KINE ch 5

Which of the following occurs in the cognitive stage of learning?

A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity.

Identify a true statement about a person performing a closed skill.

The individual performing the skill is self-paced.

Positive reinforcement

It is given following a desired response.

Negative reinforcement

It is withheld following a desired response.

Identify a characteristic of bending.

It may be done in several directions.

The effectiveness of a pull can be enhanced by _____.

widening the base of support

True or false: The study of motivation focuses on the causes of behavior, specifically those factors that influence the initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior.

true

Since the 1970s, motor control researchers have focused on _____.

trying to determine how movements are coordinated

_____ are skills that are performed in a variable, unpredictable environment.

Open skills

Rank the processes of the information processing model in the order in which they occur.

1. input 2. decision making 3. output 4. feedback

Identify a performance characteristic associated with skill learning as identified by Magill and Anderson.

Adaptability

In the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned?

By helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action

True or false: According to the hourglass model, sand enters an hourglass from two containers, where the environment container has a lid and the heredity container has no lid.

False

Identify the areas on which motor control researchers have focused on since the 1970s? (Check all that apply.)

How information obtained from the environment is used to plan and modify movements How the sequence of people's behaviors is controlled

Identify the process within the information processing model of motor learning by which the information from the environment is obtained through the senses.

Input

Identify a necessary condition for swinging movements.

It should be continuous, rhythmical, and free flowing.

_____ refers to a condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal.

Motivation

_____ is concerned with the learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan.

Motor behavior

_____ is the study of the neurophysiological and behavioral processes affecting the management of skilled movements.

Motor control

In the context of the history of motor learning and motor control, identify a true statement about the events that took place in the middle period (1940-1970).

Motor learning research focused more on application, investigating such areas as transfer of training.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the initial stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired?

Movements comprising a skill exhibiting improper sequencing of parts of the skill

Identify a necessary condition to promote the learning of motor skills and improvement of performance.

Practice sessions should be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning.

_____ refers to the belief that one's feeling or attitude toward learning a particular skill will affect one's acquisition of that particular skill.

Psychological readiness

_____ is using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring.

Reinforcement

Which of the following would be considered a locomotor skill?

Sliding

Identify a true statement about a person performing an open skill.

The performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment.

In the context of the history of motor learning and motor control, which of the following statements is true of the middle period (1940-1970)?

The start of the middle period was marked by a surge of interest in motor learning.

Identify a characteristic of the initial stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired.

There is little body rotation or sometimes exaggerated use of the body.

Identify the goals of motor behavior as identified by Thomas and Thomas. (Check all that apply.)

To understand how motor skills are controlled To understand how motor skills are learned

Which of the following would be considered a nonlocomotor skill?

Twisting

Identify the goals of motor control as summarized by Thomas and Thomas.

Understand how the muscles and joints are coordinated during movement Understand how a sequence of movements is controlled

In the context of fundamental motor movements, _____ is a movement occurring at the joints of the body in which body parts are brought closer together.

bending

Skills performed in a predictable, stable environment are called _____.

closed skills

According to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning is the _____.

cognitive stage

In the context of motor learning, instructors help learners understand the task to be learned by _____.

giving succinct, accurate instructions in conjunction with other techniques such as demonstrations

Gallahue developed and continues to refine the _____ to illustrate how development is a continued process.

hourglass model

According to Magill and Anderson, a performance characteristic associated with skill learning is _____.

improvement

In the context of the information processing model of motor learning, _________is the process of obtaining information from the environment.

input

The skills in which the body moves through space are called _____.

locomotor skills

The information processing model explains _____ in terms of cognition and the processing of information.

motor learning

In the context of fundamental motor skills, _____ skills are typically done from a relatively stationary position, using a stable base of support.

nonlocomotor

The effectiveness of a push is enhanced by _____.

proper body position

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, _____ is a forceful action designed to decrease the distance between the body and an object.

pulling

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, _____ is a forceful action directed toward increasing the distance between the body and an object.

pushing

_____ can be defined in terms of physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn.

readiness

During the maturational period, early researchers focused on the _____.

sequences of motor development in young children

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, a _____ is a circular or pendular movement of a body part or of the entire body around a stationary center point.

swing

The range of a twisting movement is determined by the _____.

type of joint