Kins 358 Final Chp 15-18

A researcher wants to determine the percentages of time that a teacher spends in various tasks, such as demonstration, explanation, and monitoring students. Which of the following is probably the most valid way to research this?

an observational study

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should

b and c only

A job analysis is primarily a form of what research technique?

case study

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the

case-control study

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a(n)

cohort study

Additional factors that can affect the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, and so on, are called

confounding factors

The practice of selecting a small random sample of a survey's nonrespondents is primarily intended to

determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents

Interviewers may become more skilled with practice, which could cause differences between the results of participants interviewed early in the study and those of participants interviewed later. This threat to internal validity is an issue of

instrumentation

The major weakness of epidemiological studies is

the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

A researcher finds that the control group performs above its usual performance when compared with the experimental group. This effect is named the

Avis effect

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting?

MET

A researcher wishes to study a group of children over a period of 10 years beginning in 2016 and ending in 2025. This is an example of a ________ study.

longitudinal

A major limitation in the use of video-recording in observational research is its

obtrusiveness

Determinants of disease are often called

risk factors

Determining the relationship between students' attitudes toward drugs and the frequency of drug usage is an example of a(n) ________ study.

correlational

A basic characteristic of correlational research is that it

does not manipulate variables and hence cannot establish cause and effect

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to

external validity

The case study

gathers data from a single person or from a limited number of similar people

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiological research, the shortest (one to four items) is the

global questionnaire

A researcher tests the knowledge that 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States have about nutrition, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a ________ survey study.

normative

It is reasonable to expect volunteer participants to be similar in nature to

other volunteers from similar populations

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

A double-blind experiment is one in which

neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

Which of the following is the most unobtrusive technique for measuring student interest in reading?

Count how often students check out books from the library.

A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the

Delphi survey method

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed (and not necessarily because of any effect of treatment) are considered to be under the influence of the

Hawthorne effect

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question?

Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

In developmental studies, when one wants to determine how individual children change rather than what is typical at each stage, one would prefer the ________ method.

longitudinal

A major weakness of observational research lies in the operational definitions. Which question is an example of an operational definition?

What behaviors characterize a good teacher or good coach?

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to

list specific objectives to be achieved