KINES 119 Unit 1
Leisure
"a state of being" a feeling that all is well
What are the four steps in evaluating performance effectiveness?
1. Describe motions and body positioning 2. Identify forces affecting the motion (gravity, resistance, action-reaction) 3. Biomechanical principles that could help. -Momentum -amount gained or lost by a system, depends on the force and length 4. How to manipulate the crucial quantities. Movement techniques, changing loading
Which three behaviors are the root cause of nearly 1/3 of all the causes of death in developed countries? Which one do you think is the most important to change in the American population?
1. Physical Inactivity 2. Poor Diet 3. Smoking Decrease in PA and demographic transitions lead to increase of morbidity and mortality
Kinesiology Core Elements
1. Physical activity in health, wellness and quality of life 2. Scientific foundations of physical activity 3. Cultural, historical, and philosophical dimensions of physical activity 4. The practice of physical activity
What are the seven spheres of PA experience?
1. Self-sufficiency 2. Self-expression 3. work 4. education 5. Leisure 6. Health 7. Competition
what are the five principles that motor control addresses?
1.Degrees of Freedom-Coordination 2. Motor equivalency 3. Serial order of movements-coarticulation 4. Perceptual integration during movement 5. Skill acquistion
Describe at least one of the statistics on the number of individuals that find it difficult to perform Activities of Daily Living. Why do you think this is important?
13% of men and 21% of women aged 75-84 experience difficulty in doing errands on their own. This limits their sufficiency and sense of independence
Within-Group
A single group, where all participants exposed to 2+ different treatments and perform same task
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define health? Do you think this definition is exclusive or inclusive and why?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
How does the author define 'biomechanics'? What other disciplines are related to this area of study?
Applies mechanical principles to understand how forces affect an organism's physical body and the organisms ability to carry out its function. Its a branch off of physics, biology, kinesiology Mechanics-motion (kinematics and its causes (kinetics) Human body, hear skeletal muscles, bones, tendons
What is the discussion surrounding 'best', 'correct' and 'successful' performance for some movements that a biomechanist might be interested in studying? What is an example of this dilemma?
Best movement technique- not universal due to individual differences of height, strength, skill Successful- performer accomplished goal. Better choices are evidence-based, technique may be optimal for some goals, but not all Correct-individuals with movement disorders
What are the three experimental designs used in motor behavior research? Briefly describe each design.
Between group, within group, and descriptive
Why might prior experiences with physical activity or sports hinder your understanding of Kinesiology? Can you think of an example of an experience that you have had that might not fit in with the field or the research?
Causes to make assumptions and limit your point of view.
Between Group
Compares 2+ groups exposed to different treatments, but tests the same task
Summarize the argument and counterargument that competition is problematic.
Competition usually adds to one's level of performance and adds to the enjoyment. It can be distracting to some and decrease their performance
side-by-side competitive activities
Contests such as golf and swim racing in which individuals do not directly interact in striving to accomplish the goal
Summarize the difference between goals of 'discovery' and 'application' for biomechanical research. What do these goals help to achieve for human health and performance?
Discover the fundamental, universal theories that explain how forces affect our movements and the structures and functions of the bodies. (nature of movement sequences) Application- use theory and research to find answers to real-life questions and determine whether the theories work in real-life conditions or new theories are needed (weight-training for performance, rehab after injury, prevention, protective gear)
Human movements
Does not include involuntary human movements Must be intentional, voluntary, directed toward achieving an identifiable goal
Pick one of the types of activities described in the 'Gestures' or 'Dance' paragraphs and provide an example that you have experienced.
Emblems, Illustrators, Regulators, Instrumental movements, expressive movements,
Augmented feedback
Enhances practice and learning Extrinsic Knowledge of results and performance
Describe the motor drum theory. When was this theory developed and by whom?
Franklin Henry in 1960 The reaction time was slower for complex movement because those movements took more planning time
Go to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) website (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm) and report the top three causes of death.
Heart Disease Cancer Accidents
What are some of the behaviors contributing to increased inactivity in children? Have you observed any changes in these categories in your own life?
Increase in tv and screen time and increase of transportation to school (not walking)
Where does the knowledge contained in your kinesiology classes come from (scholarship of physical activity)? Are you aware of any work or research that has been done or is currently being done in this field?
Involves researching, reading, studying, discussing, lab experiences
Why do researchers employ novel learning tasks in their studies?
It eliminates the advantage some participants would have. Tend to be very simple tasks
Why is the information processing model used to represent the brain?
It reduces the complcity of the information into relatively simple commands, and on to the muscles (printer/screen).
Name one of the ways that motor behavior is measured in a research setting.
Kinematics
Kinematics
Location, velocity, acceleration of movement
briefly describe a research study that might examine one of the goals of Motor Behavior (bottom of page 172)?
MRI that sees what part of the brain is used while dribbling a basketball for the first time
What are some of the striking characteristics or attributes of the workers in America that contribute to their sphere of work physical activity? Have you seen any of these things change recently?
Manual labor is related to lower socioeconomic status, and vice versa is also true. There is a trend for "white collars" to be more active (standing desk), but this is by choice and not tied to career functions.
What is the most interesting tool used in biomechanics research and can you think of a few research questions you could answer using that tool?
Measuring movements, forces general, speed, angles Uses sensors for acceleration, gravity, magnetic fields, EMG Force transducer for ground reaction force Videos/software help a ton Computer simulations
Summarize the work done by Jeremy Morris and Ralph Paffenbarger in the 1950s.
Moris studied occupational PA and coronary heart disease Drivers vs conductors that climbed the stairs. Used this study to use PA as prev. and rehab of heart attack patients
How was cardiorespiratory fitness assessed in the National Canadian Survey of Fitness? What are some pros and cons of that measurement?
N=20,000 Heart rate response to step test Either undesirable, the minimum, or a satisfactory personal fitness level. Could be biased and not account for breathing issues Its a fitness test, but doesn't measure PA
What does NHANES stand for and what were some of their findings in this chapter?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: predicted maximal aerobic capacity based on heart rate response during a submaximal treadmill test
What are the three things about Newell's definition of physical activity?
No energy requirement or stipulation, the setting is irrelevant, simply moving your body does not count- must be purposeful.
A Kinesiology department on campuses serve as an academic unit for which careers?
PE, Coaching, PT, cardiac rehab, sports management AT, fitness leadership and management, public health and more
What other subdisciplines of Kinesiology might work with motor behavior researchers and why?
Personal Trainers to see if the ROM is correct or natural Adapted fitness to see if they have found new ways to do something Military researcher to see what techniques are best to help pilotes react
Choose one of these statements and explain it: 1). Children are not miniature adults, 2). Children are more alike than different.
Physical growth, info processing, experience, neurological development More alike due to gender, culture, and developmental age
Which of the forces described in this chapter is most interesting to you and why?
Push or pull on an object or body Heart as a pump Bones Air resistance, gravity, friction Forces applied to us by another object (ground) We also apply forces to other objects to manipulate its motion Forces as muscles acting on a bone
Efficiency Movement
Reduct waste and improve quality of life Engineers to biomechanics Entered college curriculums (1930s)
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
Relationships between body movements and math
What must a motor program do?
Specify the muscles involved in the action Select the order of muscles involvement Determine the force of muscle contractions Specify the relative timing and sequences of contractions Determine the duration of contractions
What job titles might a biomechanist hold?
Sport (dance) biomechanics Occupational biomechanics Forensic biomechanics Comparative biomechanics Clinical biomechanics Dental biomechanics Continuum Biomechanics Nanobiomechanics
Describe the skill acquisition process step by step.
Starts by lots of errors because cognitive demands are higher. With practice, errors become more consistent and make the same ones. The demands become less cognitive and more motor oriented. This allows to see the motor error not the cognitive error
Describe the relationship between structure and function in biomechanics research.
Structure is anatomy and function is the physiology
first principle of motor control
The brain uses the central nervous system to initiate and control the muscles that make the desired movements
According to the final analysis, what criteria does categorizing an activity as 'sport' or 'leisure pursuit' depend upon?
The potential for achieving the state of leisure
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems
Motor Control
To analyze how the mechanisms in response selection and response execution control the body's movement•To explain how environmental and individual factors affect the mechanisms of response selection and response execution
What are the three different subcategories of exercise.
Training, Health-related exercise, cosmetic exercise
What are some of the statistics on childhood obesity reported in this section of the chapter? What is the purpose of physical education?
US child aged 6-11, went from 7% obese to 18% in 32 years. Promoting physical health through exercise.
Who was Ruth Glassow, where did she teach and what was her contribution to the field?
UW madison, from Wausau, pioneer to biomechanics Classified activities into categories -Film analysis -Applied fundamental principles of mechanics -developed learning objective for teaching PE Earned highest honor
What are the two biggest questions in human movement biomechanics (page 235)? Which one do you think is most important?
Why do people move the way they move? (task, performer goal, performer characteristics, environment, and laws of nature and interactions) Is there a better technique for performing a given movement? (sports, lifting objects, walking, healthy status)
what the study of motor behavior helps us to understand.
Why some sports are more natural to some than others.
Describe figure 1.1 in your own words and be sure to define what is on each axis (x is horizontal and y is vertical).
X axis is time in years Y axis is % of obesity (BMI>30) in the English population Conclusion: As time increases, so does the % of obesity
Describe figure 1.3 in your own words. Why are these data important for students interested in Kinesiology?
X-axis: % Y-axis-Age Aging population is growing, greater proportion of older people, fewer kids being born Great impact on health care and prevention, also PA will be decreasing because of aging population
Describe figure 1.5 in your own words and what are some of the conclusions that you can make from this data?
X-axis: Countries Y-Axis: % of adults who do NO moderate intensity PA/week Conclusion: Netherlands has the lowest, and Ireland has the highest, US is on the higher end
What are some of the pathways of study or profession with an undergraduate degree in Kinesiology?
You can go health related field, or go towards research/scholarly related field.
Novel Learning Tasks
a movement task with which the subject does not have prior experience; usually a simple movement like linear positioning or tracking
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
actions that require some intellectual competence and planning Light house work, cooking, shopping for groceries
How does the American Kinesiology Association define Kinesiology?
an academic discipline which involves to study of physical activity and its impact on health, society, and quality of life.
activities of daily living (ADLs)
basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing
What are the similarities and differences between physical activity experience, scholarship of physical activity and professional experience in physical activity?
both involve listening and personal experiences, but scholarship has more of an academic view point and aspects.
Movement
change in the position of one's body parts relative to each other
face-to-face contact activities
contests such as football, wrestling, basketball, and soccer in which individuals interact with opponents' attempts to achieve the goal by physically manipulating their movements
Instrumental movements
critical movements required to attain the goal of the activity
Why are technical definitions important in the field of Kinesiology?
ensure that people working in a particular profession or science share a common understanding of key terms
Training
exercise performed for the express purpose of improving athletic, military, work-related, or recreation-related performance
Motor Learning
explain how processes such as feedback and practice improve the learning and performance of motor skills•To explain how response selection and response execution become more efficient and effective
Regulators
gestures that control the flow of conversation
Emblems
gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning
second principle of motor control
goal of most movements is to rely on the decision-making centers in the brain as little as possible once the movement is initiated
Expressive movements
idiosyncratic movements that are not required for goal attainment but that express something about the individual
Physical activity
intentional, voluntary movement directed toward achieving an identifiable goal
physical activity
intentional, voluntary movement directed toward achieving an identifiable goal
What are the limitations of the CDC's definition of physical activity?
it's too restrictive because it eliminates many types of physical activity- must be above the basal level
What is the relationship between movement and physical activity?
movement is a necessary but not sufficient condition for physical activity
Gestures
movements of the hands, fingers, or other body parts in order to communicate our intentions to others.
impersonal competition
occurs when participants compete against records set by themselves or others
Ergonomists
people who study human anatomy in order to determine how the objects that we use can be made safer, more comfortable, and more efficient
3 sources of knowledge in kinesiology
physical activity experience, Professional experience in physical activity, scholarship of physical activity
Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD)
result from repeated physical stress in joints and muscles which damages tendons, nerves, and skeletal structures requiring rehab therapy
Illustrators
signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize verbal messages
Health-related Exercise
to develop or maintain a sound working body and reduce the risk of disease for the purpose of healthy longevity
descriptive research
to observe and record behavior
Cosmetic exercise
training intended to reshape a person's body for aesthetic reasons
face-to-face non contact activities
volleyball, baseball, tennis, or racquetball, competitors interact by trying to maximize their own chances and decrease their opponents' chances of winning
Free time
when we are able to disengage from our everyday lives and carve out minutes and hours to do what we want to do
