Kinesiology Chapter 5

What are physiological readiness skills

the development of the necessary strength, flexibility, and endurance, as well as the development of various organ systems, to such a degree that children can control their bodies in physical activities.

What are the phases of motor development

(Gallahue): 1. reflexive movement 2. rudimentary movement, 3. fundamental movement 4. specialized movement. 5. Turnover. Balance between individual, environment, and the task.

What are the goals of motor learning

(Thomas and Thomas): Understanding the influence of feedback, practice, and individual

When was the early period of motor learning and motor control and what was its research focus?

1. 1880-1940 2. Research focused on how the mind worked, not the production of skills. 3. Thorndike: Law of Effect

When was the middle period of motor learning and motor control and what was its research focus?

1. 1940-1970 2. Craik focused research on how the brain processes and uses information to determine the motor response. 3. Henry - "Memory drum theory"

When was the present period of motor learning and motor control and what was its research focus?

1. 1970-present 2. Emergence of motor learning and motor control within physical education programs. 3. Closed Loop theory (Adams) Schema theory (Schmidt) Dynamical Systems theory (Kelso)

Name 3 classifications/types of fundamental motor skills

Locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative

What are the names of three Periods of historical learning development?

1. Early Period (1880-1940) 2. Middle Period (1940-1970) 3. Present Period (1970-present)

Describe the characteristics of each system of the Dynamical Systems Model

1. Individual: heredity, pat experience, individual characteristics 2. Task: demands, rules, difficulty, equipment, etc. 3. Environment: teacher skills and behavior, sociocultural, characteristics, weather, etc.

What are the 3 fundamental movement phases

1. Initial Stage (~ age 2) 2. Elementary Stage (~ age 3 & 4) 3. Mature Stage (~age 5 or 6)

Describe 4 components of the information processing model

1. Input: process of obtaining information from the environment/ senses 2. Decision making processes: input is processed, sifted, evaluated, and interpreted. 3. Feedback: information about the performance of the movement and its quality, appropriateness, or outcome. 4. Output: The response and its execution.

What are the three periods of historical motor development

1. Maturational Period (1928-1946) 2.Normative/Descriptive Period (1946-1970s) 3. Process-Oriented Period (1980s-present)

What are the two types of readiness skills

1. Physiological 2. Psychological

Describe 10 Motor Learning Concepts

1. Practice sessions should be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning 2. Learners must understand the task to be learned 3. The nature of the skill or task to be learned should be considered when designing practice. 4. The nature of the task and the background of the learner should be considered in deciding whether to teach the skill by the whole or the part . 5. Whether speed or accuracy should be emphasized in learning a sill depends on the requirements of the skill. 6. Transfer of learning can facilitate the learning of motor skills 7. Feedback is essential for learning. 8. Learners may experience plateaus in performance 9. Self analysis should be developed. 10. The leadership provided determines to a great degree how much learning will take place.

fundamental motor skills

1. Rate of progress in developing these skills varies with each individual. 2. Can be combined to create a specialized movement necessary in an activity. 3. Lack of development of fundamental skills may hinder future participation in activities.

What are the 3 goals of motor behavior?

1. Understand how motor skills are learned 2. Understand how motor skills are controlled 3. Understand how learning and control of motor skills changes across the lifespan Thomas and Thomas

Name the 3 stages of learning

Cognitive, associative, and autonomous stage 1. Cognitive: learner is endeavoring to understand the nature goal of the activity to be learned. Large number of errors and great deal of variability. 2. Associative: Basics of the skill have been learned and the learner works on mastering the timing needed for the skill. The learner's performance looks smoother. Concentration on use of the skill in performance situations, use of strategies. 3. Autonomous: Reached after much practice. Learner can perform the skill consistently with few errors. Uses strategies.

Define Dynamical Systems Model

Explains human movement as the result of the interaction between three systems: individual, environment, and the task. Characteristics of each system interact to influence movement. 3 systems: Individual, task, and environment

Define the Information Processing Model and name the 4 components

Explains motor learning in terms of cognition and the processing of information. 4 components: Input, decision making, output, and feedback.

Henry Memory Drum Theory

Role of cognitive activity in motor learning - middle period

What are manipulative skills

Throw, catch, strike, dribble, kick, volley

Thorndike Law of Effect

When responses were rewarded, the behavior was strengthened. Early Period

What are non-locomotor skills

bend and stretch, twist and turn, push and pull, swing and sway

Motor behavior

learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan. Three areas: motor learning, motor control, motor development.

Name 4 forces influencing learning

readiness, motivation, reinforcement, and individual differences 1. Readiness: acquiring new information or skills. 2. Motivation: basic factor in learning. A condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal. Focuses on causes of behavior. Needs and drives lead to motivation 3. Reinforcement: using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring. May be positive or negative. Tangible (money or medal) or intangible (verbal or pat on the back) 4. Individual differences: designing learning experiences to accommodate individual differences

What are psychological readiness skills

refers to the learner's state of mind. The desire and willingness to learn.

What are closed skills

skills performed in a predictable, stable environment - bowling, golf, acrobats

What are open skills

skills performed in an unpredictable environment. Environment is variable - tennis, soccer, rugby.

Motor learning

the study of the acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience.

Motor Control

the study of the neuro -physiological and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements.

Motor Development

the study of the origins of and changes in movement behavior throughout the lifespan. Encompasses biology and the environment

What are the goals of motor control

understanding how the muscles and joints are coordinated during movement, how a sequence of movements are controlled, and how to use environmental information to plan and adjust movements.

What locomotor skills

walk, run, jump and land, hop, leap, slide, gallop, skip, dodge