KIN 212 EXAM 4

Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise

- Acute: Short term effects=state - Aerobic exercise is associated with lower state anxiety and higher tranquility scores - Aerobic-Long term activities that increase oxygen activity=cycling/running - Post-exercise reductions in state anxiety return to pre- exercise anxiety levels within 24 hours -Exercise intensities between 30% and 70% of maximal heart rate appear to be associated with the greatest reduction in post-exercise state anxiety. -Moderate-intensity exercise produced the greatest positive effects in affective responses. -Even low-intensity exercise improved the effect For anaerobic exercise (e.g., weightlifting), mood- enhancing effects are evident at 30% to 50% maximum heart rate. -Anaerobic- short term, or burst, activities without oxygen = weightlifting/ baseball

Negative addiction to exercise

- a condition in which life becomes structured around exercise to such an extent that home and work responsibilities suffer -Symptoms: Stereotyped pattern of exercise with a regular schedule of once or more daily/ giving increased priority, over other activities, to maintain the pattern of exercise/ i increased tolerance to the amount of exercise performed/ withdrawal symptoms related to mood disorder after cessation of the exercise / relief of withdrawal symptoms by further exercise / subjective awareness of a compulsion to exercise / rapid reinstatement of the previous pattern of exercise and withdrawal symptoms after a period of abstinence

Prevalence of substance abuse in sports

-Accurate assessment is difficult to achieve because of the sensitive and personal nature of the problem. -Most studies focus on alcohol and steroid use: -Alcohol use: 55% to 92% of high school athletes; 87% to 88% of college athletes -Performance-enhancing drugs: Reported use by only 5% of high school and college athletes (40 to 60% among elite athletes) -A 2003 CDC study: 1 in 16 high school students used steroids

Pravalence/research of eating disorders in sport

-Accurate assessment is difficult to achieve for a variety of reasons: -Fear of being dropped from program -Questionable accuracy of studies so data must be viewed with caution -Athletes appear to have a greater occurrence of eating-related problems than general population -Female athletes report higher rates of eating disorders than male -A significant percentage of athletes engage in pathogenic eating or weight loss behaviors although subclinical in intensity -Eating disorders and pathogenic weight loss techniques tend to have a sport-specific prevalence (wrestlers vs. archers) -Up to 66% of female athletes may be amenorrheic as compared to 2% to 5% of nonathletes. -Although anorexia and bulimia are of special concern in sports emphasizing form (e.g., gymnastics, diving, and figure skating) or weight (e.g., wrestling), athletes with eating disorders have been found in a wide array of sports.

Two Main Causes of Stress Related Injuries

-Attentional disruption: Stress disrupts an athlete's attention by reducing peripheral attention and causing distraction and task irrelevant thoughts -Increased muscle tension: High stress can cause muscle tension and coordination interference as well as generalized fatigue, muscle inefficiency, reduced flexibility, and motor coordination problems

Bulimia Nervosa

-Awareness that the pattern is abnormal -Fear of being unable to stop eating voluntarily -Depressed mood/ self-deprecation -Condition is severe, but less severe than anorexia, but can lead to anorexia -Bulimics are aware that they have a problem but have little to no control over their eating so they try to compensate in unhealthy behavior after they have eaten -Self-induced vomiting, laxatives/diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, vigorous exercise -Minimum of two binge eating episodes a week for three months

Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise

-Chronic: long term effects = trait -Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health and well-being. -Exercise is associated with the reduction of stress emotions such as state anxiety. -Anxiety and depression are common symptoms of failure to cope with mental stress, and exercise has been associated with a decreased level of mild to moderate depression and anxiety. -Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety. -Appropriate exercise results in reductions in various stress indicators, such as neuromuscular tension, resting heart rate, and some stress hormones. -The current clinical opinion holds that exercise has beneficial emotional effects across ages and sexes. -Physically healthy people who require psychotropic (mood-altering) medication may safely exercise under close medical supervision.

Positve Role of Friends in Youth Sport

-Companionship: Spending time together -Pleasant play association: Enjoying being around one's friends -Enhancement of self-esteem: Having friends say things or take actions that boost one's self-esteem -Help and guidance: Providing assistance in learning sport skills as well as general assistance, such as in school -Prosocial behavior: Saying and doing things that conform to social convention, such as sharing or not saying negative things -Intimacy: Mutual feelings of close, personal bonds -Emotional support: Expressing feelings of concern for one another; absence of conflicts (some friends do not argue, fight, or disagree) -Conflict resolution: Ability of friends to resolve conflicts -Attractive personal qualities: Positive characteristics such as personality or physical features

Negative Role of Friends in the Youth Sport

-Conflict (e.g., insults, arguments) -Unattractive personal qualities (e.g., self-centered) -Betrayal -Inaccessibility (lack of opportunity to interact)

Reduction of Depression

-Correlation relationship, not a cause-effect relationship Exercise is as effective as psychotherapy in reducing depression. -The positive effects are seen across age groups, health status, race, socioeconomic status, and sexes. -Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises reduce depression -Severe depression usually requires professional treatment, which may include medication, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or a combination of these, with exercise as an adjunct. -Exercise produces larger antidepressant effects when the training program is at least 9 weeks long. Reductions in depression after exercise do not depend on fitness levels. -Exercising three to five times per week produces significant reductions in depression compared to once-a-week exercise. -Exercise is related to positive changes in mood state.

Stages of going through a trauma

-Denial: This didn't happen -Anger: Ugh Why -Bargaining: Ok I'll do this, it will be fine -Depression: This is a disaster -Acceptance: Ok it is what it is -If it is a small trauma, you will go through the stages quickly. If it is a large trauma can take much longer. You may get stuck in a certain stage and not get through entire thing.

Psychological Explanations

-Enhanced feeling of control -Feeling of competency and self-efficacy -Positive social interactions -Improved self-concept and self-esteem -Opportunities for fun and enjoyment

Stages of Athletic Talent Development

-Entry (initial) phase -Investment phase -Elite performance excellence phase -Excellence maintenance phase -Most champion athletes did not start out with champion aspirations in mind -Exposed to active lifestyles and played multiple sports as children -Champions must fall in love with the sport before pursuing intense involvement -To optimize talent, young athletes should not specialize in a single sport too early, and parents and coaches should emphasize fun and development

Exercise in Severe Diseases: HIV/Cancer/MS

-Exercise appears to be one therapeutic modality capable of enhancing components of subjective well-being in patients with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). -Exercise is beneficial in enhancing the quality of life in cancer survivors. -Exercise appears to play a positive role in those with MS (multiple sclerosis).

Development of the Self

-Exercise is related to participants' self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy/ regular exercise increases self-esteem/ lower the self-esteem, the more exercise will enhance it -Positive changes in self-concept and self-esteem were associated with participation in physical education and directed play -Exercise programs designed to enhance self-esteem should emphasize experiences of success, feeling of increased physical competence, and attainment of goals.

Cardiovascular Fitness and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults

-Fitness training has beneficial effects on the cognitive functioning of older adults- largest for those takes involving executive control (planning, working memory, task coordination) -Fitness training combined with strength and flexibility programs have a greater positive effect on cognition than fitness training having only an aerobic component. -Effects appear to occur more in females than in males. -Effects on cognition were largest when exercise training exceeded 30 minutes per session. -From a physiological perspective, cardiovascular exercise appears to protect the brain against the normal effects of aging and help repair or restore the aged brain.

Motives for participating in sports

-Have fun, make friends, increase skills, get exercise, compete -Boys/girls have similar motives for involvement but vary in ---importance -Participation statistics: -Peak participation occurs between the ages of 10 and 13 years. -For every 10 children who begin a sport season, 3 to 4 quit before the start of the next season.

exercise and psychological well being

-Improved mood and well-being -Increased buffer against stress, anxiety, and depression -Predicts better cognitive functioning and reduced risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Three catergories of emotional reactions to being injury

-Injury relevant information processing -Emotional upheaval and reactive behaviors -Positive outlook, coping

General vs. Sport specific Withdrawal

-Major reason: other things to do -Negative reasons: not as good as they want to be, boredom, didn't like the pressure -Children with low perceptions of their athletic abilities drop out or do not participate in sport, whereas children with high perceptions or their competence participate and persist -Sport specific dropout withdraw from a particular program but enter into other sports -Sport-general dropouts withdraw from all sport participation -Sport general dropout are a specific concern

Compulsive Gambling

-Only now starting to gain public attentions/ widespread in sports events -72% of NCAA Division I football and basketball athletes engage in some form of gambling. -12% of male and 3% of female college athletes have problematic or pathological gambling problems. -6% to 8% of college students are compulsive gamblers. -A 2003 NCAA study showed that 35% of male athletes and 10% of female athletes bet on college sports, and approximately 60% of NCAA Division I and 40% of Division III athletes did not know the NCAA rules about gambling. - Gambling by high school students is thought to be widespread. Parents reactions to teenage gambling: -Feel fear (imagine organized crime is involved) -Think they can handle it (most common reaction) -Think "thank god, it's not drugs" Characteristics: -Boastfulness, arrogance, optimism, external competitiveness, intelligence Signs of Compulsive Gambling: -Identification is next to impossible -Use the Gamblers Anonymous 20 questions for self-identification. - Sport psychology professionals should make referrals when negative consequences appear.

Physical, Pyschological and social reason for taking drugs

-Physical Reasons include: Enhance performance, rehabilitate injury, look better, control appetite and lose weight -Psychological Reasons include: Escape from unpleasant emotions or stress, build confidence or enhance self-esteem, and seek thrills -Social Reasons: Peer pressure and emulating athletic heroes

Exercise and sleep/quality of life

-Produces insignificant increases in total sleep time, but increases sleep quality substantially -Quality of life: A person's behavioral functioning ability—being able to do everyday stuff and living long enough to do it -Physically active people report a better quality of life. -Psychological Benefits -Exercise increases: Self-esteem, feeling of enjoyment, self-confidence, and mood states -Exercise decreases: Physical and psychological stress as well as anxiety and depression

Guidelines for providing social support

-Provide social support to athletes (coaches, significant others & medical personal) -Generally, athletes turn to coaches/medical professionals for informational support and to family/friends for social support -Social support needs to vary across rehabilitation phases

Reasons why stress delays injury recovery

-Psychological stress increases catecholamine and glucocorticoids, which impair the movement of healing immune cells to the site of the injury and interfere with removal of damaged tissue -Prolonged stress may also decrease the actions of insulin-like growth hormones that are critical during the rebuilding process -Stress also causes sleep disturbance, which interferes with recovery

Prevalence of Children in sports/Peak Participation

-So many children are involved (45 million in US) -Children are intensely involved in youth sport -Participation peaks at a critical developmental period in a child's -life (Age 12) -Organized sport is not automatically beneficial; qualified, -competent adult leadership is needed.

Six Categories of Performance-Enhancing Drugs

-Stimulants - increase endurance -Narcotic analgesics - sleep inducing -Anabolic steroids - build muscle -Beta-blockers - anti-anxiety -Diuretics - make you pee -Peptide hormones and analogues - growth hormones

Substance Abuse

-Substance Abuse- a maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance use indicated by one of two patterns of use: -Continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurring social, occupational, psychological, or physical problem that is caused by use of the psychoactive substance -Recurrent use in situations in which the use is physically hazardous. Some symptoms of the disturbance have persisted for at least one month or have occurred repeatedly over a longer period

Pravalence of eating disorders

-The most common eating disorder in the US is disordered eating -Example: Eating inappropriate foods at random times during the day -More likely to find eating disorders in gym, swim, dive, etc. Athletes have higher percentage of eating disorders

Injury and Personality

-There is no link between injury and personality -Personality factor- personality factors associated with athletes' injuries have not been successfully identified -Stress levels- People with high levels of life stress have more sport/exercise related injuries -The greatest stress sources for injured athletes were not t he physical aspects but the psychological ones (e.g., fear of reinjury, shattered hopes or dreams). -Teaching stress management can reduce risk of injury and illness. -Other stress-injury relationship explanations: -Overemphasis on acting tough and a "giving 110%" attitude -Failure to distinguish between normal discomfort and injury pain

Girls Steriod Use

-Traditionally, the use of performance enhancing drugs such as steroids has been seen as predominantly a male domain -Young girls (as young as 9) are using body building steroids to achieve a toned sculpted looks of models and movie stars -About 5% of high school girls and 7% of middle school girls admit to trying anabolic steroids at least once; use of the drugs has risen steadily since 1991. -Side effects of male sex hormones include: severe acne, smaller breasts, deeper voice, excessive facial and body hair, irregular periods, depression, paranoia, and "roid rage" -Also carry higher risks of heart attack, stroke, and cancer

Pravalence of Substance Abuse

-Two most abused substances in the US are alcohol and tobacco -98% of elite athletes said they would take a banned performance enhancing substance with two guarantees- they would not be caught and they would win -60% said they would do so even if they would die from the side effects

Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa

-Weight loss to 15% below normal -Intense fear of gaining weight or being fat, despite being underweight -Disturbance in one's experience of body weight, size, and shape -Females: Absence of at least three consecutive expected menstrual cycles -Potentially deadly (mortality rate of 5%) leads to starvation/ heart diseases -Suicide risk is 50% higher than the general population

Predisposing Factors of Eating Disorders

-Weight restrictions and standards -Coach and peer pressure -Sociocultural factors -Performance demands/ Judging Criteria -Critical comments about body shape and weight -Genetic and biological factors -Mediating factors

Identity Loss

-When athletes can no longer participate because of an injury, they may have a loss of personal identity. That is, an important part of themselves is lost, seriously affecting self-concept.

Three phase process of recovery

1. Injury or illness phase: focuses on helping the athlete understand the injury 2. Rehabilitation and recovery phase: focuses attention on helping sustain motivation and adherence to rehabilitation protocols through goal setting and maintaining a positive attitude. 3. Return to full activity phase: although an athlete is physically cleared for participation, complete recovery does not happen until normal competitive functioning occurs

Addiction to exerise

A psychological or physiological dependence on a regular regimen of exercise that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms after 24-36 hours without exercise

Pyschological Explanations

Increases in cerebral blood flow Changes in brain neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, endorphins, serotonin) Increase in maximum oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissue Reductions in muscle tension Structural changes in the brain

Understand underlying motives for withdrawal

Key: Understand underlying motives for withdrawal. Summary: -Most of the motives children have are intrinsic (e.g., to have fun, to learn skills). Winning clearly is neither the only nor the most common motive for participation. -Most young athletes have multiple reasons for participation, not a single motive. -Although most children withdraw because of change of interests, a significant minority discontinue for negative reasons (e.g., pressure) -Underlying the descriptive motive (e.g., fun) is the child's need to feel worthy.

Children in Stress in Sports

The majority of young athletes are not under excessive stress (less than 10% are) Personal characteristics of Children at Risk for Heightened State Anxiety: -High trait anxiety/ low self esteem -Maladaptive perfectionism -Low performance expectancies relative to team -Low self-performance expectations/frequent worries about failure -Defeat versus victory: Children experience more state anxiety after losing than after winning -Event importance: More importance is placed on a contest, the more state anxiety is experienced by participants -Sport type: Children in individual sports experience more state anxiety than children in team sports -Factors associated with burnout in young athletes -Overuse injuries from excessive practice -Excessive time demands -High travel demands -Love from others displayed on the basis of winning and losing -Perfectionism -Learning a positive approach to coaching results in lower player dropout rates (5% compared with 35% for untrained coaches).

Postive addiction to exercise

a condition in which exercise is viewed as important in one's life but is successfully integrated with other aspects of life (healthy habit)

Drug Addiction

a state which either discontinuing or continual use of a drug create an overwhelming desire, need, and craving for more of the substance

Anorexia

psychological disease characterized by the following: -Intense fear of becoming obese/disturbed body image/refusal to maintain a normal body weight/ amenorrhea -Unaware they have an eating disorder/ don't see themselves as abnormal/ have extreme control (negatively) over their eating

Prevent negative addiction

schedule rest days / work out regularly with a slower partner / If you're injured, stop exercising until healed / train hard-easy - mix in low intensity and less distance with days of hard training / if interested in health aspect - exercise 3-4 times a week for 30 minutes / set realistic short and long goals