Kinkle Exam 3 Clicker Questions

An osmotic gradient in the kidney medulla is established by A. Countercurrent exchange between ascending and descending loops of Henle B. Countercurrent exchange between the loop of Henle and collecting ducts C. Filtration of large proteins in the glomerulus D. Movement of water out of the collecting duct

A. Countercurrent exchange between ascending and descending loops of Henle

Under dehydrating conditions, ticks are more likely to: A. Increase their activity level B. Decrease their activity level

A. Increase their activity level

In response to dehydration, ADH A. Signals aquaporins to be added to cell membrane B. Signals aquaporins to be added to vesicles C. Stimulates production of angiotensin II D. Stimulates thirst response

A. Signals aquaporins to be added to cell membrane

Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If you observed them in the following solutions, at which sucrose concentration (in millimolars, mM) would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active? A.0.0 mM sucrose B.0.05 mM saline C.0.08 mM sucrose 1.0 mM saline

A.0.0 mM sucrose

In the figure, X refers to (LEFT LINE) A.Proximal tubule B.Distal tubule C.Glomerulus D.Bowman's capsule E.Loop of Henle F.Collecting duct

A.Proximal tubule

Beverages such as coffee, tea, and soda are diuretic and lead to a net loss of water A.True B.False

A.True

The reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and many other molecules needed by the body is driven by ______________. A.active transport carriers B.diffusion C.facilitated diffusion D.homeostasis

A.active transport carriers

Select the incorrectly matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood. A.amphibians—isotonic B.marine reptiles—isotonic C.desert mammals—strongly hypertonic D.marine mammals—strongly hypertonic E.terrestrial birds—weakly hypertonic

A.amphibians—isotonic

Organisms living in a freshwater environment normally A.excrete copious dilute urine and retain salts B.excrete a small volume of dilute urine and retain salts C.excrete copious concentrated urine D.conserve both water and salts

A.excrete copious dilute urine and retain salts

Ammonia _____. A.is soluble in water B.has low toxicity relative to urea C.is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea D.is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects

A.is soluble in water

Which process drives the process of filtration from the capillaries into the glomerulus? A. Active transport B. Arterial blood pressure C. Venous blood pressure D. Osmotic pressure

B. Arterial blood pressure

Which of the following choices is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine? A. Bowman's capsule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → collecting duct B. Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct C. Bowman's capsule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct D. Bowman's capsule → collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule E. collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule→ Bowman's capsule

B. Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

An important function of the proximal convoluted tubule is _____. A. Filtration of NaCl B. Reabsorption of water C. Countercurrent heat exchange D. Secretion of water

B. Reabsorption of water

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to the stability of all of the following except A. blood volume. B. immunity. C. blood pressure. D. electrolytic concentration. E. pH.

B. immunity.

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would _____. A. decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma B. increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma C. increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma D. decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma

B. increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma

In the figure, X refers to (RIGHT LOOP) A.Proximal tubule B.Distal tubule C.Glomerulus D.Bowman's capsule E.Loop of Henle F.Collecting duct

B.Distal tubule

Through studies of insect Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the inner face of the tubule, against its concentration gradient. What can you infer about the mechanism of transport? A.Potassium transport is a passive process. B.Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process. C.Potassium moves out of the tubules at a faster rate than it moves into the lumen of the tubules. Sodium ions will follow potassium ions.

B.Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process.

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A.Filtration B.Selective reabsorption C.Secretion D.Excretion

B.Selective reabsorption

African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? A.Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. B.Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. C.The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. Urea makes lungfish tissuehypoosmoticto the pool.

B.Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.

From a health standpoint, which of the following is probably the healthiest to drink? A.Bottled water B.Tap water C.Sports drinks D.Energy drinks E.Vitamin water

B.Tap water

Terrestrial organisms must conserve water. The least amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous waste product? A.Carbon dioxide B.Uric acid C.Ammonia D.Urea

B.Uric acid

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____. A.frogs B.kangaroo rats C.humans D.freshwater fish

B.kangaroo rats

Urea is _____. A.insoluble in water B.the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans C.the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds D.the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

B.the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

A person with diabetes insipidus fails to respond to ADH. Which of the following is a symptom of this condition? A. Glucose in urine B. Copious hyperosmotic urine C. Copious dilute urine D. Small volume of concentrated urine E. Failure to urinate

C. Copious dilute urine

Functionally these spiracles in the ticks are most analogous to A. Air sacs in birds B. Alveoli in mammal lungs C. Stomata in plant leaves D. The collecting duct in kidneys

C. Stomata in plant leaves

Which of the following is false about bumblebees? A. They can act partially as endotherms B. They are aerobic heterotrophs C. They lack a blastula during early development D. They typically excrete hypotonic urine

C. They lack a blastula during early development

Animals that have very long juxtamedullary nephrons likely live in ______ environments A. marine B. freshwater C. arid D. tropical forest

C. arid

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. A. are the largest epithelial cells in the body B. are not in contact with interstitial fluid C. have plasma membranes of low permeability to water D. are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes

C. have plasma membranes of low permeability to water

Saltwater fish achieve water balance by A.Excreting water B.Retaining salts C.Drinking salt water and excreting salts D.Excreting salts with a nasal salt gland

C.Drinking salt water and excreting salts

In the figure, X refers to A.Proximal tubule B.Distal tubule C.Glomerulus D.Bowman's capsule E.Loop of Henle F.Collecting duct

C.Glomerulus

The mammalian kidney contains structures that can perform various functions. These functions include: I-excretion.II-reabsorption.III-secretion.IV-filtration. A. I and II B. I, II, and III C. I, II, III, and IV D. II and III E. II, III, and IV

C.I, II, III, and IV

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of most insects is based on the operation of _____. A.Protonephridia B.Metanephridia C.Malpighian tubules D.nephrons

C.Malpighian tubules

A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement? A.Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient. B.The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement. C.There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules. D.Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules.

C.There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules.

Where will most water be lost by these active ticks under dehydrating conditions? A. Through their mouth during exhalation from their lungs B. Through Malpighian tubules during uric acid production C. Through the spiracles of their trachea D. Through their cuticle

C.Through the spiracles of their trachea

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production? A.a vampire bat B.a salmon in fresh water C.a marine bony fish D.a shark inhabiting the Mississippi River

C.a marine bony fish

Which of the following best describes freshwater fish? A.hypotonic osmoregulators B.hypotonic osmoconformers C.hypertonic osmoregulators D.hypertonic osmoconformers E.isotonic osmoconformers

C.hypertonic osmoregulators

Valuable molecules like glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are mostly reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron? A. Collecting duct B. Glomerulus C. Loop of Henle D. Proximal convoluted tubule

D. Proximal convoluted tubule

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except________. A. active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb B. the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons C. diffusion of urea from the collecting duct D. diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

D. diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____. A. results from active transport B. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones C. is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred D. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

D. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

In the figure, X refers to (COMPLETE TOP LINE) A.Proximal tubule B.Distal tubule C.Glomerulus D.Bowman's capsule E.Loop of Henle F.Collecting duct

D.Bowman's capsule

Which structure is found in the renal medulla? A.Bowman's capsule B.Convoluted tubule C.Glomerulus D.Loop of Henle E.Both A and D

D.Loop of Henle

Which of the following operates by passing fluids into a tube, and then secreting or reabsorbing specific substances? A.Flame cells of flatworms B.Metanephridia of annelid worms C.Malpighian tubules of insects D.Vertebrate nephrons E.All of the above

E.All of the above

In the figure, X refers to (BOTTOM LOOP) A.Proximal tubule B.Distal tubule C.Glomerulus D.Bowman's capsule E.Loop of Henle F.Collecting duct

E.Loop of Henle

Select the incorrectly matched organism and its nitrogenous waste product. A.most fish—ammonia B.mammals—urea C.reptiles—uric acid D.birds—uric acid E.insects—ammonia

E.insects—ammonia