Kin 371 Final

Abstract contains

1. Start with general statement about the relationship of key study variables 2. Problem statement 3. How this study attempts to address problem 4. Purpose statement 5. Conclusion statement (payoff statement to why this research matters

Non-parametric tests

Mann‐Whitney U test -(independent ttest) •Wilcoxon match‐pairs signed‐ranks test (dependent t‐test) •Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA by ranks (ANOVA) •Friedman two‐way ANOVA by ranks (RM ANOVA) •Spearman rank‐difference correlation-(Pearson's r

Chi squared uses what type of data

Nominal

Three parts of reliability

Observed score True score Error score

Ways of presenting literature

Oral presentation Poster presentation

Effect size can be calculated by

Pearson's R - Correlational studies Cohen's D - Experimental studies Predicted variance r^2 - correlation / regression

alpha level (level of significance)

Probability of chance occurrence •Set beforehand •"level of significance" •Usually set at .05 or .01 -Magnitude of Type I error

Type 1 error

Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true

Repeated Measures ANOVA

Same people complete a measurement of DV 3+ times

Poster presentation cons

Sometimes viewed as less prestigious •Can get "buried" in the poster room •May stand there hours without any good questions •Hard to fit everything •Many question

Factor analysis

Statistical technique used to group similar sets of data into basic components

Before your study you need to know

Statistical test (test distribution) •Expected Effect size (or previously published ES) •αlevel •Power (1 - B)

split-half correlation method

Taking the entire test as a whole and then the test is divided into halves even #s on one half and odd #s on 2nd half). The correlation between the half scores yields a reliability coefficient. Can be used for essay tests and attitude measures

Chi-square test

Testing the observed versus the expected Procedure for rank order data

Parametric data assumes

homogeneity of data. normal distribution curve

Variability

in a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean

1 IV 2 groups with 1 DV

independent t test Dependant t test

multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) aims to answer what question?

is there a difference among groups 1, 2, or 3 on more than 1 DV?

T-tests aim to answer what question?

is there a difference between group 1 and 2 on y?

Pearson's Correlation Test

linear relationship interval or ratio data

negative skewness

mean < median most of the data is at the end of the graph

positive skewness

mean > median most data is at the beginning

central tendency

mean, median, mode

If chi square statistic is smaller than the critical value....

fail to reject the null hypothesis

type 2 error

failing to reject a false null hypothesis

Research proposal should NOT be talked about in...

first person

to do a prediction of a regression line they must be....

found to be correlated

What tense is used in the method

future

univariate analysis

1 DV 1+ IV

Sample size for qualitative study

1 to 20

1 IV 3 groups 1 DV

1 way ANOVA 1 way ANCOVA

Multiple regression aims to answer what question?

Does x1, x2, x3, predict y?

purpose statement is located at the...

end of the introduction

Measurement always has...

error

Chi square is used when there is...

expectations

beta value (beta coefficient)

- Magnitude of type 2 error - as alpha increases beta value decreases

Post Hoc Testing

- conducted after you do an ANOVA - does multiple pair-wise comparisons to determine differences among groups - A vs B A vs C B vs C

Coefficients range from

-1 - 1

Oral presentation cons

-Any question is fair game •Technology fails when you wish it would not •More anxiety •Not in control of time frame•Less interaction with people

Confidence intervals

-Based on the fact that measurements have errors -usually set at 95% -need a critical value CI = mean +or- (SE x critical value)

Poster presentation pros

-Can view a large number at once •Go at your own pace •Great way to highlight the main points •Personal interactions •Can be less stressful

Oral presentation pros

-Practice of presentation skills •Show your research to a good/large audience •In control of what is presented •Seen as prestigious

Probability Sampling Methods

-Random selection -Stratified random sampling -systematic sampling

Introduction contains

-What is not known in the research -Purpose statement -Hypothesis -NO direct quotes

Power measures what? How is power measured?

-probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false -Ranges from 0-1 - (1 - B value)

goal is to hit an effect size of

.5

effect size values (meaningfulness)

0.2 = somewhat meaningful 0.5 = educationally meaningful 0.8 = clinically and practically meaningful

4 types of validity

1.Logical 2.Content 3.Criterion 4.Construct

Sample size for small survey

100-250+

T tests always have

2 levels of IV's

Multivariate

2+ DVs 1+ IV's

canonical correlation

2+ X variables and 2+ Y variables

Sample size for experimental study

30 per group

normal distribution curve percentages

34.1%, 13.6%, 2.1%, .1%.

Sample size for correlational study

75-200+

Sample size for large survey

800+

Example: on average the VO2 increased in the participants t(58) = 3.27 p < .05 What does this mean?

95% chance that the data will be replicated 5% chance that the data was due to chance

Inter-observer agreement

A measure of reliability of observers; the degree to which two or more observers concur that specific events or behaviors have occurred.

nonparametric statistics

A statistical method wherein the data is not required to fit a normal distribution. Often used ordinal data. Good for ranks. Inferential.

2+ IVs and 1 DV

ANOVA ANCOVA

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) aims to answer what question?

After accounting for variable c, is there a difference among 1, 2, or 3 on Y?

ANOVA (analysis of variance) aims to answer what question?

Are there differences between groups 1, 2, and 3 on y Determine difference in 3+ groups

Contingency table example

Athletes and nonathletes respond to: "A baseball player who traps a fly ball between the ground and his glove should tell the umpire that he did not catch it" Agree, disagree, or no opinion •450 participants in total

intraclass correlation

Can asses change over time Error variance and systematic variance inter-tester reliability

The accuracy with which a 12‐min run estimates maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in a group of male high school seniors represents a. logical validity b. content validity c. construct validity d. concurrent validity

Concurrent validity

criterion validity

Concurrent: correlate with a gold standard •Predictive: do scores predict some criterion?•Example: ACT, SAT, and GR

Comparing test items with the course objectives (course topics) checks which type of validity? a. content b. predictive c. concurrent d. construct

Content

Multivariate has multiple...

DV's

Objectivity is the...

Degree to which different testers obtain similar scores on the same participan

construct validity

Degree to which scores assess a hypothetical construct •Known group difference method •Correlation•Confirmatory factor analysis

Method contains

Design Participant description Measures Procedure Planned analysis

Dependant T tests

Do two related groups differ?

Independent t tests

Do two sample means differ from each other?

Logical Validity (face validity)

Does the test appear to measure what it claims to measure? •Test is valid by definition

Content validity

Does the test appear to sample the course appropriately? •Used with class examinations and attitude instruments

Regression aims to answer what question?

Does x predict y?

MANOVA example

Example: Among college students (Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior), do they differ on sleep, minutes of PA, and minutes of sedentary behavior?

Analysis of covariance example?

If we control for motor proficiency is there a difference in PA levels among 3rd, 4th, or 5th graders?

Inference Statistics

Inference is the generalization of data to a bigger group

Objectivity shows which type of reliability?

Inter tester reliability Meaning it should be replicated no matter which person is giving the test

Correlation data aims to solve what two questions?

Is there a relationship between X and Y? Is there an association between X and Y?

standard error of measurement

The standard deviation of test scores you would have obtained from a single student who took the same test multiple times Example: •Mary's body fat percentage score was 20.1% •SE of measurement = 2.4% •We are 95% confident that Mary's true fat percentage will fall between 15.3 and 24

strength of a relationship

True variance/ error variance (r^2)

contingency table

Two‐way classification of occurrences and groups used for computing the significance of differences between observed and expected score

Multiple t tests increase what?

Type 1 error

Contingency table is used for...

a chi square with two or more categories with two or more groups

standard error of estimate

a measure of variability around the regression line - its standard deviation

multiple regression

a statistical technique that includes two or more predictor variables in a prediction equation 2 or more IV's and 1 DV

Cohen's d

a value that is the difference of means divided by the pooled standard deviation

ratio variable

a variable that meets the criteria for an interval variable but also has a meaningful zero point Temperature

interval variable

a variable used for observations that have numbers as their values; the distance (or interval) between pairs of consecutive numbers is assumed to be equal. no meaningful zero

bivariate correlation

an association that involves exactly two variables

Prediction equation

an equation suggested by the points of a scatter plot that is used to predict other points

Cronbach's coefficient alpha

average of all possible split-half correlations

nominal

categorical data

Probability is statistics that is expressed by

confidence interval usually p < .05

non probability sampling methods

convenience, quota, snowball/referral

omega squared measures

determines the strength or magnitude of the difference in the mean scores Meaningfulness

Factorial ANOVA aims to answer what question?

do two or more IV's with multiple groups differ from a DV?

Line of best fit is found by

drawing a line that has the least sum of squares

more participants =

more power

If chi square statistic is larger than the critical value...

null hypothesis is rejected

Spearmans p uses what type of data

ordinal data

effect size

quantitative measure of the strength of your findings

Frequently populations are not______ so we use______ to justify

randomly selected, post hoc

Oridnal

ranked data (racers place when they finish)

Statistical significance in a linear data set is influenced by

sample size

unit of analysis

specifies whether data should be collected about individuals, households, organizations, departments, geographical areas, or some combination. school mean vs. student mean

structural equation modeling

statistical method that attempts to establish relationship to another hypothesis/DV through data that proves one DV

homogeneity of variance

the assumption that the variances are equal for the two (or more) groups you plan to compare statistically

interclass correlation

the most commonly used method of computing correlation between two variables; also called Pearson r or Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation

Assumptions to generalize are fueled by

theory and previous research