Kinesiology Exam #1 Final Set

intrinsic muscles in shoulder get loose in what level spinal cord injury

C5, C6, C7

prime movers

(Agonists) Provide the major force for producing a specific movement

facet joint kinematics

-(R) side bending- (R) superior facet moves inferior and posterior -(L) superior facet moves superior and anterior

what can strength testing provide to the clinician?

-a weak and painless contraction -a strong and painless contraction -a weak and painful contraction -a strong and painful contraction

GH joint osteokinematics

-abduction/adduction in frontal plane -flexion/extension in sagittal -medial/lateral rotation in transverse and superior-inferior axis

what are the common elements of diarthrodial (synovial) joint

-cartilage -ligaments -articular discs -joint capsule -synovial fluid -bursae

what is the purpose of palpation

-check for any vasomotor changes such as an increase in skin temp that might suggest an inflammatory process -localize specific sites of swelling -identify specific anatomical structures and their relationship to one another -identify sites of point tenderness -identify soft tissue texture changes or myofascial restriction -locate changes in muscle tone resulting from trigger points, muscle spasm, hypertonicity, or hypotonicity -determine circulatory status -detect changes in the moisture of skin

synergistic muscle actions of shoulder complex for shoulder elevation

-deltoid -rotator cuff

what are movements of the shoulder (clavicle and scapula together)

-elevation/depression -protraction/retraction -upward rotation/downward rotation -scapular tilting A-P and M-L

arthrokinematics of SC joint

-elevation/depression-convex on concave -protraction/retraction-concave on convex -rotation-spin of clavicular head on disc

osteokinematic motions of vertebrae

-flexion/extension -lateral flexion (right and left) -rotation (right and left)

osteokinematics for elevation/depression of SC joint

-frontal plane: A-P axis -30-45 degrees of elevation-costoclavicular; subclavius -5-10 degrees of depression-interclavicular; first rib

Degree of stability depends on

-height of center of gravity above base of support -size of base of support -location of gravity line within base of support -weight of body

what are examples of amphiarthroidal joints

-intervertebral joints of spine -pubic symphysis -first sternocostal joint

What are the supporting structures of GH joint

-labrum -capsule -3 GH ligaments -coracohumeral ligament -surrounding musculature

What provides the greatest support to the GH joint

-ligaments and muscles (primarily the rotator cuff)

at rest, humeral head is suspended by

-ligaments-superior GH; coracohumeral -negative intra-articular pressure

What are some functions of the ST joint

-maintains length-tension relationship of rotator cuff/deltoid -positions glenoid to receive humeral head -absorbs shock -permits elevation of body via scapular depression -enhances shoulder ROM

synergistic muscle actions of shoulder complex for downward scapular rotation

-pectoralis minor -levator scapulae -rhomboids

What are the common causes for temporomandibular joint disease

-poor posture: forward head -repetitive microtrauma

what are additional things that begin to develop if you're in bed for too long

-pressure ulcers -constipation -more related to side effects of meds

What all does the coracoacromial arch do

-protect humeral head displacement from glenoid fossa -

basic arthrokinematic joint motions

-rolling -sliding (gliding) -spinning -distraction

osteokinematics for rotation of SC joint

-rotation -long axis of clavicle; M-L axis -posterior direction with shoulder elevation -occurs after elevation at sternoclavicular joint is completed

pathology of GH joint

-shoulder subluxation -shoulder displacement -rotator cuff tear -arthritis -bursitis

Isometric activation are also called

-static -holding -contractions

osteokinematics for protraction/retraction of SC joint

-transverse plane; superior-inferior axis -15-30 degrees protraction-posterior sternoclavicular -15-30 degrees retraction-anterior sternoclavicular

What are the four sagittal plane curves?

-two lordotic -two kyphotic

synergistic muscle actions of shoulder complex for upward scapular rotation

-upper trapezius -lower trapezius -serratus anterior

what are some symptoms of radial nerve palsy or wrist drop

-wrist passively placed into extension, but patient is unable to hold position -function grasp/release is difficult -difficulty manipulating objects

What is the range of the ASIA scale

0-5

What are the three types of joints

1. Synarthrosis 2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis

Snuff box from medial to lateral

1. abductor pollicis longus 2. extensor pollicis brevis 3. extensor pollicis longus

What are the muscles of the thenar eminence

1. adductor pollicis 2. abductor pollicis brevis 3. flexor pollicis brevis 4. opponens pollcis

the thoracolumbar fascia has three layers

1. anterior 2. middle 3. posterior -superficial -deep

what are the ligaments of the SC joint

1. anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligament 2. interclavicular ligament 3. costoclavicular-clavicle to first rib

what are two important nerves which supply the biceps muscle

1. axillary nerve 2. musculocutaneous

how many ligaments are there in the GH joint

1. coracoclavicular ligament 2. coracoacromial ligament 3. superior glenohumeral ligament 4. middle glenohumeral ligament 5. inferior glenohumeral ligament

biceps tendon restrained by which two ligaments

1. coracohumeral ligament 2. transverse humeral ligament

what are the large movers of the shoulder complex

1. deltoid 2. latissimus dorsi 3. teres major 4. pectoralis major 5. coracobrachialis

prime movers in abduction are

1. deltoid 2. supraspinatus

what are the 3 degrees of freedom in the SC joint

1. elevation/depression 2. protraction/retraction 3. rotation

What are the ST kinematics (movements)

1. elevation/depression 2. protraction/retraction 3. upward rotation

With ulnar deviation which two muscles work together?

1. extensor carpi ulnaris + flexor carpi ulnaris 2. extensor carpi radialis longus + flexor carpi radialis

What are the four types of forces that affect body motion

1. gravity 2. muscles 3. externally applied resistance 4. friction

what are the three components of an examination

1. history (chart, x-rays) 2. systems review (ID possible health problems that require consultation with or referral to another health care provider) 3. tests and measures (which tests to use based on research evidence)

what accessory muscle is used for expiration

1. latissimus dorsi 2. abdominal muscles

what are the two different types of kinematic chains

1. open kinematic chain 2. close kinematic chain

what additional muscles are used in inspiration

1. pectoralis major 2. serratus anterior

arthrokinematics of GH joint

1. rolling 2. gliding 3. sliding

muscles of the shoulder complex-scapular stabilizers

1. serratus anterior 2. trapezius 3. rhomboid major/minor 4. pectoralis minor 5. levator scapulae

what are two types of injury to the labrum of the shoulder

1. slap tear 2. bankert lesion

In OT we are mostly concerned about what two things

1. soft tissue: muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, arteries 2. hard: skeleton or bony structures

What are the four joints in the shoulder that helps to pick up the arm

1. sternoclavicular joint (SC) 2. acromioclavicular joint (AC) 3. glenohumeral joint (GH) 4. Scapulothoracic joint (ST)

what accessory muscle are used for inspiration

1. sternocleidomastoid 2. pectoralis minor 3. suprahyoid and 4. infrahyoid muscles

what are the two layers of a joint capsule in diarthrodial joints

1. stratum fibrosum-thicker, adds strength 2. stratum synovium-produces synovial fluid, nourishes and lubricates

The GH joint has what two bursa

1. subacromial 2. subdeltoid

GH joint capsular reinforcements

1. superior GH ligament 2. middle GH ligament 3. Inferior GH ligament 4. coracohumeral ligament 5. long head of biceps/triceps 6. rotator cuff tendons blend with capsule

what are the four muscles of the rotator cuff

1. supraspinatus 2. Infraspinatus 3. teres minor 4. subscapularis

muscles of the shoulder complex

1. supraspinatus 2. infraspinatus/teres minor 3. subscapularis 4. biceps/triceps brachii

three types of electrodes used to detect EMG

1. surface 2. wire 3. needle

motion in a cardinal plane around corresponding axes, two types:

1. translatory or linear 2. rotary or angular

by age ______, curves are similar to those of an adult. (thoracic/sacral: convex posteriorly)

10

ROM necessary for hand behind head

10-15 degrees of horizontal adduction 110-125 degrees of forward flexion 90 degrees of lateral rotation (external)

____________ loss of muscle strength per week for people on bed rest

10-20%

GH joint in resting position

20-30 degrees of horizontal abduction and 55 degrees of flexion

The AC joint has how many degrees of upward rotation

25-30 degrees

How many joints are located in the elbow?

3

how many degrees of freedom are in the SC joint

3

how many degrees of freedom for the AC joint

3

how many degrees of freedom is the AC joint

3

how many joints do the elbow consist of

3 joints

__________ loss of thigh muscle within 7 days for bed rest

3%

ROM necessary for combing hair

30-70 degrees of horizontal adduction 105-120 degrees of abduction 90 degrees of lateral rotation

During manual muscle testing (MMT) how many different planes of motion are there to test in the shoulder complex?

4

how many muscles are involved in raising the arm from the side and rotating the shoulder in many directions

4

how many sagittal plane curves do we have?

4

the AC joint consists of how many ligaments and meniscus inside the joint

4

increased HR of ____________BPM, decreased blood volume up to 20% in _______ days

4-15, 14 days

12 weeks of bed rest can reduce bone density by ___________ via excreted calcium

50%

the glenoid labrum increases the surface area by _______%

50%

center of gravity (COG) of head, arms, trunk is approximately ____________ body weight

60%

the GH joint is a true shoulder joint, which provides _________% of shoulder motion

60%

ROM necessary for eating

70-100 degrees of horizontal adduction 45-60 degrees of abduction

ROM necessary for putting something on a shelf

70-80 degrees of horizontal adduction 70-80 degrees of forward flexion 45 degrees of external rotation

ROM necessary for reaching perineum

75-90 degrees of horizontal abduction 30-45 degrees of abduction 90 degrees of internal rotation

True or false, typically when evaluating every patient you should always complete a full upper and lower body assessment, including manual muscle testing and range of motion measurements, for all joints.

False-you should complete a screen of the upper and lower body with a full assessment on areas of concern or when assessing strong side vs. weak side

GH joint: arthrokinematics

Flexion/extension—spin Abduction—superior roll; inferior glide Lateral rotation—posterior roll; anterior glide Medial rotation—anterior roll; posterior glide

what is the scale called that we use for strength testing

ASIA Scale

-facet joints nearly horizontal -50% of cervical spine rotation occurs at AA joints

Atlanto-axial joints

-two degrees of freedom -flexion/extension; small amount of side bending

Atlanto-occipital joints

-soft tissue structures connect bone to bones -joint capsule is watertight -shoulder capsule is formed by ligaments that connect the humerus to glenoid -main source of stability for shoulder -holds the shoulder in place and keeps it from dislocating

GH ligaments

who discovered the idea of needing to get people up and active

Dr. Richard Asher (1942)

total shoulder motion is a result of

Intricate balance between joints of shoulder Proper functioning and synchronization of muscles

-a body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will stay in motion, until acted on by an outside force -inertia is reluctance of a body to change its current state

Newton's first law

-acceleration is proportionate to the magnitude of the net forces acting on it and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body

Newton's second law

-for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force ex: basketball, player jumping, jumping out of the canoe

Newton's third law

This type of grip incorporates the entire hand and is used for gross activities to grasp an object rather than manipulate it

Power grip

what joint is where the arm attaches to the axial skeleton

SC joint

-separates joint into two cavities -motion takes place between clavicle and disc and between disc and sternum -serves as a hinge for motion

SC joint Disc

-occupation as ends and occupation as means -guide treatment planning and merge remediation -adaptation within a single occupational session -tendency to address underlying components or repetitive performance of functional daily tasks- "mutually exclusive"

Top Down

True or False: Because the cervical muscles are responsible for support and weight-bearing of the head, they are only truly at rest when lying down

True

True or False: the extrinsic muscles originate outside the hand and the intrinsic muscles originate inside the hand

True

True or False: when testing scapular abduction and upward rotation of the serratus anterior muscle, a grade 5 (normal) requires the scapula to maintain its abducted and rotated position against maximal resistance given on the arm proximal to the elbow, applied in a downward direction

True

True or false: normal function of the scapulothoracic joint is necessary for mobility and stability of the upper-extremity

True: functions include shock absorption, increasing range of motion of the shoulder, maintaining length-tension for the deltoid for greater stability, etc.

normal curves of the vertebral column enhances spine's ability to ____________ _________

absorb forces

The rate at which velocity changes

acceleration

patients who have difficulty breathing will use their ____________ muscles, so the chest elevates because of activity from the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostals, pectorals and __________ ____________. In these cases, the clavicle elevates, the sternum rises and the ribs expand.

accessory, serratrus anterior

clavicle and acromion makes up what joint

acromioclavicular joint

provides joint stability to anterior and posterior translation and horizontal stability to the joint

acromioclavicular joint

The coracoacromial arch is a protective arch formed by _____________ and _____________________

acromion and coracoid process

patients with C6 tetraplegia grasp objects by

actively extending their wrists

the primary muscle involved (primary mover)

agonist

When you're flexing your arm the bicep would be the ___________ and the tricep would be the_____________

agonist, antagonist

Ex: when you lift a cup (elbow flexion) the biceps brachii is the _______________, and it can be assisted by the brachialis to help lift the cup which would be considered the _________________

agonist, synergist

The primary muscle or muscles that flex the elbow include:

all of the above

depressors/steers of humeral head:

all rotator cuff muscles and biceps (use synergistic action)

what muscle is important in initiating low loads?

anconeus

The _____________ on the phalanges, holds flexor tendons in place and prevents bowstringing of the tendons during wrist and finger motions

annular ligaments

opposing muscle

antagonist

Apendages

appendicular skeleton

describes how joint surfaces move on each other (complexity-less friction, sensation, proprioception, dynamic response to wear and use)

arthrokinematics

muscle contraction occurs when motor units fire _____________

asynchronously

-head, vertebral column, sternum and ribs -transfers and absorbs forces from upper and lower extremities

axial skeleton

inferior angle of labrum gets torn force on the top causes this to happen

bankart lesion

-line of gravity is the vertical line downward from the center of mass -body is stable when the line of gravity passes through the center of BOS -Larger the BOS, more stable an object is

base of support (BOS)

an unnatural state for the human body

bed rest

What consists of two heads?

biceps brachii

damage to s1 and s2 results in what

bladder and bowel damage

Addresses problem first

bottom up

which flexor is considered the work horse of the elbow flexors?

brachialis

What is the weakest of the elbow flexors

brachioradialis

sandwiched between rotator cuff muscles and outer layer of muscles is a_________________

bursa

what are examples of diarthrodial joints

carpal bones, elbow, knee, shoulder, digits in fingers

examples of saddle joints

carpometacarpal joints, thumb

an amphiarthroidal joint is a _________________ structure

cartilaginous

What are the two lordotic curves (ant. concave)

cervical and lumbar spines

complaining of things that look like carpal tunnel, if you don't rule it out (pain) and can have thoracic kind too. Most common in cervical

cervical radiculopathy

The scapula works closely with what other component in the shoulder complex to provide a stable base from which the glenohumeral joint can function

clavicle

the scapula works with the ___________ to enhance total range of motion

clavicle

-distal segment is fixed, proximal parts move -provide more power and strength

closed kinematic chain

pull up, push-up, sit-stand are examples of what type of kinematic chain

closed kinematic chain

-maximum surface area contact occurs -Capsuloligamentous tissues are taut, under tension -minimal amount of accessory motion

closed packed joint

cut in half

complete tear

(positive work) a shortening of the muscle, motion occurs as the muscle shortens and the muscle's proximal and distal insertion points move closer towards each other.

concentric

ex: quadriceps muscle when an individual rises from a chair or the elbow flexors when an individual lifts a glass of water to their mouth

concentric

which ligament acts as a roof

coracoacromial

what does ovoid mean

create concave-convex relationship

elongation of tissue due to application of low-level load over time (prolonged stretch) Idea that you will be able to stretch tissues more easily if you apply a low level force over a long period of time.

creep

applying heat ___________viscosity

decreases

rotary distance is measured in

degrees

What is the largest, strongest muscle of the shoulder and is considered an extrinsic muscle

deltoid

injury to the axillary nerve results in loss of what muscle

deltoid

how far a force moves a body (displaced)

distance

compression, moving apart and coming back together

distraction

TMJ pain may be referred to

ear, head or face

ability to succumb to elongating forces and then return to normal when force is released

elasticity

examples of hinge joints

elbow, knee, ankle

-electrodes-surface, needle, indwelling are all components of:

electromyography (EMG)

a diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons). results of this procedure can reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with nerve-to-muscle signal transmission.

electromyography (EMG)

Although the wrist is often referred to as an ____________ joint, with two degrees of freedom, in reality it is a highly complex area of 15 bones, 17 joints, and extensive ligament system

ellipsoidal

indicates that the examiner did not reach the end feel (usually the patient is not willing to allow motion to end of range because of anticipated pain) feels like the joint has more range available. a pathologic type

empty end feel

when a normal joint is moved passively to the end of its range of motion, resistance to further motion is palpated by the examiner. Normally dictated by the joint's structure. Resistance can be hard firm or soft

end feel

The level of judgment necessary to make sense of findings in order to identify a relationship between the symptoms reported and the signs of disturbed function is known as...

evaluation

process involves a complex relationship between the clinician and patient, the aim is to provide an efficient and effect exchange and to develop a rapport between the clinician and patient. Also consists of gathering data and info concerning a topic.

examination

ability to stretch, elongate or expand

extensibility

What are the wrist extensors?

extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum

doors, exercise equipment, manual resistance

externally applied resistance

True or false: the pronator quadratus is easily palpable

false

TMJ is greater in females or males?

females

the symphysis pubis is a ____________ disc

fibrocartilaginous

What are the wrist flexors?

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus

Most powerful and largest muscle in the forearm

flexor digitorum profundus

The transverse carpal ligament protects structures traveling to the hand including these tendons

flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus

the facet joints are __________ tight and they act as a sponge and provide cushion for when we are moving

fluid

resistance to movement between two objects in contact with each other

friction

a closed packed joint is touching each other with the __________surface area they can

full

close packed position of GH joint

full abduction and lateral rotation

placing hand in small of back requires

full internal rotation

placing your hand behind the head requires

full lateral rotation

what joint is commonly dislocated

glenohumeral joint (shoulder girdle)

most prevalent "weight" of an object/body part. Add external object (weights) increase pull of gravity

gravity

the primary position of the shoulder is to position the ___________ for function

hand

The normal end feel for elbow extension is

hard

(bony) abrupt hard stop where bone contacts bone, as in elbow extension when the olecranon process moving against the olecranon fossa.

hard end feel

the symphysis is exposed to _________ compression loading

heavy

related to stretching: external forces applies distally to stretch joint result in ___________ stresses to articular tissues

high

what is an example of an open packed joint

hip joint

GH Joint: articulation between glenoid fossa and ___________ ___________

humeral head

which elbow joint has the most movement?

humeroulnar

during shoulder motion, __________ moves on tendon

humerus

applying cold_________viscosity

increases

what do you watch for upward rotation and downward rotation of of scapula

inferior angle

the bicipital tendon rides in the bicipital groove and every time you pick up your arm it moves. Overuse of this tendon results in

inflammation

Blood supply of the rotator cuff: arterial and venous supply are poor at __________________ which takes longer to heal when damaged

insertion

in frozen shoulder, there is no __________________ rotation

internal

The cartilaginous joints of the spine include two adjacent vertebral bodies with an ____________________ disc between them which are filled with fluid.

intervertebral

when a muscle produces force with no apparent change in the joint angle (contraction)

isometric

derived from greek isos, equal, and tonus, tension. contraction that causes a joint to move through some range of motion . Tension requirements change continuously in the muscle due to change or leverage and torque exerted by the weight changes.

isotonic

techniques seek to recreate arthrokinematics while minimizing stress to articular tissues; forces are applied proximally

joint mobilization

several joints interacting to produce a movement (ex: reaching, eating, kicking)

kinematic chain

movement without regard for forces that produce motion or movement -type of motion -direction of motion -quantity of motion

kinematics

forces that produce or resist movement

kinetics

What are examples of closed packed joints

knee, wrist, interphalangeal joints

strong shear stresses _____________ torsional forces in many sports

large

loose packed is __________surface area

less

in infancy, cervical spine develops ___________

lordosis

with walking, _____________ lordosis becomes evident. (cervical/lumbar concave posteriorly)

lumbar

what do you watch for protraction/retraction of scapula

medial border

Which bones make up the hand

metacarpals and phalanges

linear motion is measured in

meters or feet

longer muscles provide

mobility

with low back pain, the best thing for it is

movement

produce force on bone segment, active contraction or passive stretching

muscles

injured high up in arm-biceps resulting coracobrachilais paralysis, weakness of brachialis

musculocutaneous nerve injury

what is the biggest area of disability in OT

musculoskeletal conditions

radial nerve damage results in

nerve palsy

center of gravity displaced but remains at same level ex: rolling ball, wheelchair

neutral equilibrium

-distal segment is free to move -variable mobility rather than stability

open kinematic chain

reaching, bringing spoon to mouth are examples of what type of kinematic chain

open kinematic chain

-any position but "close-packed" -joint surfaces do not fit congruently -Also referred to as loose-packed position

open packed position

facet joints orientation determines which ________________________ motions are facilitated and which are restricted

osteokinematic

Most synovial joints are functionally classified as ______.

ovoid

Which one of the follow is NOT a primary wrist extensor

palmaris longus

-microtears -microtrauma -still partially held in place

partial tear

occur either at a different place in the range of motion than expected or have an end feel that is not characteristic of the joint.

pathologic end feel

what provides movement and support in the anterior shoulder

pectoralis major

in a stroke, the ___________ ______________ gets strong, so flexion and internal rotation of the arm happens

pectoralis minor

completes closure of pelvic ring

pelvic ring

The function of the GH joint is

placement of distal UE,overhead work

what is an example of an isometric exercise

plank

at birth, there is a single sagittal convex curve _______________________

posteriorly

these tests are only performed if there is some indication that they would be helpful in arriving at a diagnosis, used to help confirm or implicate a particular structure and may also provide information as to the degree of tissue damage.

provocative testing

What is the name for the clinical condition in which the radial head can be subluxed and is most common in children?

pulled elbow syndrome

pinched nerve that causes pain and tingling

radiculopathy

a goniometer is used to measure what?

range of motion

simplest force that produces the same effect as all forces acting on body

resultant force

convex moving on concave

roll and glide are in opposite direction

concave moving on convex

roll and glide are in the same direction

rotary or angular motion

rolling

motion around axis or pivot point, move at different velocities related to distance from the axis (elbow flexion)

rotary or angular

what are the deep muscles of the shoulder or intrinsics

rotator cuff

what kind of joint is the SC joint

saddle joint

The most commonly fractured carpal bone, the _________ is found at the anatomical snuff box and usually fractured during a FOOSH

scaphoid

Which one of the joints is a pseudo joint

scapulothoracic joint

facets can break, compress or

separate

When dysfunction of this muscle occurs, "winging" of the medial border of the scapula is seen

serratus anterior

weakness it what muscle results in winging

serratus anterior

Which shoulder motion can be tested in several ways to isolate whole muscle-pectoralis major, clavicular head, and sternal head?

shoulder horizontal adduction

examples of synovial joints

shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

All muscles that act on the head are inserted on the

skull

translatory or linear motion

sliding (gliding)

(soft tissue opposition) when two soft tissue surfaces come together producing a soft compression, as when the back of the thigh and the calf muscles come together during knee flexion; or elbow flexion.

soft end feel

indicates that subcutaneous tissues are pushing against each other and limiting ROM ex: bicep gets in the way of you touching your shoulder

soft tissue approximation

the body's levers are designed for ____________ rather than strength

speed

the thoracolumbar fascia assists with ______________ _________________ and enhances ability to lift heavy loads

spinal stabilization

what do you watch in the scapula for elevation/depression

spine of scapula

slippage of L5 on S1=

spondylolisthesis

indicates that a loose body is limiting ROM. Feels "bouncy" like you are compressing a spring. Ex: torn meniscal (knee) tissue limiting knee extension

springy

shorter muscles provide

stability

body returns to former position after light perturbation

stable equilibrium

-connects upper extremity to axial skeleton -causes most of the scapula's movement-major "transporter"

sternoclavicular joint (SC)

Of the muscles listed below, which contributes to combined neck flexion by forward flexing the neck so the chin thrusts forward and rotates the neck side to side. when the head rotates from side to side, it becomes the most prominent muscle of the anterior neck.

sternocleidomastoid

what is a major cause of primary and secondary immobility

stroke

What does SAIS stand for?

subacromial impingement syndrome

ST joint contains what bursa

subscapular bursa which lies on the serratus anterior

in the rotator cuff anterior stability comes from

subscapularis

SLAP tear stands for

superior labrum anterior to posterior tear

what are the ligaments of the AC joint

superior/inferior acromioclavicular superior/inferior coraclavicular

the ________________ lifts the arm up and once it gets to about 60 degrees what muscle takes over?

supraspinatus, deltoid

articulating surfaces of pubic bones-covered by hyaline cartilage

symphysis pubis

-fibrous structure-offers stability, little mobility -maximize stability -fit between bony segments very congruent and tight

synarthrodial joints

muscle perform functional activity conjointly

synergist

a muscle for which enhances the effectiveness of the movement

synergist muscles

The AC joint is what kind of joint?

synovial

The facet joints are what kind of joints

synovial

the glenohumeral joint or shoulder girdle is what type of joint

synovial ball and socket

inflammation of tendon

tendonitis

synovial sheath inflammation

tenosynovitis

Which of the following is not one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, commonly known as the "SITS" muscles?

teres major

in the rotator cuff posterior stability comes from _______________ and ______________

teres minor and infraspinatus

Why should extreme care/caution be used whenever manual muscle testing with the patient's head off the table?

the head is a heavy object suspended on thin support

what are the two kyphotic curves (post convex)

thoracic and sacral spines

connects ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, posterior intervertebral ligamentous system, and trunk muscles

thoracolumbar fascia

the clavicle and thorax rest on

thorax

How many motions occur in the vertebral joints

three

During shoulder extension muscle testing, why must the therapist's hand apply pressure over the posterior arm just above the elbow, and not below the elbow.

to isolate the muscles of shoulder extension and prevent interaction of elbow and forearm musculature

motion parallel to axis (all points travel same direction velocity and time-carpal bone sliding)

translatory or linear

scapular elevation assesses the upper fibers of which muscle

trapezius

with a spinal cord injury, which muscles can help breathe if accessory muscles are damaged from spinal cord injury

traps and sternocleidomastiod

Vertebral motions: disc and two facet joints form a ______________ therefore motion at one cannot occur without motion at others

triangle

Functional movement occurs because of multiple muscles acting synergistically to accomplish a task; muscles rarely act in total isolation

true

True or False: Grade 3 (fair) of cervical extension is tested against gravity in prone with patient's head off the table and therapist carefully positioned next to the patient ready to catch the head if needed.

true

True or False: degrees of freedom refers to how many planes a joint is allowed to move in

true

True or False: grip strength is assessed using a tool called a dynamometer

true

True or False: the shoulder complex permits the greatest mobility of any joint in the body and it's primary purpose is to position the hand for function

true

True or false: once a patient becomes dependent, it is very difficult to overcome

true

True or false: the ST joint is known as a psedo joint

true

True or false: the elbow flexor group is innervated by three different peripheral nerves-the musculocutaneous nerve, the radial nerve, and the median nerve

true

true or false as we get older, fluid in our intervertebral discs run out and we get shorter

true

true or false vertebrae enable movement, but also restrict excessive movement such as hyperextension and hyperflexion ex: whiplash

true

true or false: The GH joint is the most mobile and least stable

true

true or false: The larger the cross-sectional area, the increased amount of strength in that muscle

true

true or false: a tear of GH joint can be partial or complete

true

true or false: dependence is a steep, slippery and rapid slope for many patients

true

true or false: tendon of GH joint is subject to wear and tear as well as impingement

true

true or false: the AC joint has variable presence of articular disc, likely due to degeneration

true

true or false: the glenoid socket is flat and shallow and the humeral head is 2 times the size of glenoid

true

true or false: the shoulder is composed of three synovial joints and one pseudo-joint

true

body seeks a new position after light perturbation

unstable equillibrium

rate at which motion occurs

velocity

Coracoclavicular ligaments provide __________________ stability -coracoid process on the scapula to the clavicle

verticle

ability to resist changing shape when force is applied. force strong enough-doesn't return to original shape.

viscoelasticity

resistance to an external force that causes a permanent deformation, "sludge factor"-PAMS: apply heat/cold

viscosity

articular capsule=

water tight

injury to long thoracic nerve results in

weakness in scapular abduction and upward rotation and elevation

-point about which an object is balance -origin of gravity's force vector

weight and center of mass

forces acting on the symphysis pubis

what is this?

radial nerve palsy results in

wrist drop