to extend the war into Kentucky, though this effectively destroyed the Confederacy's strategic position in the West. He knew what he wanted—independence—but he came up short in coordinating and guiding the various elements of Confederate national power to achievement of this objective." -Source: Donald Stocker, historian, The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War, 2010 According to the passage, which of the following best explains a significant difference between the United States and the Confederacy during the Civil War?

The United States's political leadership was stronger than the Confederate leadership.

"Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . . "It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . . "I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . . "It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection." Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century Which of the following statements would an abolitionist claim supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The immorality of slavery had a widespread corrupting effect on Southern culture.

Which American General and furture President should you associate with this image?

Zachary Taylor

The image most directly reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States during the 1850s? (Slavery down the throat)

a growing ideological divide between pro-slavery and antislavery advocates over the extension of slavery

"Sir, the tendency of this bill is to stimulate the formation of a sectional party organization. And, as I said in my speech on the passage of the Senate bill, I regard that as the last and most fatal evil which can befall this country, except the dissolution of the Union; and that last and greatest calamity to the country, the success of such a movement would infallibly bring about." -Source: John Bell, Speech on the Nebraska and Kansas Bill, 1854 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?

a legislative attempt to solve the issue of slavery in the territories

Politics in the United States fractured over the issue of whether Texas should be admitted

as a slave state of free state

Posters like these contributed most directly to which of the following? (Image of Iowa & Nebraska Lands Poster)

an increase in migration to the West by farmers

"Strike out the term white, and what will be the result? Hordes of Mexican Indians may come in here from the West and may be more formidable than the enemy you have vanquished. Silently they will come moving in; they will come back in thousands to Bexar, in thousands to Goliad, perhaps to Nacogdoches, and what will be the consequence? Ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty thousand may come in here and vanquish you at the ballot box though you are invincible in arms . . . "Talk not to me of democracy which brings the mean, grovelling yellow race of Mexico . . . upon an equality of rights and privileges with the freeborn races of Europe. The God of nature has made them inferior; he has made the African and the red man inferior to the white." -Source: Remarks from the Texas Constitutional Convention, as printed in Distant Horizon: Documents from the Nineteenth-Century American West (2000), 1845 The ideas in the excerpt were most directly motivated by the:

concerns about the legal status of non-white people in acquired territory

"Dear Sir: Another election in Kansas Territory has passed, and, like the first, as controlled entirely by Missourians. A few days before the election, I was traveling in the southern and eastern part of the Territory, and met hundreds of people from Missouri on their way to the different voting precincts in the Territory. . . . "If they give us occasion to settle the question of slavery in this country with the bayonet let us improve it. What way can bring the slaves redemption more speedily. Wouldn't it be rich to march an army through the slave holding states & roll up a black cloud that should spread dismay & terror to the ranks of the oppressors?" -Source: Doctor Charles Robinson, in a letter to Eli Thayer, 1855 Which of the following most likely helped to prompt the excerpt?

efforts by national leaders and the Court to resolve the issue of slavery

"Thus, with twenty millions of people, and every element of strength and force at command-power, patronage, influence, unanimity, enthusiasm, confidence, credit, money, men, an Army and a Navy the largest and the noblest ever set in the field, or afloat upon the sea; with the support, almost servile, of every State, county, and municipality in the North and West, with a Congress swift to do the bidding of the Executive; . . . you have utterly, signally, disastrously-I will not say ignominiously-failed to subdue ten millions of 'rebels,' whom you had taught the people of the North and West not only to hate, but to despise. . . . You have not conquered the South. You never will. It is not in the nature of things possible. . . . But money you have expended without limit, and blood poured out like water. Defeat, debt, taxation, [tombs,] these are your trophies. . . . The war for the Union is, in your hands, a most bloody and costly failure." -Source: Clement Vallandigham, an Ohio politician, Speeches, Arguments, and Letters, 1864 The author's main purpose in the excerpt was to:

end the Union's war with the Confederacy.

A significant result of the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 was that the United States

experienced increasing tension over the issue of slavery

"The great vice of the government is our violent party spirit; that vice which Washington foresaw, and against which his last warning was given; that which was the prominent evil of Rome, of Greece, of Holland, of all ancient and modern Republics, is our great calamity. This spirit of party, sordid, blind and selfish when carried to extremes, finds its choicest aliment in the local interests and sectional prejudices with which every country abounds. Those interests and prejudices necessarily increase with every extension of territory, and it is in this light that every great augmentation of the Union becomes formidable." -Source: Theodore Sedgwick, Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States, 1844 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the:

extension of slavery into newly acquired territory.

"Provided that an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime whereof the party shall first be duly convicted." -Source: The Wilmot Proviso, 1846 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how national leaders attempted to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories

"Thus, with twenty millions of people, and every element of strength and force at command-power, patronage, influence, unanimity, enthusiasm, confidence, credit, money, men, an Army and a Navy the largest and the noblest ever set in the field, or afloat upon the sea; with the support, almost servile, of every State, county, and municipality in the North and West, with a Congress swift to do the bidding of the Executive; . . . you have utterly, signally, disastrously-I will not say ignominiously-failed to subdue ten millions of 'rebels,' whom you had taught the people of the North and West not only to hate, but to despise. . . . You have not conquered the South. You never will. It is not in the nature of things possible. . . . But money you have expended without limit, and blood poured out like water. Defeat, debt, taxation, [tombs,] these are your trophies. . . . The war for the Union is, in your hands, a most bloody and costly failure." -Source: Clement Vallandigham, an Ohio politician, Speeches, Arguments, and Letters, 1864 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how the United States faced some home front opposition to the Civil War

Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the image? (Railroad)

legislation promoting western transportation and economic development

The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the: (William Newman, "Final Issue of the War— the Longest Purse Wins,")

mobilization of Union and Confederate economies to wage war.

"What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham . . . a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices, more shocking and bloody, than are the people of these United States, at this very hour." -Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" 1852. In the decades leading up to Douglass's speech, the abolitionist movement focused its energies most strongly on which of the following?

moral arguments against the institution of slavery

The size of the US increased by ____ under Polk

one-third

"Meanwhile, Britain had extorted by the Anglo-Chinese Opium War major trade concessions in East Asia, including a lease on Hong Kong. American (chiefly New England) shipowners and merchants worried that they would now be excluded from the lucrative China trade they had cultivated since 1784. To forestall any such development, Webster's close associate, Caleb Cushing . . . negotiated in 1844 the Treaty of Wanghai, by which the Chinese Empire accorded the United States most-favored-nation status in trade." -Historian Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the mid-nineteenth century?

the American commitment to expand trade beyond Europe and South America

"A free negro of the African race, whose ancestors were brought to this country and sold as slaves, is not a "citizen" within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States. "When the Constitution was adopted, they were not regarded in any of the States as members of the community which constituted the State, and were not numbered among its 'people or citizens.' Consequently, the special rights and immunities guaranteed to citizens do not apply to them. And not being 'citizens' within the meaning of the Constitution, they are not entitled to sue in that character in a court of the United States . . ." -Source: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, the opinion of the Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 The restrictions imposed by the Dred Scott decision most directly contradicted which of the following earlier developments in the United States?

the abolition of slavery by northern state governments in the years following the American Revolution

"What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer: a day that reveals to him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham . . . a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation on the earth guilty of practices, more shocking and bloody, than are the people of these United States, at this very hour." -Source: Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" 1852. Which of the following movements expressed ideas most similar to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

the abolitionist movement

"It must be apparent to our Castilian [Spanish-speaking] friends, that it is not only their interest but absolute duty to give their children an English education; and to learn, if possible, to read and speak the language themselves. We are now under the American flag, whether of our own accord or per force, and there is every probability that we shall remain so for all time to come . . . we are Native California Americans born on the soil and we can exclaim with the Poet, this is 'OUR OWN, OUR NATIVE LAND.' But the sooner we become 'Americanized,' . . . the better it will be for us and our posterity. . . . let us divest ourselves of all bygone traditions, and become Americanized all over— in language, in manners, in customs and habits." -Source: Francisco Ramírez, editorial in El Clamor Publico, 1859 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly encouraged which of the following changes in subsequent years?

the adoption of some American cultural traits to avoid discrimination

" The moment is near when the last link in the chain of oceanic steam-navigation is to be formed. . . . Steps should be taken at once, to enable our enterprising merchants, to supply the last link in that great chain, which unites all nations of the world, by the early establishment of a line of Steamers from California to China." -Source: Secretary of State Daniel Webster, to Commander John H. Aulick, 1851 Webster's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the mid-nineteenth century?

the creation of diplomatic treaties and trade agreements with Asian countries

An Act to secure Homesteads to actual Settlers on the Public Domain [Homestead Act], 1862 "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter section or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands . . ." Which of the following most likely motivated Congress to pass the law in the excerpt?

the desire to ensure that western lands would be settled by small farmers

"Yesterday, November the 7th, will long be a memorable day in Charleston. The tea has been thrown overboard; the revolution of 1860 has been initiated. Intense though quiet excitement prevails throughout the community. The Government officials, as our columns will show, have resigned. . . . The Federal officers who have resigned their places are expected to address the meeting to assemble as soon as the Legislature shall have acted. Charleston is not behind the State, and will play her part in the grand drama now before us, as becomes her intelligence, her stake and her civilization. On every lip is the stern cry 'vive la liberta!'" -Source: The Charleston Mercury, November 8, 1860 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?

the election of Abraham Lincoln

The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States? ("The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things,")

the emergence of a strong anti-Catholic nativist movement

The image most directly reflects which of the following developments during the mid-nineteenth century? (The 'Secession Movement)

the formal withdrawal of several southern states from the Union

"I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land can never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done." -Source: Last written words before Brown's execution, 1859 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the growing willingness of abolitionists to resort to violence

"The [US population]not only outnumbered the rebels, but its other resources also dwarfed the Confederacy's. The North's wartime expenditures totaled over three billion dollars, two-thirds of it spent on military supplies. . . . Northern industry thus went into overdrive during the war . . . "The South also developed manufacturing capacity, but because the region was largely wedded to single-crop agriculture, it depended heavily on imported military supplies. One telling comparison: on the war's eve, Southern shops manufactured four million pairs of shoes annually whereas Massachusetts alone produced over forty million pairs . . . " -Source: Louis P. Masur and J. Ronald Spencer, historians, "Civil War Mobilizations," OAH Magazine of History, 2012 Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt?

the impact of the Market Revolution on economic structures

"The great vice of the government is our violent party spirit; that vice which Washington foresaw, and against which his last warning was given; that which was the prominent evil of Rome, of Greece, of Holland, of all ancient and modern Republics, is our great calamity. This spirit of party, sordid, blind and selfish when carried to extremes, finds its choicest aliment in the local interests and sectional prejudices with which every country abounds. Those interests and prejudices necessarily increase with every extension of territory, and it is in this light that every great augmentation of the Union becomes formidable." -Source: Theodore Sedgwick, Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States, 1844 The author's ideas in the excerpt emerged most directly in response to which of the following developments in the United States?

the increased efforts to expand westward and acquire new land

"The agitation on the subject of Slavery, now raging through the breadth of the land, presents a most extraordinary spectacle. Congress, after a protracted session of nearly ten months, succeeded in passing a system of measures, which are believed to be just to all parts of the Republic, and ought to be satisfactory to the People. The South has not triumphed over the North, nor has the North achieved a victory over the South. Neither party has made any humiliating concessions to the other." -Source: Senator Stephen A. Douglas, in a speech, 1851 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the passage of the Compromise of 1850

The Wilmot Proviso specifically provided for

the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War

"We are constantly upbraided for entertaining the wish and intention to extend slavery. This is constantly thrown up to us on every opportunity and in every form, and the cry is raised that the Union is endangered by our course upon this very subject, and this argument is thrown out on every possible occasion that it is we who make these assaults and endanger the permanency of our institutions. It is not so. . . . "I only wished to state that there is danger of the Union; that its foundations are shaken; and that they may probably fall, and I believe that they certainly will fall, if the people who have been dealing these blows so fast and so heavily do not cease the agitation of this subject." -Source: Senator Solomon W. Downs of Louisiana, The Congressional Globe, Volume 18, 1849 The excerpt was written in response to:

the proposal of legislation by northern states to ban slavery in all new territory

"In the long run, the most significant division of American opinion exacerbated by the war in Mexico was that between the North and South. The doctrine of America's manifest destiny had not sprung originally from a slave power conspiracy but from policies with nationwide appeal and deep cultural roots. When James Knox Polk came into office, territorial expansion did not constitute a sectional issue but a party one. . . . Polk did not share Calhoun's disposition to view all matters in terms of their impact on the slavery question. Nevertheless, as his term went by, his administration increasingly appeared narrowly southern in outlook. The president's imperialist objectives came to prompt a bitter sectional dispute over slavery's extension, bearing out Calhoun's foreboding." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following political shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

the realignment of political parties based on regional lines

"The great vice of the government is our violent party spirit; that vice which Washington foresaw, and against which his last warning was given; that which was the prominent evil of Rome, of Greece, of Holland, of all ancient and modern Republics, is our great calamity. This spirit of party, sordid, blind and selfish when carried to extremes, finds its choicest aliment in the local interests and sectional prejudices with which every country abounds. Those interests and prejudices necessarily increase with every extension of territory, and it is in this light that every great augmentation of the Union becomes formidable." -Source: Theodore Sedgwick, Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States, 1844 The reference to "sectional prejudices" in the excerpt most directly refers to which of the following developments in politics during the mid-nineteenth century?

the regional differences on the issue of slavery

"Strike out the term white, and what will be the result? Hordes of Mexican Indians may come in here from the West and may be more formidable than the enemy you have vanquished. Silently they will come moving in; they will come back in thousands to Bexar, in thousands to Goliad, perhaps to Nacogdoches, and what will be the consequence? Ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty thousand may come in here and vanquish you at the ballot box though you are invincible in arms . . . "Talk not to me of democracy which brings the mean, grovelling yellow race of Mexico . . . upon an equality of rights and privileges with the freeborn races of Europe. The God of nature has made them inferior; he has made the African and the red man inferior to the white." -Source: Remarks from the Texas Constitutional Convention, as printed in Distant Horizon: Documents from the Nineteenth-Century American West (2000), 1845 The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?

the relationship between white Americans and the Mexican and indigenous population in the newly annexed territories

"I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. "Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South. . . . Let any one who doubts, carefully contemplate that now almost complete legal combination -- piece of machinery so to speak -- compounded of the Nebraska doctrine, and the Dred Scott decision." -Source: Abraham Lincoln, "House Divided" speech, 1858 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the renewed question of slavery's expansion into territories north of the Missouri Compromise line

"I think the time has come now when we should attempt the boldest moves, and my experience is that they are easier of execution than more timid ones, because the enemy is disconcerted by them— as, for instance, my recent campaign." "I attach more importance to the deep incisions into the enemy's country, because this war differs from European wars in this particular— we are not only fighting hostile armies, but hostile people; and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war, as well as their organized armies. . . . The truth is, the whole army is burning with insatiable desire to wreak vengeance upon South Carolina. I almost tremble for her fate, but she deserves all that seems in store for her." -Source: General William T. Sherman, in a telegram to General Halleck, 1864 During the Civil War, which of the following most fulfilled "the hard hand of war" that the excerpt refers to?

the wartime destruction of the South's infrastructure