Kinesiology Exam #1 Final Set
intrinsic muscles in shoulder get loose in what level spinal cord injury
C5, C6, C7
prime movers
(Agonists) Provide the major force for producing a specific movement
facet joint kinematics
-(R) side bending- (R) superior facet moves inferior and posterior -(L) superior facet moves superior and anterior
what can strength testing provide to the clinician?
-a weak and painless contraction -a strong and painless contraction -a weak and painful contraction -a strong and painful contraction
GH joint osteokinematics
-abduction/adduction in frontal plane -flexion/extension in sagittal -medial/lateral rotation in transverse and superior-inferior axis
what are the common elements of diarthrodial (synovial) joint
-cartilage -ligaments -articular discs -joint capsule -synovial fluid -bursae
what is the purpose of palpation
-check for any vasomotor changes such as an increase in skin temp that might suggest an inflammatory process -localize specific sites of swelling -identify specific anatomical structures and their relationship to one another -identify sites of point tenderness -identify soft tissue texture changes or myofascial restriction -locate changes in muscle tone resulting from trigger points, muscle spasm, hypertonicity, or hypotonicity -determine circulatory status -detect changes in the moisture of skin
synergistic muscle actions of shoulder complex for shoulder elevation
-deltoid -rotator cuff
what are movements of the shoulder (clavicle and scapula together)
-elevation/depression -protraction/retraction -upward rotation/downward rotation -scapular tilting A-P and M-L
arthrokinematics of SC joint
-elevation/depression-convex on concave -protraction/retraction-concave on convex -rotation-spin of clavicular head on disc
osteokinematic motions of vertebrae
-flexion/extension -lateral flexion (right and left) -rotation (right and left)
osteokinematics for elevation/depression of SC joint
-frontal plane: A-P axis -30-45 degrees of elevation-costoclavicular; subclavius -5-10 degrees of depression-interclavicular; first rib
Degree of stability depends on
-height of center of gravity above base of support -size of base of support -location of gravity line within base of support -weight of body
what are examples of amphiarthroidal joints
-intervertebral joints of spine -pubic symphysis -first sternocostal joint
What are the supporting structures of GH joint
-labrum -capsule -3 GH ligaments -coracohumeral ligament -surrounding musculature
What provides the greatest support to the GH joint
-ligaments and muscles (primarily the rotator cuff)
at rest, humeral head is suspended by
-ligaments-superior GH; coracohumeral -negative intra-articular pressure
What are some functions of the ST joint
-maintains length-tension relationship of rotator cuff/deltoid -positions glenoid to receive humeral head -absorbs shock -permits elevation of body via scapular depression -enhances shoulder ROM
synergistic muscle actions of shoulder complex for downward scapular rotation
-pectoralis minor -levator scapulae -rhomboids
What are the common causes for temporomandibular joint disease
-poor posture: forward head -repetitive microtrauma
what are additional things that begin to develop if you're in bed for too long
-pressure ulcers -constipation -more related to side effects of meds
What all does the coracoacromial arch do
-protect humeral head displacement from glenoid fossa -
basic arthrokinematic joint motions
-rolling -sliding (gliding) -spinning -distraction
osteokinematics for rotation of SC joint
-rotation -long axis of clavicle; M-L axis -posterior direction with shoulder elevation -occurs after elevation at sternoclavicular joint is completed
pathology of GH joint
-shoulder subluxation -shoulder displacement -rotator cuff tear -arthritis -bursitis
Isometric activation are also called
-static -holding -contractions
osteokinematics for protraction/retraction of SC joint
-transverse plane; superior-inferior axis -15-30 degrees protraction-posterior sternoclavicular -15-30 degrees retraction-anterior sternoclavicular
What are the four sagittal plane curves?
-two lordotic -two kyphotic
synergistic muscle actions of shoulder complex for upward scapular rotation
-upper trapezius -lower trapezius -serratus anterior
what are some symptoms of radial nerve palsy or wrist drop
-wrist passively placed into extension, but patient is unable to hold position -function grasp/release is difficult -difficulty manipulating objects
What is the range of the ASIA scale
0-5
What are the three types of joints
1. Synarthrosis 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis
Snuff box from medial to lateral
1. abductor pollicis longus 2. extensor pollicis brevis 3. extensor pollicis longus
What are the muscles of the thenar eminence
1. adductor pollicis 2. abductor pollicis brevis 3. flexor pollicis brevis 4. opponens pollcis
the thoracolumbar fascia has three layers
1. anterior 2. middle 3. posterior -superficial -deep
what are the ligaments of the SC joint
1. anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligament 2. interclavicular ligament 3. costoclavicular-clavicle to first rib
what are two important nerves which supply the biceps muscle
1. axillary nerve 2. musculocutaneous
how many ligaments are there in the GH joint
1. coracoclavicular ligament 2. coracoacromial ligament 3. superior glenohumeral ligament 4. middle glenohumeral ligament 5. inferior glenohumeral ligament
biceps tendon restrained by which two ligaments
1. coracohumeral ligament 2. transverse humeral ligament
what are the large movers of the shoulder complex
1. deltoid 2. latissimus dorsi 3. teres major 4. pectoralis major 5. coracobrachialis
prime movers in abduction are
1. deltoid 2. supraspinatus
what are the 3 degrees of freedom in the SC joint
1. elevation/depression 2. protraction/retraction 3. rotation
What are the ST kinematics (movements)
1. elevation/depression 2. protraction/retraction 3. upward rotation
With ulnar deviation which two muscles work together?
1. extensor carpi ulnaris + flexor carpi ulnaris 2. extensor carpi radialis longus + flexor carpi radialis
What are the four types of forces that affect body motion
1. gravity 2. muscles 3. externally applied resistance 4. friction
what are the three components of an examination
1. history (chart, x-rays) 2. systems review (ID possible health problems that require consultation with or referral to another health care provider) 3. tests and measures (which tests to use based on research evidence)
what accessory muscle is used for expiration
1. latissimus dorsi 2. abdominal muscles
what are the two different types of kinematic chains
1. open kinematic chain 2. close kinematic chain
what additional muscles are used in inspiration
1. pectoralis major 2. serratus anterior
arthrokinematics of GH joint
1. rolling 2. gliding 3. sliding
muscles of the shoulder complex-scapular stabilizers
1. serratus anterior 2. trapezius 3. rhomboid major/minor 4. pectoralis minor 5. levator scapulae
what are two types of injury to the labrum of the shoulder
1. slap tear 2. bankert lesion
In OT we are mostly concerned about what two things
1. soft tissue: muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, arteries 2. hard: skeleton or bony structures
What are the four joints in the shoulder that helps to pick up the arm
1. sternoclavicular joint (SC) 2. acromioclavicular joint (AC) 3. glenohumeral joint (GH) 4. Scapulothoracic joint (ST)
what accessory muscle are used for inspiration
1. sternocleidomastoid 2. pectoralis minor 3. suprahyoid and 4. infrahyoid muscles
what are the two layers of a joint capsule in diarthrodial joints
1. stratum fibrosum-thicker, adds strength 2. stratum synovium-produces synovial fluid, nourishes and lubricates
The GH joint has what two bursa
1. subacromial 2. subdeltoid
GH joint capsular reinforcements
1. superior GH ligament 2. middle GH ligament 3. Inferior GH ligament 4. coracohumeral ligament 5. long head of biceps/triceps 6. rotator cuff tendons blend with capsule
what are the four muscles of the rotator cuff
1. supraspinatus 2. Infraspinatus 3. teres minor 4. subscapularis
muscles of the shoulder complex
1. supraspinatus 2. infraspinatus/teres minor 3. subscapularis 4. biceps/triceps brachii
three types of electrodes used to detect EMG
1. surface 2. wire 3. needle
motion in a cardinal plane around corresponding axes, two types:
1. translatory or linear 2. rotary or angular
by age ______, curves are similar to those of an adult. (thoracic/sacral: convex posteriorly)
10
ROM necessary for hand behind head
10-15 degrees of horizontal adduction 110-125 degrees of forward flexion 90 degrees of lateral rotation (external)
____________ loss of muscle strength per week for people on bed rest
10-20%
GH joint in resting position
20-30 degrees of horizontal abduction and 55 degrees of flexion
The AC joint has how many degrees of upward rotation
25-30 degrees
How many joints are located in the elbow?
3
how many degrees of freedom are in the SC joint
3
how many degrees of freedom for the AC joint
3
how many degrees of freedom is the AC joint
3
how many joints do the elbow consist of
3 joints
__________ loss of thigh muscle within 7 days for bed rest
3%
ROM necessary for combing hair
30-70 degrees of horizontal adduction 105-120 degrees of abduction 90 degrees of lateral rotation
During manual muscle testing (MMT) how many different planes of motion are there to test in the shoulder complex?
4
how many muscles are involved in raising the arm from the side and rotating the shoulder in many directions
4
how many sagittal plane curves do we have?
4
the AC joint consists of how many ligaments and meniscus inside the joint
4
increased HR of ____________BPM, decreased blood volume up to 20% in _______ days
4-15, 14 days
12 weeks of bed rest can reduce bone density by ___________ via excreted calcium
50%
the glenoid labrum increases the surface area by _______%
50%
center of gravity (COG) of head, arms, trunk is approximately ____________ body weight
60%
the GH joint is a true shoulder joint, which provides _________% of shoulder motion
60%
ROM necessary for eating
70-100 degrees of horizontal adduction 45-60 degrees of abduction
ROM necessary for putting something on a shelf
70-80 degrees of horizontal adduction 70-80 degrees of forward flexion 45 degrees of external rotation
ROM necessary for reaching perineum
75-90 degrees of horizontal abduction 30-45 degrees of abduction 90 degrees of internal rotation
True or false, typically when evaluating every patient you should always complete a full upper and lower body assessment, including manual muscle testing and range of motion measurements, for all joints.
False-you should complete a screen of the upper and lower body with a full assessment on areas of concern or when assessing strong side vs. weak side
GH joint: arthrokinematics
Flexion/extension—spin Abduction—superior roll; inferior glide Lateral rotation—posterior roll; anterior glide Medial rotation—anterior roll; posterior glide
what is the scale called that we use for strength testing
ASIA Scale
-facet joints nearly horizontal -50% of cervical spine rotation occurs at AA joints
Atlanto-axial joints
-two degrees of freedom -flexion/extension; small amount of side bending
Atlanto-occipital joints
-soft tissue structures connect bone to bones -joint capsule is watertight -shoulder capsule is formed by ligaments that connect the humerus to glenoid -main source of stability for shoulder -holds the shoulder in place and keeps it from dislocating
GH ligaments
who discovered the idea of needing to get people up and active
Dr. Richard Asher (1942)
total shoulder motion is a result of
Intricate balance between joints of shoulder Proper functioning and synchronization of muscles
-a body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will stay in motion, until acted on by an outside force -inertia is reluctance of a body to change its current state
Newton's first law
-acceleration is proportionate to the magnitude of the net forces acting on it and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body
Newton's second law
-for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force ex: basketball, player jumping, jumping out of the canoe
Newton's third law
This type of grip incorporates the entire hand and is used for gross activities to grasp an object rather than manipulate it
Power grip
what joint is where the arm attaches to the axial skeleton
SC joint
-separates joint into two cavities -motion takes place between clavicle and disc and between disc and sternum -serves as a hinge for motion
SC joint Disc
-occupation as ends and occupation as means -guide treatment planning and merge remediation -adaptation within a single occupational session -tendency to address underlying components or repetitive performance of functional daily tasks- "mutually exclusive"
Top Down
True or False: Because the cervical muscles are responsible for support and weight-bearing of the head, they are only truly at rest when lying down
True
True or False: the extrinsic muscles originate outside the hand and the intrinsic muscles originate inside the hand
True
True or False: when testing scapular abduction and upward rotation of the serratus anterior muscle, a grade 5 (normal) requires the scapula to maintain its abducted and rotated position against maximal resistance given on the arm proximal to the elbow, applied in a downward direction
True
True or false: normal function of the scapulothoracic joint is necessary for mobility and stability of the upper-extremity
True: functions include shock absorption, increasing range of motion of the shoulder, maintaining length-tension for the deltoid for greater stability, etc.
normal curves of the vertebral column enhances spine's ability to ____________ _________
absorb forces
The rate at which velocity changes
acceleration
patients who have difficulty breathing will use their ____________ muscles, so the chest elevates because of activity from the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostals, pectorals and __________ ____________. In these cases, the clavicle elevates, the sternum rises and the ribs expand.
accessory, serratrus anterior
clavicle and acromion makes up what joint
acromioclavicular joint
provides joint stability to anterior and posterior translation and horizontal stability to the joint
acromioclavicular joint
The coracoacromial arch is a protective arch formed by _____________ and _____________________
acromion and coracoid process
patients with C6 tetraplegia grasp objects by
actively extending their wrists
the primary muscle involved (primary mover)
agonist
When you're flexing your arm the bicep would be the ___________ and the tricep would be the_____________
agonist, antagonist
Ex: when you lift a cup (elbow flexion) the biceps brachii is the _______________, and it can be assisted by the brachialis to help lift the cup which would be considered the _________________
agonist, synergist
The primary muscle or muscles that flex the elbow include:
all of the above
depressors/steers of humeral head:
all rotator cuff muscles and biceps (use synergistic action)
what muscle is important in initiating low loads?
anconeus
The _____________ on the phalanges, holds flexor tendons in place and prevents bowstringing of the tendons during wrist and finger motions
annular ligaments
opposing muscle
antagonist
Apendages
appendicular skeleton
describes how joint surfaces move on each other (complexity-less friction, sensation, proprioception, dynamic response to wear and use)
arthrokinematics
muscle contraction occurs when motor units fire _____________
asynchronously
-head, vertebral column, sternum and ribs -transfers and absorbs forces from upper and lower extremities
axial skeleton
inferior angle of labrum gets torn force on the top causes this to happen
bankart lesion
-line of gravity is the vertical line downward from the center of mass -body is stable when the line of gravity passes through the center of BOS -Larger the BOS, more stable an object is
base of support (BOS)
an unnatural state for the human body
bed rest
What consists of two heads?
biceps brachii
damage to s1 and s2 results in what
bladder and bowel damage
Addresses problem first
bottom up
which flexor is considered the work horse of the elbow flexors?
brachialis
What is the weakest of the elbow flexors
brachioradialis
sandwiched between rotator cuff muscles and outer layer of muscles is a_________________
bursa
what are examples of diarthrodial joints
carpal bones, elbow, knee, shoulder, digits in fingers
examples of saddle joints
carpometacarpal joints, thumb
an amphiarthroidal joint is a _________________ structure
cartilaginous
What are the two lordotic curves (ant. concave)
cervical and lumbar spines
complaining of things that look like carpal tunnel, if you don't rule it out (pain) and can have thoracic kind too. Most common in cervical
cervical radiculopathy
The scapula works closely with what other component in the shoulder complex to provide a stable base from which the glenohumeral joint can function
clavicle
the scapula works with the ___________ to enhance total range of motion
clavicle
-distal segment is fixed, proximal parts move -provide more power and strength
closed kinematic chain
pull up, push-up, sit-stand are examples of what type of kinematic chain
closed kinematic chain
-maximum surface area contact occurs -Capsuloligamentous tissues are taut, under tension -minimal amount of accessory motion
closed packed joint
cut in half
complete tear
(positive work) a shortening of the muscle, motion occurs as the muscle shortens and the muscle's proximal and distal insertion points move closer towards each other.
concentric
ex: quadriceps muscle when an individual rises from a chair or the elbow flexors when an individual lifts a glass of water to their mouth
concentric
which ligament acts as a roof
coracoacromial
what does ovoid mean
create concave-convex relationship
elongation of tissue due to application of low-level load over time (prolonged stretch) Idea that you will be able to stretch tissues more easily if you apply a low level force over a long period of time.
creep
applying heat ___________viscosity
decreases
rotary distance is measured in
degrees
What is the largest, strongest muscle of the shoulder and is considered an extrinsic muscle
deltoid
injury to the axillary nerve results in loss of what muscle
deltoid
how far a force moves a body (displaced)
distance
compression, moving apart and coming back together
distraction
TMJ pain may be referred to
ear, head or face
ability to succumb to elongating forces and then return to normal when force is released
elasticity
examples of hinge joints
elbow, knee, ankle
-electrodes-surface, needle, indwelling are all components of:
electromyography (EMG)
a diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons). results of this procedure can reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with nerve-to-muscle signal transmission.
electromyography (EMG)
Although the wrist is often referred to as an ____________ joint, with two degrees of freedom, in reality it is a highly complex area of 15 bones, 17 joints, and extensive ligament system
ellipsoidal
indicates that the examiner did not reach the end feel (usually the patient is not willing to allow motion to end of range because of anticipated pain) feels like the joint has more range available. a pathologic type
empty end feel
when a normal joint is moved passively to the end of its range of motion, resistance to further motion is palpated by the examiner. Normally dictated by the joint's structure. Resistance can be hard firm or soft
end feel
The level of judgment necessary to make sense of findings in order to identify a relationship between the symptoms reported and the signs of disturbed function is known as...
evaluation
process involves a complex relationship between the clinician and patient, the aim is to provide an efficient and effect exchange and to develop a rapport between the clinician and patient. Also consists of gathering data and info concerning a topic.
examination
ability to stretch, elongate or expand
extensibility
What are the wrist extensors?
extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum
doors, exercise equipment, manual resistance
externally applied resistance
True or false: the pronator quadratus is easily palpable
false
TMJ is greater in females or males?
females
the symphysis pubis is a ____________ disc
fibrocartilaginous
What are the wrist flexors?
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus
Most powerful and largest muscle in the forearm
flexor digitorum profundus
The transverse carpal ligament protects structures traveling to the hand including these tendons
flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus
the facet joints are __________ tight and they act as a sponge and provide cushion for when we are moving
fluid
resistance to movement between two objects in contact with each other
friction
a closed packed joint is touching each other with the __________surface area they can
full
close packed position of GH joint
full abduction and lateral rotation
placing hand in small of back requires
full internal rotation
placing your hand behind the head requires
full lateral rotation
what joint is commonly dislocated
glenohumeral joint (shoulder girdle)
most prevalent "weight" of an object/body part. Add external object (weights) increase pull of gravity
gravity
the primary position of the shoulder is to position the ___________ for function
hand
The normal end feel for elbow extension is
hard
(bony) abrupt hard stop where bone contacts bone, as in elbow extension when the olecranon process moving against the olecranon fossa.
hard end feel
the symphysis is exposed to _________ compression loading
heavy
related to stretching: external forces applies distally to stretch joint result in ___________ stresses to articular tissues
high
what is an example of an open packed joint
hip joint
GH Joint: articulation between glenoid fossa and ___________ ___________
humeral head
which elbow joint has the most movement?
humeroulnar
during shoulder motion, __________ moves on tendon
humerus
applying cold_________viscosity
increases
what do you watch for upward rotation and downward rotation of of scapula
inferior angle
the bicipital tendon rides in the bicipital groove and every time you pick up your arm it moves. Overuse of this tendon results in
inflammation
Blood supply of the rotator cuff: arterial and venous supply are poor at __________________ which takes longer to heal when damaged
insertion
in frozen shoulder, there is no __________________ rotation
internal
The cartilaginous joints of the spine include two adjacent vertebral bodies with an ____________________ disc between them which are filled with fluid.
intervertebral
when a muscle produces force with no apparent change in the joint angle (contraction)
isometric
derived from greek isos, equal, and tonus, tension. contraction that causes a joint to move through some range of motion . Tension requirements change continuously in the muscle due to change or leverage and torque exerted by the weight changes.
isotonic
techniques seek to recreate arthrokinematics while minimizing stress to articular tissues; forces are applied proximally
joint mobilization
several joints interacting to produce a movement (ex: reaching, eating, kicking)
kinematic chain
movement without regard for forces that produce motion or movement -type of motion -direction of motion -quantity of motion
kinematics
forces that produce or resist movement
kinetics
What are examples of closed packed joints
knee, wrist, interphalangeal joints
strong shear stresses _____________ torsional forces in many sports
large
loose packed is __________surface area
less
in infancy, cervical spine develops ___________
lordosis
with walking, _____________ lordosis becomes evident. (cervical/lumbar concave posteriorly)
lumbar
what do you watch for protraction/retraction of scapula
medial border
Which bones make up the hand
metacarpals and phalanges
linear motion is measured in
meters or feet
longer muscles provide
mobility
with low back pain, the best thing for it is
movement
produce force on bone segment, active contraction or passive stretching
muscles
injured high up in arm-biceps resulting coracobrachilais paralysis, weakness of brachialis
musculocutaneous nerve injury
what is the biggest area of disability in OT
musculoskeletal conditions
radial nerve damage results in
nerve palsy
center of gravity displaced but remains at same level ex: rolling ball, wheelchair
neutral equilibrium
-distal segment is free to move -variable mobility rather than stability
open kinematic chain
reaching, bringing spoon to mouth are examples of what type of kinematic chain
open kinematic chain
-any position but "close-packed" -joint surfaces do not fit congruently -Also referred to as loose-packed position
open packed position
facet joints orientation determines which ________________________ motions are facilitated and which are restricted
osteokinematic
Most synovial joints are functionally classified as ______.
ovoid
Which one of the follow is NOT a primary wrist extensor
palmaris longus
-microtears -microtrauma -still partially held in place
partial tear
occur either at a different place in the range of motion than expected or have an end feel that is not characteristic of the joint.
pathologic end feel
what provides movement and support in the anterior shoulder
pectoralis major
in a stroke, the ___________ ______________ gets strong, so flexion and internal rotation of the arm happens
pectoralis minor
completes closure of pelvic ring
pelvic ring
The function of the GH joint is
placement of distal UE,overhead work
what is an example of an isometric exercise
plank
at birth, there is a single sagittal convex curve _______________________
posteriorly
these tests are only performed if there is some indication that they would be helpful in arriving at a diagnosis, used to help confirm or implicate a particular structure and may also provide information as to the degree of tissue damage.
provocative testing
What is the name for the clinical condition in which the radial head can be subluxed and is most common in children?
pulled elbow syndrome
pinched nerve that causes pain and tingling
radiculopathy
a goniometer is used to measure what?
range of motion
simplest force that produces the same effect as all forces acting on body
resultant force
convex moving on concave
roll and glide are in opposite direction
concave moving on convex
roll and glide are in the same direction
rotary or angular motion
rolling
motion around axis or pivot point, move at different velocities related to distance from the axis (elbow flexion)
rotary or angular
what are the deep muscles of the shoulder or intrinsics
rotator cuff
what kind of joint is the SC joint
saddle joint
The most commonly fractured carpal bone, the _________ is found at the anatomical snuff box and usually fractured during a FOOSH
scaphoid
Which one of the joints is a pseudo joint
scapulothoracic joint
facets can break, compress or
separate
When dysfunction of this muscle occurs, "winging" of the medial border of the scapula is seen
serratus anterior
weakness it what muscle results in winging
serratus anterior
Which shoulder motion can be tested in several ways to isolate whole muscle-pectoralis major, clavicular head, and sternal head?
shoulder horizontal adduction
examples of synovial joints
shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
All muscles that act on the head are inserted on the
skull
translatory or linear motion
sliding (gliding)
(soft tissue opposition) when two soft tissue surfaces come together producing a soft compression, as when the back of the thigh and the calf muscles come together during knee flexion; or elbow flexion.
soft end feel
indicates that subcutaneous tissues are pushing against each other and limiting ROM ex: bicep gets in the way of you touching your shoulder
soft tissue approximation
the body's levers are designed for ____________ rather than strength
speed
the thoracolumbar fascia assists with ______________ _________________ and enhances ability to lift heavy loads
spinal stabilization
what do you watch in the scapula for elevation/depression
spine of scapula
slippage of L5 on S1=
spondylolisthesis
indicates that a loose body is limiting ROM. Feels "bouncy" like you are compressing a spring. Ex: torn meniscal (knee) tissue limiting knee extension
springy
shorter muscles provide
stability
body returns to former position after light perturbation
stable equilibrium
-connects upper extremity to axial skeleton -causes most of the scapula's movement-major "transporter"
sternoclavicular joint (SC)
Of the muscles listed below, which contributes to combined neck flexion by forward flexing the neck so the chin thrusts forward and rotates the neck side to side. when the head rotates from side to side, it becomes the most prominent muscle of the anterior neck.
sternocleidomastoid
what is a major cause of primary and secondary immobility
stroke
What does SAIS stand for?
subacromial impingement syndrome
ST joint contains what bursa
subscapular bursa which lies on the serratus anterior
in the rotator cuff anterior stability comes from
subscapularis
SLAP tear stands for
superior labrum anterior to posterior tear
what are the ligaments of the AC joint
superior/inferior acromioclavicular superior/inferior coraclavicular
the ________________ lifts the arm up and once it gets to about 60 degrees what muscle takes over?
supraspinatus, deltoid
articulating surfaces of pubic bones-covered by hyaline cartilage
symphysis pubis
-fibrous structure-offers stability, little mobility -maximize stability -fit between bony segments very congruent and tight
synarthrodial joints
muscle perform functional activity conjointly
synergist
a muscle for which enhances the effectiveness of the movement
synergist muscles
The AC joint is what kind of joint?
synovial
The facet joints are what kind of joints
synovial
the glenohumeral joint or shoulder girdle is what type of joint
synovial ball and socket
inflammation of tendon
tendonitis
synovial sheath inflammation
tenosynovitis
Which of the following is not one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, commonly known as the "SITS" muscles?
teres major
in the rotator cuff posterior stability comes from _______________ and ______________
teres minor and infraspinatus
Why should extreme care/caution be used whenever manual muscle testing with the patient's head off the table?
the head is a heavy object suspended on thin support
what are the two kyphotic curves (post convex)
thoracic and sacral spines
connects ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, posterior intervertebral ligamentous system, and trunk muscles
thoracolumbar fascia
the clavicle and thorax rest on
thorax
How many motions occur in the vertebral joints
three
During shoulder extension muscle testing, why must the therapist's hand apply pressure over the posterior arm just above the elbow, and not below the elbow.
to isolate the muscles of shoulder extension and prevent interaction of elbow and forearm musculature
motion parallel to axis (all points travel same direction velocity and time-carpal bone sliding)
translatory or linear
scapular elevation assesses the upper fibers of which muscle
trapezius
with a spinal cord injury, which muscles can help breathe if accessory muscles are damaged from spinal cord injury
traps and sternocleidomastiod
Vertebral motions: disc and two facet joints form a ______________ therefore motion at one cannot occur without motion at others
triangle
Functional movement occurs because of multiple muscles acting synergistically to accomplish a task; muscles rarely act in total isolation
true
True or False: Grade 3 (fair) of cervical extension is tested against gravity in prone with patient's head off the table and therapist carefully positioned next to the patient ready to catch the head if needed.
true
True or False: degrees of freedom refers to how many planes a joint is allowed to move in
true
True or False: grip strength is assessed using a tool called a dynamometer
true
True or False: the shoulder complex permits the greatest mobility of any joint in the body and it's primary purpose is to position the hand for function
true
True or false: once a patient becomes dependent, it is very difficult to overcome
true
True or false: the ST joint is known as a psedo joint
true
True or false: the elbow flexor group is innervated by three different peripheral nerves-the musculocutaneous nerve, the radial nerve, and the median nerve
true
true or false as we get older, fluid in our intervertebral discs run out and we get shorter
true
true or false vertebrae enable movement, but also restrict excessive movement such as hyperextension and hyperflexion ex: whiplash
true
true or false: The GH joint is the most mobile and least stable
true
true or false: The larger the cross-sectional area, the increased amount of strength in that muscle
true
true or false: a tear of GH joint can be partial or complete
true
true or false: dependence is a steep, slippery and rapid slope for many patients
true
true or false: tendon of GH joint is subject to wear and tear as well as impingement
true
true or false: the AC joint has variable presence of articular disc, likely due to degeneration
true
true or false: the glenoid socket is flat and shallow and the humeral head is 2 times the size of glenoid
true
true or false: the shoulder is composed of three synovial joints and one pseudo-joint
true
body seeks a new position after light perturbation
unstable equillibrium
rate at which motion occurs
velocity
Coracoclavicular ligaments provide __________________ stability -coracoid process on the scapula to the clavicle
verticle
ability to resist changing shape when force is applied. force strong enough-doesn't return to original shape.
viscoelasticity
resistance to an external force that causes a permanent deformation, "sludge factor"-PAMS: apply heat/cold
viscosity
articular capsule=
water tight
injury to long thoracic nerve results in
weakness in scapular abduction and upward rotation and elevation
-point about which an object is balance -origin of gravity's force vector
weight and center of mass
forces acting on the symphysis pubis
what is this?
radial nerve palsy results in
wrist drop
