Kinesiology final exam
Greece →
"Golden Age" of physical education and sport, unity of the mind, body and spirit, "Body beautiful, Arete - the pursuit of excellence, vital part of the education of every Greek boy, national festivals (Olympic games)
Health Belief Model
-Adoption of a health behavior depends on the person's perception of four factors: Severity of potential illness Susceptibility to illness Benefits of taking action Barriers to action -Self-efficacy is an important component of this model.
Historical Development
-Late 1890s and early 1900s Norman Triplett conducted the first research on what became known as the Social Facilitation Theory. -1920s - 40s Griffith - the "father of sport psychology", began to develop and apply sport psychology Published Psychology of Coaching (1926) and Psychology of Athletics (1928) -1940-1965 Growth of research programs in motor learning and sport psychology Lawther - The Psychology of Coaching (1951) -Late 1960s and 1970s Emerges as subdiscipline of PE 1965 - International Society of Sport Psychology founded 1967 - North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity founded 1979: Journal of Sport Psychology begins publication. -1980s Researchers embraced an applied approach 1986: Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP) organized. Exercise psychology evolved as a specialized area of study. 1988: Journal of Sport Psychology became known as Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology reflecting expanding scope -1990s-present Rich diversity in approaches to the field and areas of study.
girls and women in sport
-Title IX of the Educational Amendment Act 1972 -challenges to the title IX -1988 Civil Rights Restoration Act -Compliance with the Title IX- 3 pronged test: proportionality, history an continued practice, accommodation of interests and abilities -Impact of Title IX: interscholastic sports, Intercollegiate sports -Expansion of opportunities due to: increased visibility of women athlete role models, fitness movement, women's movement, legislation -Factors limiting participation: financial constraints, societal constraints, discrimination
intercollegiate sport issues
-educational sport vs "big business" -governance: NCAA, NAIA, NJCAA -pressure to win: may result in the abandonment of sportspersonship, character and social development -academic achievement of "student-athletes": graduation rates
intercollegiate sport issues
-exploitation of athletes -gambling -retention of coaches -drug abuse -spiraling costs -media
goals of sport sociology
-factors underlying the creation and the organization of sports -relationship between sport and other aspects of society -influence of sport and sport participation on individuals beliefs relative to equality, gender, race, ethnicity, disability, and other societal issues -the social dynamics within the sport setting -the influence of cultural, structural, and situational factors on the nature of sport and the sport experience
intercollegiate sport reform
-in 1990, athletes' graduation rates were required to be monitored -elimination of athletic dormitories -reduction of time allowed in practice/week, and the length of the season
Native Americans
-limited participation in sports -factors that serve to limit participation: *poverty *poor health *lack of equipment *concern for loss of cultural identity -use of Native-Americans as mascots is often a reflection of stereotypical beliefs
sport in educational institutions
-rapid period of growth starting with the first collegiate athletic event in 1852, a crew race between Harvard and Yale -introduction and growth of sports at collegiate and interscholastic levels -concerns voiced about the educational value of sports (which is more important? academics or athletics)
interscholastic sports
-sports contribution to educational goals -arguments for and against interscholastic sports -concerns: overemphasis on winning, specialization at early age, restriction of opportunities for students, drug abuse, soaring cost, quality of leadership, losing sight of educational goals
sociology
-study of people, groups, institutions, human activities in terms of social behavior and social order within society -concerned about institutions in society such as religion, family, government, education, and leisure -influence of social institutions on the individual, the social behavior and human relations that occur within a group or an institution, and how they influence the individual, and the interrelationship between various institutions within society, such as sport, education, religion, and gov
historical development
1899- Veblen wrote "The theory of the Leisure Class", critiquing sport practices 1964- international committee of sport sociology, which later became known as International sociology of sport association (ISSA) in 1994 1980- North American Sociology of sport (NASSS) established Journals- Journal of sport and social issues (1977), International Review of Sport Sociology became known as International Review for the sociology of sport (1984), sociology of sport journal
Exercise and Adherence
Adherence to supervised exercise programs is low, with about 50% of adults who start an exercise program dropping out within the first 3 months. Only 30% of individuals who begin an exercise program will be exercising at the end of 3 years.
Civil War Period through 1900
Battle of the Systems: Late 1880s sparked debate among physical educators regarding which system of gymnastics should serve as the curriculum for American schools, 1880 - Boston Conference of Physical Training: No consensus on which system would best serve needs of American people, Posse - need an American system designed for the American people; growth of American sport in popularity: tennis, golf, bowling, basketball, Founding of AAU (Amateur Athletic Association), Revival of Olympics in Athens (1896), colleges and universities develop departments and expand programs, first YMCA opens up in US, expansion of intercollegiate athletics, emphasis on teacher preparation, scientific basis of PE, diagnosis and prescription of activity, organized PE programs in elementary and secondary schools, 1885 - Founding of the forerunner of AAHPERD.
Social Cognitive Theory
Behavior change is influenced by environmental factors, personal factors, and attributes of the behavior itself. Self-efficacy is central to this model. Individual must believe in his or her ability to perform the behavior and must perceive an incentive for changing the behavior. Outcomes must be valued by the individual.
Know benefits of more efficient level of cardiorespiratory function.
Cardiorespiratory endurance is body's ability to deliver oxygen effectively to the working muscle to perform physical activity Helps prevent hypokinetic disease Aerobic efficiency of the body
Know names of leaders in the US that contributed to the development of PE, as we know it today.
Charles Beck, Charles Follen, Catharine Beecher, Dioclesian Lewis, Edward Hitchcock, Dudley Sargent, Delphine Hanna, George Fitz, Hartvig Nissen, Baron Nils Posse, Amy Morris Homans, Luther Gulick, William Anderson, Thomas Dennison Wood, Robert Tait McKenzie, Clark Hetherington, Rosalind Cassidy, Jesse F. Williams, Jay B. Nash, Charles McCloy
National Period (1784-1861)
Charles Beck, Charles Follen, Catherine Beecher, Invention of baseball, first national Turnfest held in Philadelphia, first intercollegiate competition: a crew race between Harvard Yale. Intercollegiate athletics become increasingly common on college campuses. Horseracing, foot races, rowing and gambling on sport events were popular
Know the health risk factors that contribute to chronic diseases and the health benefits.
Chronic Diseases Major threat to health today. Hypokinetic Diseases Diseases caused by insufficient physical activity, often in conjunction with inappropriate dietary practices. Coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, non-insulin diabetes, chronic back pain, and obesity. Inactivity is a risk factor for several diseases. Individuals who lead a sedentary lifestyle have increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Inactive individuals have almost twice the risk of CHD as those who are active. The degree of risk is similar to cigarette smoking, hypertension, and obesity.
Understanding Behavior Change
Classic learning theories Health belief model Social cognitive theory Theory of reasoned action Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Ecological approach
Know the three (3) domains or classifications of behavior (cognitive, affective, psychomotor) in which learning occurs and what taxonomies have been established for each domain. Also, each domain has categories that will describe how learning occurs within that domain and objectives for each.
Classifications for behavior and objectives for learning: Cognitive - thinking Affective - feeling Psychomotor - doing Taxonomies Serve as a guide for professionals in planning for learning outcomes and achievement of desired goals. Organizes educational objectives in a progressive hierarchy, from low to high, using developmental theories as a basis for formulating objectives. Cognitive Domain Concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. Professionals can contribute to the knowledge of the human body, exercise, disease, and health. Bloom's Taxonomy - remembering, understanding, applying analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Affective Domain Concerned with how individuals' feelings about themselves, the learning experience, and the subject influence their learning. Krathwohl's taxonomy reflects the development of values, appreciations, attitudes, and character. Desired outcomes include a positive self-concept, enhancement of self-worth, self respect, and social responsibility. Psychomotor Domain Main focus of our field. Objectives focus on the acquisition of basic movements and perceptual abilities and emphasizes the development of fitness and highly skilled movements. Motor skill development Physical fitness development
Know difference between open and closed skills.
Closed skill: The environment remains the same during the skill performance; stable, predictable; self-paced EX:bowling Open skill: Environment is unpredictable and the performer must continually modify and adapt his/her responses to the ever changing environment; variable, unpredictable; extremely-paced EX: defending player in soccer game
Mechanism of Effect
Cognitive behavior hypothesis - promotes positive thoughts and feelings Distraction hypothesis - engaging in physical activity distracts individuals from cares, worries, and frustrations Endorphin hypothesis - physical activity increases secretions of endorphins, which are associated with improved mood and enhanced sense of well-being
Know the Stages of Learning and the characteristics associated with each stage. Table 5-1
Cognitive stage: understanding of the nature and goal of the activity; initial attempts at the skill - gross learning; what and how questions; instructor will demonstrate a skill Associative stage: practice on mastering the timing of the skill; fewer and more consistent errors; understood the how and why; learner becomes more aware of the errors and adjusts the performance Autonomous stage: well coordinated and appears effortless; few errors; "automatic" performance lets attention be directed to other aspects of performance; reached after much practice
Colonial Period (1607-1783)
Colonists led an agrarian existence - physical activity through performing tasks essential to living and survival, colonists brought sports with them from their native lands, puritans denounced play as evil; recreational pursuits frowned upon, reading, writing and arithmetic in schools, not physical education
Know the role of technology is assessment and some examples of some computerized assessment and record keeping systems and how they are used in the process
Computers- Help in maintaining records of test results or keeping a log of participants' involvement in the program (e.g., Fitnessgram, Activitygram, HealthFirst TriFit) Heart-rate monitors and pedometers Hand-held devices Smart mobile phones applications
Know what exercise physiology is and areas of study it encompasses.
Definition- The study of the effects of exercise on the body. Body's responses and adaptations to different exercises: System to subcellular level Acute (short term) to chronic (long term) adaptations Population served: Elite performer People of all ages and abilities Areas of study Effects of various exercises on various systems of the body. Relationship of energy metabolism to performance. Effects of environmental factors on performance.Effects of individual differences. Effectiveness of various rehabilitation programs. Ergogenic aids and exercise. Health and therapeutic effects associated with exercise. Effects of nutrition on performance. Cardiac Rehabilitation- Focuses on the assessments of cardiovascular functioning and on the effectiveness of various exercise programs in preventing cardiovascular disease and rehabilitating individuals suffering from the disease. Exercise Biochemistry- Examines the effects of exercise at the cellular level, specifically within the muscle cell. Exercise Epidemiology- Studies the relationship between physical activity and mortality. Pediatric Exercise- Studies the response of the body to exercise during childhood, including the effects of growth and maturation and how responses differ between children and adults.
Know the Mind-Body relationship and the terms (dualism and monism) how it applies to our field of study.
Dualism - belief that the mind and body are separate entities (e.g., the mind is superior to the body). Monism - views the mind and body as a fused, unified entity; neither one is superior to the other.
Depression Years (1930-1939)
Economic forces lead to cutbacks in PE programs and growth of recreational programs, physical educators more involved in recreational programs for the unemployed, growth of interscholastic, intercollegiate and women's programs, Charles McCloy (1886-1959) - advocated "education of the physical" and stressed the importance documenting results and measuring progress of using scientific data.
Know how energy is expended and how to maintain a neutral, positive or negative energy balance.
Energy expenditure through: Basal metabolism (maintenance of essential life functions) Work (including exercise) Excretion of body waste Maintaining a Neutral, Positive and Negative energy balance Energy balance Number of calories taken into the body as food minus number of calories expended Neutral balance Caloric intake equals expenditure Positive balance More calories consumed than expended Negative balance More calories are expended than consumed
sub-disciplines within Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport
Exercise Physiology- Study of the effects of various physical demands, particularly exercise, on the structure and function of the body. Sports Medicine- Concerned with the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports-related injuries. Sport Biomechanics- Applies the methods of physics and mechanics to the study of human motion and the motion of sport objects. Sport Philosophy- Encompasses the study of the nature of reality, the structure of knowledge in sport, ethical and moral questions, and the aesthetics of movement. Sport History- Critical examination of the past, with a focus on events, people, and trends that influenced the development and direction of the field. Sport and Exercise Psychology- Uses principles and scientific methods from psychology to study human behavior in sport. Motor Development- Studies the factors that influence the development of abilities essential to movement. Motor Learning- Study of changes in motor behavior that are primarily the result of practice and experience, specifically the effect of content, timing, and frequency, of feedback on skill learning. Sport Sociology- Study of the role of sport in society, its impact on participants in sport, and the relationship between sport and other societal institutions. Sport Pedagogy- Study of teaching and learning in school and non-school settings. Adapted Physical Activity- Concerned with the preparation of teachers and sport leaders to provide programs and services for individuals with disabilities. Sport Management- Encompasses the many managerial aspects of sport including personnel management, budgeting, facility management, and programming.
Rome →
Exercise for health and military purposes, Greek gymnastics were introduced to Rome after the conquest of Greece but were not popular - Rome did not believe in the "body beautiful", preferred to be spectators rather than participants, preferred professionalism to amateurism; Exciting "blood sports" - Gladiatorial combats and chariot races, "Duel to the death" or satisfaction of spectators.
Early Twentieth Century
Extensive interscholastic programs - controversy over programs for girls, growth of intramural programs and emphasis on games and sports in our programs, Increased concern for the physically underdeveloped in our society, Playground movement, Higher standards for teacher training (4 year preparation), NCAA established to monitor collegiate athletics; Names: Thomas Dennison Wood, Robert Tait McKenzie, Clark Hetherington, Rosalind Cassidy, Jesse F. Williams, Jay B. Nash, Charles McCloy
Know what is involved in feedback, resulting from either knowledge of results or knowledge of performance.
Feedback is the information about the performance of the movement and its quality, appropriateness, or outcome. The knowledge gained from feedback can be used to improve the decision making process, thus eventually using the feedback to improve performance. Feedback is essential for learning. Knowledge of results (KR) Knowledge of performance (KP) Learners may experience plateaus in learning. Promote the development of self-analysis. Leadership influences the amount of learning.
Denmark →
Franz Nachtegall - "father" of Danish gymnastics; worked with Danish public schools to incorporate PE into their curriculum, established a school to train teachers of gymnastics for the army and for the schools, gymnastics emphasized fitness and strength, with formalized exercises being performed on command
Know the significant legislation impacting PE and sports, especially concerning women and individuals with disabilities.
Girls and women in Sport: rapid growth since the passage of Title IX in 1972 Federal Legislation 1973 - PL 93-122 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1975 - PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 1978 - PL 95-696 Amateur Sports Act of 1978 1986 - PL 99-457 Education for All Handicapped Children Amendments 1990 - PL 101-336 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1990 - 101-336 Americans with Disabilities Act 1998 - PL 105-277 Olympic and Amateur Sports Act Paralympics
Know difference between goals and objectives
Goals Statements of purposes, intents, and aims that reflect desired accomplishments. Expressed as general statements and are broad in their direction. State long-term outcomes to be achieved by participants in the program. Objectives Derived from goals, but are more specific. Describe learning, specifically what individuals should know, do, or feel as a result of instruction. Short-term statements of specific outcomes that build cumulatively to reach a goal.
Know the different formulas to determine Target Zone (Maximal Heart Rate or Heart Rate Reserve (Karvonen Equation) for cardiorespiratory fitness to occur.
HR max= 220 bpm - (subtract) age Target zone= 55% to 90% HR max Lower threshold target HR= HR max x 55% Upper threshold target HR= HR max x 90%
Know the difference between health, holistic health and wellness
Health - 'a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (World Health Organization, 1947). Holistic Health - focuses on the whole person and encompasses the intellectual and spiritual dimensions of health in addition to the physical, mental, and social dimensions. Wellness - state of optimal health and well-being in which an individual's physical, emotional, social, mental, spiritual, and environmental aspects of health are in balance.
Know the different Allied Fields such as health, recreation and leisure and dance
Health - Concerns itself with the total well-being of the individual, encompassing physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual health. Recreation and Leisure - Self-chosen activities that provide a means of revitalizing and refreshing one's body and spirit. Dance - A physical activity and performing art that gives participants, of all ages, an opportunity for aesthetic expression through movement.
Know the goals of the Healthy People 2020 initiative.
Healthy People 2020 - Improving the Health of Americans Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
Great Britain →
Home of outdoor sports and recreational pursuits; Maclaren - Eager to make physical training a science; system adopted by the British Army, health is more important than strength, exercise adapted to the individual, physical education essential in school curriculum;
Dealing with Violence in Sport
How violent is too violent? Where do you draw the line? Are stricter penalties imposed at all levels of sport the solution? Will playing within the spirit of the game and rules, and respecting opponents reduce violence?
Mid-Twentieth Century (1940-1970)
Impact of WW II physical training programs; Physical fitness movement: President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports; Athletics: Increased opportunities for girls and women, Increased interest in lifetime sports, Sport programs below high school level increased, Increased number of intramural programs; Professional preparation: Colleges and universities increase programs for teachers, American College of Sports Medicine (1954), National Athletic Trainers' Association (1950); Programs for individuals with disabilities: special Olympics (1968); Research grows in importance and becomes increasingly specialized.
Psychological Benefits of Physical Activity
Improves health-related quality of life. Improves one's mood. Alleviates symptoms associated with mild depression. Reduces anxiety. Aids in managing stress. Enhances self-concept, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-confidence. Offers opportunities for affiliation with others. Offers opportunities to experience "peak" moments. Provides recreation and a change of pace. Offers an opportunity for individuals to challenge themselves and strive for mastery. Offers creative and aesthetic experiences. Increasing recognition of physical activity as a therapeutic modality.
Dynamical Systems Model
Individuals involved in teaching human movement skills need to consider the interaction of all three systems in designing learning experiences to develop skills. The Environment and Task systems are the most easily manipulated by the teacher to facilitate the acquisition and development of motor skills. Understanding how an individual learns can help the teacher make the learning process easier and less frustrating. (for real model look at study guide)
Know the health-related and skill-related components of fitness.
Individuals who are "physically fit" have the ability to: "carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies. Health Fitness Body composition Cardiorespiratory endurance Flexibility Muscular endurance Muscular strength Performance/Skill Fitness Agility Balance Coordination Speed Reaction Time Power
Motivation
Influences the initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation Intrinsic - motive derived from individual's own desires, needs, goals, enjoyment, and aspirations Extrinsic - motive for engagement focuses on gaining external rewards Critical to achievement Setting long and short-term goals help individuals focus their behavior and energies
Know ways to analyze and study motion and the difference between quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Instruments used to analyze and study motion: Computers Simulation Analysis Motion capture High speed imaging Stroboscopy Videography Anthropometry Timing devices Electrogoniometry Electromyography Dynamography Telemetry Quantitative Analysis Produced through the use of instruments. Qualitative Analysis Produced through the observation of the mover
minorities in sport
Integration of sports -1926, Jackie Robinson became the first African-American to play professional baseball for the Dodgers Underrepresentation of minorities in certain sports and sport administration stacking- players from certain racial or ethnic groups are disproportionately represented at certain positions other problems: disparity in treatment by coaches, sacrifice of educational goals for athletic goals, social isolation, prejudiced attitudes held by coaches and teammates
Know different types of exercises that can be used to develop strength and endurance.
Isometric Exercise Muscles exert force against an immovable object Static contraction Isotonic Exercise Force is generated while the muscle is changing in length Concentric and eccentric contractions Isokinetic Exercises Contractions are performed at a constant velocity
Know definition of kinesiology and biomechanical terms.
Kinesiology: the scientific study of human movement. Involves the study of skeletal framework, the structure of muscles and their functions, the action of joints, and the neuromuscular basis of movement Biomechanics: subdiscipline of kinesiology, focuses on the application of the scientific principles of mechanics to understand movements and actions of human bodies and sport implements Velocity: speed and direction of the body Acceleration: Change in velocity involving speed or direction Angular velocity: angle that is rotated in a given unit of time Angular acceleration: change of angular velocity for a unit of time Mass: amount of matter possessed by an object Force: any action that changes or tends to change the motion of an object Pressure: ratio of force to the area over which force is applied Gravity: Natural force that pulls all objects toward the center of the earth, Center of gravity Friction: Force that occurs when surfaces come in contact and results from the sliding of one surface on the other Work: Force that is applied to a body through a distance and in direction of the force Power: Amount of work accomplished in one unit of time Energy: Capacity of the body to perform work - Kinetic energy and potential energy Torque: Twisting, turning, or rotary force related to the production of angular acceleration
Classic Learning Theories
Learning a new behavior is achieved by altering the many small behaviors that compose the overall behavior. Break behavior down into smaller goals to be achieved. Work incrementally toward goal. Reinforcement is important; provide rewards and incentives (both immediate and long-range).
Know changing demographics, the terms associated with demographics and its implications for our field of study.
Life expectancy: life expectancy of the US pop rose to 78.7 years; with whites and women outliving blacks and men by over 4 years. This compares to 47.3 in 1900 and 68.2 years in 1950 Age distribution- older adults: in 2010, 40.3 million people (13% of population) was 65 or older. By 2030, it is projected that 20% of the pop will be 65 or older Age distribution- under the age of 18: in 2020, approximately 24% of the pop will be under the age of 18 Fastest growing pop group: Hispanic are the fastest growing racial and ethnic group as they are expected to comprise 25% of the pop by 2050 Implications: important for professionals to reflect on their view of cultural diversity, because culture influences an individuals health, beliefs, activities, access to care, adherence to programs, and treatment outcomes cultural diversity can be defined as "differences associated with gender, race, national origin, ethnicity, social class, religion, age, and ability/disability, but it can also be extended to include differences in personality, sexual orientation, veteran status, physical appearance, marital status, and parental status" importance for professionals to continuously develop their cultural competency through awareness and reflection of their own values, beliefs, biases, and prejudices culture- refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups competency- implies having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities
Know the fundamental motor skills: locomotor, nonlocomotor, manipulative skills.
Locomotor: Examples: walking, running, jumping, hopping, leaping, sliding, skipping, galloping, dodging Nonlocomotor: Examples: bending, stretching, pushing, pulling, twisting, turning, swinging Manipulative skills: Examples: throwing, catching, striking, kicking, dribbling, volleying
Know how to define philosophy and its importance
Means the love of wisdom (source) Set of beliefs relating to a particular field A system of values by which one lives or works Helps individuals address the problems that confront them through the use of critical thinking, logical analysis, and reflective appraisal
Know the difference between measurement, evaluation and assessment and purposes of assessment.
Measurement- Process of gathering information or collecting data. Evaluation- Process of interpreting the information or data. Assessment- Process of gathering information to learn what participants know and are able to do in order to determine their progress toward achievement of the goals and objectives.
Know about metabolism, where we get energy, how it is broken down and how ATP is used as energy, either anaerobically or aerobically.
Metabolism- the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Where do we get energy? Anaerobic (6-60 seconds) Any type of sprint (running, swimming, cycling) Short-duration (sprints, shot-put) or power, quick explosive activities (football/gymnastics movements) Combined systems (1-3 minutes) Medium-distance activities (400 & 800 meters) Intermittent sport activities Aerobic (More than 3 minutes) Long-distance events Long-duration intermittent sport activities Two ways to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as energy to perform muscular activity: Anaerobic system Without oxygen High energy expenditure, short time (6-60 seconds) Aerobic system With oxygen Lower rate of energy expenditure, longer period of time (more than 3 minutes)
Know the six (6) branches of philosophy (the focus or general questions), as well as the six (6) major philosophies and how they differ.
Metaphysics- Addresses the ultimate nature of reality; what is real and exists. Epistemology- Examines the nature of knowledge. Logic- Focuses on the examination of ideas in an orderly and systematic way and how ideas relate to each other Axiology- Examines the nature of values. Ethics- Concerned with issues of right and wrong, responsibility, and standards of conduct. Aesthetics- Studies the nature of beauty and art.
Know the non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors in disease occurrence discussed in Chapter 3
Modifiable risk factor- something you can change or control (ex: cardiovascular disease) physical inactivity Diet- high levels of fat in your diet smoking/tobacco Sun exposure Obesity Alcohol use Non- modifiable risk factors- something you cannot change or control Genetics- Heredity Age Gender Race Ethnicity
Know difference between motor learning, motor control, and motor development.
Motor Learning → the study of the acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience Motor Control → the study of the neurophysiological and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements Motor Development → the study of the origins of and changes in movement behavior throughout the lifespan
Golden Twenties (1920-1929)
Move away from formal systems of gymnastics toward games, sports, and valuable recreation and leisure time, "New" physical education emphasized contribution to the total development of the individual; "education through the physical" vs. "education of the physical", calls for reform of collegiate athletics due to increasing professionalism, public entertainment, and commercialization, women's programs increase staff, activities, required participation, and facilities.
Know the different categories of nutrients and the dietary guidelines that should be followed.
Nutrients Carbs Fats Proteins Vitamins Mineral Water Dietary Guidelines Balance Calories to manage weight through appropriate eating and physical activity practices Reduce the amount of sodium, saturated fats, and sugars that are consumed and limit alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks per day Increase the amount of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat milk, dietary fiber, seafood and other proteins, and oils consumed per day/week Build a healthy eating pattern/plan
Violence in Sport
Overextension of physical and psychological intimidation of opponents. Bench clearing "brawls" in sports. Use of "enforcers" on some teams. Violence at the upper levels of sports influences actions of children and youth at lower levels of sport with the help of the media glamorizing it. Spectator and parental violence.
Germany →
Period of nationalism - focus on development of strong citizens through school and community programs of physical education; physical education should be included in school curriculum - programs emphasize the development of strength; Germany's Leaders: Basedow, Guts Muths, Jahn, Spiess
World War I (1916-1919)
Physical educators developed conditioning programs for armed forces, after the war, health statistics revealed that the nation was in poor shape (1/3 of men were physically unfit for armed service), growth and upgrade of PE programs in schools following war due to legislation in some states.
Know the different dimensions of wellness
Physical- How your body functions, freedom from disease, being active on a regular basis, following sound nutritional practices, maintaining a healthy body weight, and getting sufficient sleep. Emotional- Enhanced through acceptance of one's feelings, appropriate expression of a wide range of emotions, and effective stress management Social - Emphasizes the development of interpersonal skills and healthy, fulfilling relationships as well as contributing to the welfare of others and one's community. Mental- Characterized by sound decision-making skills, intellectual growth, and high self-esteem. Spiritual- Reflects a sense of purpose in life and living life in accordance to one's beliefs and values. Environment- Includes where an individual lives and works. Some factors include: amount of noise, level of pollution, availability of safe places to walk, and type of housing.
Know different types of reinforcers.
Positive: given following a desired response Negative: withheld following a desired response Tangible: something material Intangible: verbal praise, pat on back, approval
Know principles of fitness training as well as the FITT formula, Threshold of Training and Target Zone.
Principles of fitness training Principle of Individuality Individuals respond differently to exercise and will vary in their rate of improvement and levels of achievement. Principle of Recovery Rest allows the body to recover and adapt to the changes placed on it. Principles of Safety Safety is paramount. Principle of Overload To gain improvements in health and fitness, an increased workload must be placed on the body. Principle of Specificity Training must occur with the specific muscle or body part the person is attempting to improve. Principle of Progression Overload should be applied gradually, and steadily increased as the body adapts. Principle of Diminishing Returns As fitness increases, gains achieved become less and less as individuals approach limits of adaptability. Principle of Variation Helps maintain individual's' interest and provides a change of pace while continuing to make progress toward desired goals. Principle of Reversibility "Use it or lose it - inactivity leads to gradual erosion of benefits achieved. Frequency- Number of sessions each week (i.e., how often). Intensity- Degree of effort put forth during exercise (i.e., how hard). Time- Duration of activity (i.e., how long). Type- Mode of exercise being performed. Threshold of Training-Minimal level of exercise needed to achieve desired benefits. Target Zone- Defines the upper limits of training and the optimal level of exercise.
Performance - Enhancing Substances
Quest for excellence - "better performance through chemistry". Why do athletes use drugs? Is drug use a result of over conforming to the high power and performance ethic in sport? How can the use of illegal performance-enhancing substances in sport be controlled?
Know the factors that influence learning: Readiness, Motivation, Reinforcement, Individual Differences.
Readiness: Physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn Motivation: a condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal. Concern with initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior Reinforcement: using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring. May be positive or negative Individual differences: backgrounds, abilities, intelligence, learning styles, and personalities of learners
Know the benefits of regular physical activity and the physical activity guidelines
Reduces the risk of early death, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, adverse blood lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, colon and breast cancers. Helps prevention of weight gain and helps with weight loss when combined with a diet. Reduces abdominal obesity. Increases cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. Prevents falls. Reduced depression. Better cognitive function for older adults. Better functional health for older adults.
Exercise Science
Scientific analysis of exercise or physical activity, specifically how people's movements develop and change across their lifespan and further expand their understanding of how people learn motor skills
Sweden →
Scientific study of physical education, used anatomy and physiology to study the effects of physical education on the body, less emphasis on strength than the German approach, influenced by nationalism; Sweden's Leaders: Per Ling & Hjalmar Ling
Christianity -->
Sport contributes to the development of moral character, reconciles sport and religion.
Know mechanical principles related to movement:
Stability - The lower the center of gravity to the base of support, the greater the stability. The nearer the center of gravity to the center of the base of support, the more stable the body. Stability can be increased by widening the base of support. b. Motion - linear and rotary - know Newton's Laws (names and what they state) Rotary motion: Movement of a body around a center of rotation - the axis. Linear Motion: Movement in a straight line and from one point to another. Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia Newton's Second Law: Law of Acceleration Newton's Third Law: Law of Action and Reaction c. Leverage - parts of the system of levers and the types (classes) of levers. Lever: Mechanical device used to produce a turning motion around a fixed point called an axis. Lever components Fulcrum - center or axis of rotation Force arm - distance from the fulcrum to the point of application of the force Classes of levers First class: Fulcrum between the weight and the force Second class: Weight is between the fulcrum and the force Third class: Force is between the fulcrum and the weight d. Force - production, application, absorption Production of Force Produced by the actions of muscles. The stronger the muscles, the more force the body can produce. Application of Force The force of an object is most effective when it is applied in the direction that the object is to travel. Absorption of Force The impact of a force should be gradually reduced ("give with the force") and spread over a large surface.
Know historical development of goals and objectives of physical education and how they differ from the contemporary goals and objectives.
The goals and objectives shifted from an emphasis on the education of the physical to a focus on education through the physical (i.e., developmental model). 1883 - Thomas Wood - physical education should contribute to the complete education of the individual. 1910 - Clark Hetherington - 'father of modern physical education', viewed PE's contributions to organic, psychomotor, intellectual, and character education. 1964 - Charles Bucher - identified 4 developmental objectives for PE: physical, motor and movement, mental, and social development. Contemporary physical education, exercise science, and sport programs are diverse in content, vary in setting, and serve people of all ages. 1995 & 2004 - National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) developed Content Standards in Physical Education Identifies content standards and assessment guidelines to measure student learning. Provides a framework that identifies goals and objectives associated with quality programs. Professionals in all settings can incorporate the assessment benchmarks, points of emphasis, criteria, and suggested assessment techniques.
Sport
Well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards
Sport for Children and Youth
Youth sports have grown tremendously. Widespread concern about the nature and outcomes of programs. Benefits associated with participation have long been heralded. Many of the criticisms stem from the overemphasis on winning. National Alliance for Youth Sports (NAYS) Leadership is critical factor in governing the outcomes associated with youth sports. Need to structure youth sports to include elements that children find enjoyable within their own games. Training of volunteers. Developmental vs. Professional model.
Physical Education
an educational process that uses physical activity as a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal development and well-being; Includes the acquisition and refinement of motor skills, the development and maintenance of fitness for optimal health and well-being, the attainment of knowledge about physical activities, and the fostering of positive attitudes conductive to lifelong learning and lifespan participation
Historical development: topics that have gotten the most attention related to social inequalities:
gender, race, ethnicity, wealth, sexual orientation, and culture 1970s- focused on socioeconomic inequalities and class relations in sport 1980s- focused on class and gender inequalities 1990s- focused on exercise and societal conceptions of the body, racial and ethnic inequalities, and the impact of the media and politics on sport in different cultures
Know the different motor learning models, and the steps/components of each:
input --> decision-making --> output --> feedback --> input (back to beginning) Input: the process of obtaining information from the environment. This information is obtained through the senses (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain where the process of Decision Making occurs) Decision Making: all of this information is sifted, evaluated, and interpreted and then a decision is made about what movement to make. Thus, the response and its execution are the Output. Feedback is the information about the performance of the movement and its quality, appropriates, or outcome. The knowledge gained from feedback can be used to improve decision making process, thus eventually using the feedback to improve performance.
Girls and women in sport- female coaches
since passage of title IX, the number of female coaches has declined. -in 1970, 90% of intercollegiate coaches of female teams were women -in 2006, only 42.4% of intercollegiate coaches of female teams were women reasons for underrepresentation are varied: -lack of well-qualified women coaches and administrators -lack of visibility of women as role models in these careers -persistence of traditional stereotypes -reluctance of those in power to provide opportunities for women -role demands and conflict
gradational rates
students who participate in sport are more likely to succeed
What does a sport sociologist do?
studies behavior of individuals and groups within the sport milieu; influence of social relationships, past social experiences, and the social setting of sport activities on the behavior of groups and individuals in sport
Definition and Scope
the systemic scholarly student of behavior, feelings, and thoughts of people engaged in sport, exercise, and physical activity." (Vealey) the psychological and mental aspects of participation in sport and exercise, seeking to understand how psychological processes influence and are influenced by participation (AAASP) "this dynamic field can enhance the experience of men, women, and children of all ages who participate in physical activity, ranking from those who do so for personal enjoyment to those who pursue a specific activity at the elite level" (ISSP)