KLETC Test 7

Driving error factors that may lead to a negligence suit.

Did the officer's vehicle have proper emergency equipment installed and was the officer utilizing the proper emergency equipment at the time of the incident? Was the event an emergency response? What was the speed of the vehicles? (officer's and suspect's) What was the traffic density? What was the pedestrian traffic? What were the weather conditions? What were the lighting conditions? (day, night, dusk, dawn, street lights etc.) What were the road surface and the design of the road? Were there numerous intersections or was it a limited access roadway? What was the condition of the officer's vehicle and was the officer aware of the condition? What training did the officer have and was the officer following their training? Were there alternative means of apprehension? Was there a danger to the public? Was there a department policy and did the officer adhere to the policy?

Exemptions allowed by K.S.A. 8-1506.

Park or stand, irrespective of the provisions of this article (the traffic code); Example: Park in the middle of an intersection, park left wheels to curb, etc. Proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign, but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation; Example: Not stopping for a stop sign or going through a red light Exceed the maximum speed limits so long as such driver does not endanger life or property; Example: An officer attempting to catch up to a speeder, may exceed the speed limit or an officer responding to an officer in trouble call, may exceed the speed limit, etc. Disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified directions; and Example: Going the wrong way down a one way street, making a U-turn where a no U-turn sign is posted, or crossing a yellow line to pass a vehicle, etc. Proceed through toll booths on roads or bridges without stopping for payment of tolls, but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation and the picking up or returning of toll cards.

Circumstances when a driver of an authorized emergency vehicle may exercise the privileges granted in K.S.A. 8-1506.

on an emergency call, or in pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law, or going to but not returning from a fire alarm before an officer can operate as an authorized emergency vehicle.

2 acceptable hand movements for steering and their advantages.

"9-3" or "8-4" are the two acceptable hand positions with light finger pressure, heavier pressure with thumb. These are excellent positions for quick steering needs, body balance, and quick access to dashboard control items. With either of these hand positions, the driver has the full range of movement to redirect the vehicle rapidly and then return to a clear path of travel.

Centripetal Force

"Center seeking", Force which pushes rotating bodies toward the center of rotation.

Tactics an officer should use when a pursuit is terminated without an apprehension.

(1) Notify dispatch the pursuit is being terminated. (2) shut off all emergency equipment and slow to a stop.

Recommended hand position that should be used when driving forward.

8-4 O'Clock

G Force

A term used to measure the maximum amount of acceleration, deceleration and lateral acceleration that a vehicle can handle.

Advantages and disadvantages of right side vehicle approach.

Advantage: Farther away from Traffic Disadvantage: The distance from the officer to the driver makes it more difficult to detect odors or to closely observe the driver's eyes.

Common mental problems associated with emergency vehicle operation.

Aggressive Driving, Peer Pressure, Extreme Emotion.

Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

Allows the driver to stop without brake lockup. Standard equipment in many newer vehicles. Designed to be used by applying steady pressure on the brake pedal.

Tactics an officer should use when a pursuit is terminated with an apprehension.

Approach with Caution, Neutralize the Threat, Render and/or summon medical aid, Secure the scene for processing and investigation.

Elements of emergency vehicle operation.

Attitude, Judgement, Awareness, Training, Experience.

2 types of vision.

Central, Peripheral.

Best driving surface.

Concrete

Recommended technique for trying to correct a cornering skid.

Ease the foot off of the accelerator; stay off the brake and steer in the direction the front of the vehicle is to travel. When the vehicle slows, gently apply the brakes until stopped.

Negligence

Failure to use the care a reasonable officer would use under like circumstances.

Situations in which high-risk vehicle stop tactics would be appropriate.

Felony Arrests, Misdemeanor Arrests, Pursuits, Officer's Discretion.

Threshold braking technique.

Forced to stop as quickly as we can in the shortest distance possible.

Primary problems that may occur during braking.

Front Wheel Lockup, All Wheels Locked, Rear Wheals Locked, Brake Fade.

Number of vehicles that should be directly involved in a pursuit and their main responsibilities.

Generally, no more than two law enforcement vehicles should be involved in direct pursuit. 1. Follow the suspect vehicle. 2. Relays information on the radio. All other officers in the area should attempt to block traffic ahead of the pursuit at any major intersections.

Procedures for responding as a back-up on traffic stops and identify the contact/cover responsibilities of each officer.

Nearest available unit backs the unit out on a traffic stop. The backup unit should approach the location of the stop from the rear. If this is not possible, the best tactic is to drive by and make a U-turn. At night, the final approach should be made with headlights out. Position the unit about 8 feet to the rear and offset three or four feet to the right of the primary unit.

Vehicle Dynamics.

Nothing more than a description of the physical forces acting on the vehicle.

Proper positioning of the patrol unit under the following circumstances: a. Standard traffic stop positioning.

Notify Dispatch of your final location, Set at least one car length to the rear of the violator vehicle and offset three feet to the right, Wheels Right or Straight demanding on approach, Have headlights face the violator's vehicle. Illuminate the interior of the vehicle with all available light.

Importance of, and the elements of, choosing a safe stopping location.

Notify Dispatch, Check traffic, activate equipment and close with violator's vehicle, Position the patrol unit to complete the dispatch and await record returns, Position the patrol unit in the standard stopping position before approaching the violator's vehicle.

Procedures to follow in order to conduct a SFST

Obtain probable cause, Remove them from the vehicle, Conduct the test, Execute the Arrest.

Importance of developing reasonable suspicion or probable cause for a vehicle stop prior to initiating the stop.

Our right as citizens to come and go as we please, free from unreasonable searches and seizures is one of our most important rights. As recent accusations of racial profiling nationwide have highlighted, the vehicle stop is one area where many officers need to be reminded of their duty to protect the rights of all and that our actions must always be based on reasonable suspicion or probable cause.

Positions and responsibilities of the Driving Officer of the Primary Unit on the high-risk stop.

PRIMARY/CONTACT: The primary officer gives verbal commands over the PA to control and secure occupants of the suspect vehicle. The primary officer then gives verbal commands to remove the occupants of the suspect vehicle, visually search them and move them back to the police units for arrest. As the suspects are physically taken into custody, the primary officer switches roles and becomes the cover officer for the arrest and control officer, as that officer handcuffs the suspects.

Court holdings regarding emergency vehicle operation.

Passing in a no passing zone, Officer responsibility in pursuits and emergency responses, Both lights and siren required to violate traffic laws, Privileges only available when responding to emergency or in pursuit.

Factors that influence the stopping distance of a vehicle.

Perception, Reaction Time, Braking Distance.

Correct positioning of primary unit on high-risk vehicle stops.

Positioned at least 60 feet behind the suspect vehicle with no offset or angle. The windows in any open door should be rolled down. Officers should also remember that the door provides limited cover. As much as possible, stay inside the passenger compartment. The front wheels of the unit should be cramped to the left for additional protection. Focus all available lights on the interior of the suspect vehicle. Focus lights on the interior and exterior rear view mirrors. Turn on the PA and position both the radio and PA microphones for quick access.

Correct positioning of back-up unit on high-risk vehicle stops.

Positioned to the left of the primary unit and angled slightly to the right. Angling the unit serves two purposes: 1) it puts the lights from the unit onto the suspect unit; 2) most importantly, it provides additional cover for the officer who will assume the arrest and control duties. Properly positioned, the front bumpers of the units should be even with each other and at least six feet apart.

Things not to do in a pursuit.

Pursue in a vehicle not intended for pursuits, Avoid passing vehicles on the right, Do not pull along side the pursued vehicle or attempt to pass, Do not initiate any intentional contact with the suspect vehicle.

Positions and responsibilities of passenger officer of the primary unit on the high-risk stop.

RIGHT SIDE COVER OFFICER: Provides overall observation and cover of the suspect vehicle and occupants. This officer is normally the only officer on the stop who has a clear view of the right side of the suspect vehicle. He ensures that there are no "uncovered" areas on the right side of the suspect vehicle. The right side cover officer also ensures that no additional suspects or citizens approach from either the sides or rear. This officer should not be used in the role of the approach officer to clear the suspect vehicle as this officer has the only unobstructed view of the right side of the suspect vehicle.

Ethical and legal dimensions of racial profiling and discriminatory enforcement as related to standard police practices, e.g., vehicle stops, frisks, etc.

Race alone does not furnish reasonable grounds for a stop. Make the stop ONLY if you have probable cause or a clearly articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been, is being, or will be committed. Do not stop solely on a profile, regardless of its basis. There is overwhelming evidence that traffic stops and other discretionary police activities are disproportionately directed toward minority members of our population. Such actions amount to discriminatory enforcement.

Colors of emergency lights permitted and what the visibility requirements are for authorized emergency vehicles according to K.S.A. 8-1720.

Red, Seen within 500ft.

Importance of safety belts and other occupant protection devices.

Redistribute crash forces to areas of the body strong enough to absorb them. Prevent you from being thrown into objects within the passenger compartment, (steering wheel, dash, radio/computer, etc.) as well as, keep you from being ejected. Hold you behind the wheel during violent maneuvers.

Reasons emergency vehicle operation training is necessary

Reduction of Injury and Death, Reduction of Collisions, Reduction of Liability, Increase the Driving Task Attention Level, Increase the Desire to Improve, Improve Vehicle Control Skills, Create Higher Maturity Levels, Reduction of Risk Acceptance.

Recommended technique for trying to correct a braking skid.

Release a minimum amount of brake pressure just until the wheels unlock and steer in the direction you want the vehicle to go.

Procedures for presenting citations and explaining legal procedures to traffic violators.

Return to the suspect vehicle using the same caution as on the initial approach, As you issue the citation to the violator, do not become too relaxed, keep your strong hand free and watch the violator and occupants of the suspect vehicle. Explain court details such as date, location, phone number, and deadline. Caution the violator to be cautious in re-entering traffic flow. It is safe to say that your liability ends once the violator's vehicle has safely re-entered the traffic flow.

Primary objective of an emergency response.

Safely reach your destination in order to provide assistance.

Elements of the safe and effective search of a vehicle for drugs, weapons, or other contraband.

Separate the contraband from the Subject when possible.

Primary factor in collision avoidance.

Space Management

Recommended defensive driving techniques a driver should use when driving on snow and/or ice.

Stopping distance on ice and snow increases exponentially with increased speed, Do not make any sudden moves with the steering wheel, brakes, or accelerator. Slow down in advance of intersections, curves, and downgrades, sooner than normally. Keep at least a four-second following distance, Straighten the front wheels when starting the car on a snow-covered or slippery surface. When driving through deep snow, shift into a lower gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the car moving through the snow. When stopped or stuck in deep snow or in a snow drift, be aware that carbon monoxide may seep back into the vehicle.

Discriminatory Enforcement

Subjecting a population group to subjectively increased enforcement activity based solely on their race, ethnic origin, gender, age or income status.

Proper procedures to stop vehicles to investigate, cite, or arrest occupants, including the proper balance between public relations and officer survival.

Take violations as they come, Do not stop based solely on a profile, Use standardized traffic enforcement dialog on traffic stops, On every valid stop ask questions until you have no more, Take action based on what you have, not what you want or wish you had, Act in accordance with the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics.

Most critical element of the driver's triangle.

The Driver

Inertia

The force which makes objects move in the same direction or in a straight line.

Centrifugal Force

The force which tends to make a rotating body move away from the center of rotation.

Rolling friction

The friction between two surfaces in contact with each other, with one or both rotating.

Relationship of speed to stopping distance

The higher the speed, the more distance is needed to stop the vehicle.

Pretextual Stop

The motorist is stopped for a valid violation with the underlying reason for the stop being the conduct or other police activities such as plain view searches and seizures, or the opportunity to request consent searches.

Apex

The point where your vehicle will come closest to the inside portion of the roadway in a turn.

Racial Profiling

The stopping of motorists, the detention of a person, and/or the searching of a vehicle based solely on the individual's race, ethnic origin, gender, age or income.

Motor skills used for driving which are affected by stress.

Turn the steering wheel, Brake the car.

Tactics a trained driver can use when a collision is unavoidable to reduce exposure to injury and vehicle damage.

Utilizing the safety equipment on your vehicle, Make the best of the situation, Do everything possible to avoid the collision.

Limitations of emergency warning sirens on law enforcement vehicles.

Weather Conditions, Less discernible in a residential area, May not adequately warn pedestrians (School Zones), Drivers and pedestrians are not always attentive, Speed reduces effectiveness of the siren, Tunnel Vision at high speeds, Drivers may not notice more than 1 unit due to noise and confusion, High beams also obliterate your emergency lights, Spotlights are valuable tools; however, they can easily be misused.

When shall the exemptions granted apply to an authorized emergency vehicle?

When the officer is operating his/her vehicle with both the emergency lights (visual signal) and siren (audible signal).

Procedures to be used for completing the citation in the patrol unit.

• Use the wheel as a desk. Keep the citation book high so you can look over and around it at the suspect vehicle. • Do not allow violators to approach the unit while you are seated under the wheel. Be prepared to back up if necessary. • Avoid seating violators in the unit to issue the citation. • If possible, frisk the subject before placing them in the unit. (Department policies may vary.) • Have the person fasten their seatbelt, if possible adjust their seat forward. • Turn slightly in your seat and keep your right elbow in position to protect your sidearm. • Maintain direct visual contact with the person at all times. • Be especially cautious as you use the radio to make registration and record checks. Make sure that dispatch knows the subject is with you.

3 essential points of reference that are relevant to a constant radius turning maneuver.

1. The proper entry position, which is placing the vehicle to the extreme outside of the available roadway. This is also the point of steering input to perform the turning maneuver. 2: The tightest, most inner part of the available roadway, and is referred to as the geometric apex. It is directly centered within the driving arc. 3: The exit position, placing the vehicle again to the extreme outside of the roadway. If steering is input correctly from entry and maintained to the apex, the vehicle will seek the exit point on its own accord.

Minimum information that should be included in a report after a pursuit.

1. A complete description and result of the pursuit. 2. The subject's actions, and the officer's actions in response, during the pursuit. 3. Any action taken to forcibly stop the vehicle, such as spike strips etc. 4. Identity of the vehicle owner, operator, and passengers. 5. Any damage that occurred during the pursuit.

5 steps of the Smith System of Driving.

1. Aim High in Steering, 2. Get The Big Picture, 3. Keep Your Eyes Moving, 4. Leave Yourself An Out, 5. Make Sure They See You.

Methods for clearing intersections when operating an emergency vehicle during an emergency response.

1. Always have both lights and siren activated. 2. Adjust your speed prior to the intersection in the event you must stop. 3. If you are crossing against a control device, you should stop in most cases and completely clear the intersection before proceeding. Vehicles may be stopped, but they may not be aware of your approach. 4. Change siren tone, honk your horn. 5. If possible, establish eye contact with other motorists. 6. Make your intentions clear and do not force other drivers into unsafe moves. 7. Be aware of other responding emergency vehicles, your combined sirens may prevent you from hearing each other.

Recommended cornering system.

1. Evaluate the corner. Visually search to the corner and as you get closer look around the corner. Evaluate the path of travel you will be taking once the turn is completed. 2. Use your turn signals. 3. Position your vehicle. Right turns from right lanes, left turns from left lanes. 4. Establish the proper speed before entering the turn or curve. Braking in the corner will reduce your steering control. In stress situations brake lock up may cause you to lose control. 5. Accelerate smoothly and gradually when leaving the corner.

Elements of safe and effective officer-violator contacts including standardized traffic stop dialog.

1. Greeting 2. Identification of self and agency 3. Reason for stop 4. Justification for offense 5. Request License 6. Forecast location and then request registration 7. Decision 8. Closing DO NOT TURN YOUR BACK ON THE VIOLATOR.

Proper positioning of the patrol unit under the following circumstances: b. Patrol unit positioning to complete dispatch, await record return or backup.

1. Maintain the margin of safety. 2. Position the patrol unit three car lengths directly behind the violator vehicle. 3. Use the PA to tell the driver and occupants to stay in the vehicle. 4. Complete dispatch and await record return. 5. Pull forward into the standard stop location if the record return is negative.

3 important principles to be considered when planning/initiating vehicle stops.

1. Officers should check out with dispatch before initiating any aspect of the vehicle stop. 2. The patrol unit should never violate any aspect of the traffic code unless emergency equipment is in operation. 3. Officers should not approach a vehicle they have stopped before the record check has been returned.

Police radio techniques during a pursuit.

1. Radio operation should be limited to only times when it is safe to do so. Avoid talking on a turn or in heavy traffic. 2. Officers should make transmissions brief but complete. 3. Keep your voice calm. The tone of voice should be natural and relaxed. A calm voice is easier to understand than an excited one. 4. Roll up the windows and bring the microphone close to your mouth. Do not leave the microphone in its holder and yell in the car. Wind, loud engine noise, and the siren may make your voice inaudible. 5. Speak clearly so that your transmission can be heard by dispatch and other units. 6. Keep the dispatcher informed of your location. If you should have an accident, apprehend the suspect, or lose radio contact, your only chance for assistance is if the dispatcher has been informed of your location. 7. Call in all violations and their location to dispatch for later reference. The tape recording of the violations will be much more accurate than your memory.

5 steps of the S.I.P.D.E. driving method.

1. Search, 2. Identify, 3. Predict, 4. Decide, 5. Execute.

3 forms of mechanical equilibrium.

1. Stable: -A low center of gravity and a wide wheelbase, 2. Unstable: -A very high center of gravity or a narrow wheelbase, 3. Neutral: -A center of gravity and wheelbase in the median range which produces a stability that can be either stable or unstable largely depending on the driver's skill.

Importance of communicating with dispatch prior to initiating a vehicle stop and the proper format for radio transmissions for vehicle stops under the following conditions: a. Following violator at legal speed. b. Violator at high speed, no tag information. c. Violator suddenly stops before officer advises dispatch.

1. Unit identification and notification of intent. 2. Direction of travel and projected location of the stop. 3. Description of vehicle and occupants. 4. Final location of stop, completion of CYMBALS information, request/await registration and record return.

3 major hazards resulting in officer deaths on traffic stops in order.

1. Vehicle Accidents 2. Officers struck by vehicles 3. Attacks

6 key factors that should affect officer discretion regarding pursuits.

1. Your department policies and procedures, 2. Legal considerations, 3. Nature of the offense, 4. Conditions at the time of the incident, 5. Your vehicle and its capabilities, 6. Assess the pursued driver's abilities and consider occupants.

Minimum depth of water that may cause a vehicle to hydroplane.

1/16th of an inch of water.

Following distance an officer should keep during the first 1 to 2 minutes of the pursuit.

2 Second Gap.

Distance in feet it takes an average driver, driving an average vehicle, in average environmental conditions to stop a car traveling 60 miles per hour.

340 ft.

Following distance an officer should keep if the pursuit lasts longer than 2 minutes and define the purpose for this distance.

4 Second Gap.

Requirements for safe and legal operation of the police vehicle during vehicle stop operations ensuring adherence to K.S.A. 8-1506.

During vehicle stop operations you must be in pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law and must be making use of both audible and visual signals before you are granted any exemptions to violate the traffic code.

3 elements of the driver's triangle.

Driver, Machine, Environment.

Road positioning.

Driving Line: The position of the vehicle on the road which best facilitates the negotiation of a turn or curve at a safe rate of speed, and the use of the available roadway to its fullest advantage with the least amount of steering.

Elements of the standard left side approach to the violator's vehicle and identify the hazards that the officer may encounter from the violator.

Keep your primary attention on the occupants of the vehicle you have stopped, Make sure you have all the equipment needed for the stop before exiting the patrol unit, Make sure to check traffic carefully before exiting the patrol unit, Pause briefly and evaluate the violator vehicle once more before beginning the approach, Sidestep across the left headlight to the center of the unit, Check to make sure the trunk is latched, Preplan actions and your reactions, Stay as close to the side of the vehicle as possible while still observing the occupants, Stop momentarily by the rear pillar of the roof and carefully check the rear seat and floorboard. Be alert for anything out of the ordinary and any plain-view seizure opportunity., If there are passengers in the rear seat, be cautious before advancing further. It may be best to ask the driver to step from the vehicle and escort them to the curb, If the passenger's hands can't be seen, ask them to put them in their laps or other visible location before going further, Stand just to the rear of the door, Keep your strong hand empty; hold the flashlight or citation book in your support hand. If necessary, you can use the object held in your support hand as a striking weapon to protect yourself, Position yourself so that the front panel of your vest is square into the danger area, Never stand forward of the trailing edge of the door when contacting the driver, If the vehicle is still running, have the driver turn it off, If the driver attempts to drive away, do not try to get the keys. Stand clear.

Positions and responsibilities of driving officer of the back-up unit on the high-risk stop.

LEFT SIDE COVER OFFICER: This officer provides overall observation and cover of the suspect vehicle and it's occupants, and also ensures that no additional suspects approach from either the sides or rear. This officer also provides close range cover for the arrest and control officer, as that officer searches each suspect at the rear of the units. The left side cover officer is most often used as the approach officer to clear the suspect vehicle after all visible occupants have been removed. This position is not filled if there are only three officers on the stop.

Where the officer should look when pursuing a vehicle.

Left and Right to avoid Tunnel Vision

Losing Control

Limits of the driver are exceeded.

Out of Control

Limits of the vehicle are exceeded.

Momentum

Mass x Velocity, An amount of motion. It is the force a moving vehicle has or weight, multiplied by velocity.

2 methods to convert miles per hour to feet per second.

Multiply mph by 1.47 = fps, Take mph and divide in half, add to original mph, the sum equals approximate feet per second.

Siren sound requirements and when the siren is permitted to be used according to state law.

Must be heard within 500ft.

Recommended driving techniques to use when backing a car.

• Use the 12 o'clock hand position on the steering wheel and the other hand over the seat for maximum vision. If the driver prefers 2 hands on the steering wheel, one hand should be at the 12 o'clock hand position with the other at 5 or 6 o'clock. • Check all mirrors before backing. • When the vehicle is in motion, the driver should be looking over the right shoulder and out the back window. • The driver should continue looking back until completely stopped. • Be aware of front-end swing when turning while backing. When turning, check to be sure the front end is clear of objects. • When backing, do not stare at the trunk of the car, look in the distance at a fixed point. • Accelerate lightly until you "feel" control of the car and then increase acceleration if necessary. • Any steering corrections should be small, slow, and gradual. Do not jerk the steering wheel. • If practical when parking, either pull through the stall until facing forward, or back into the parking space. It is better to pull out into a traffic lane rather than back out into a traffic lane.

Effects on a driver's peripheral vision as the speed of a vehicle increases.

• 40 mph = 120 degrees, • 60 mph = 60 degrees, • 80 mph = 30 degrees.

Techniques for stopping and contacting violators under the following circumstances: a. Motorcyclists

• Be aware of possible escape routes the motorcycle could use. • Increase your following distance and be alert for sudden stops or evasive maneuvers. The motorcyclist may slip and fall when pulled over onto unimproved shoulders or during inclement weather. • Use the PA to instruct the rider to turn off the motorcycle and to step away from the cycle. You may have to alter this technique on soft surfaces. • Contact the rider using a field interview position. • Do not write the citation from the patrol unit, unless you have backed the unit away to increase your reactionary gap.

Information which should be included in a vehicle description.

• C olor • Y ear • M ake • B ody style (model if known, two door, four door) • A dditional descriptors (dents, equipment, etc.) • L icense • S ubject/occupants description

Procedures to be used for completing the citation outside the patrol unit.

• Choose a position that allows you to view the violator and any occupants of the suspect vehicle at the same time. • Stand up on the curb if there is one. This prevents the curb from becoming a stumbling block if you are suddenly assaulted, and adds to your command presence. • Position yourself behind and outside the cone of light from your headlights. The violator should be facing into the lights. • Do not use the trunk of the violator vehicle or the hood of your unit as a desk. • Avoid standing between your unit and the violator vehicle. • You may also choose to leave the violator at some distance from your unit and back the unit away to complete the citation. This is the suggested method for contacts with hitchhikers and motorcyclists.

When does understeering occur?

• Improper steering inputs, • Excessive acceleration, • Improper braking, • Road conditions.

Recommended defensive driving techniques that should be used when driving at night.

• Keep panel lights dim for better vision, but always have enough panel light to read the speedometer. • Reduce speed so that you can stop within the visible distance. • Increase sight distance by keeping the headlights clean and properly aimed, and the windshield clean. • Watch beyond the headlights on or near the roadway for slow-moving or unlighted vehicles, curves, T-intersections, road obstructions or defects, trains, pedestrians, and animals. • Avoid looking directly into glaring headlights of oncoming vehicles. • Keep at least a four-second following distance. • Allow a greater margin of safety when overtaking and passing. • Do not wear sunglasses or motorcycle-tinted face shields at night. • Avoid staring at bright lights.

When does oversteering occur?

• Road conditions, • A sudden or rough steering input (jerking the steering wheel), • Rough application of throttle.

4 components that make up stopping distance.

• Type of vehicle • Condition of braking system • Roadway surface and conditions • Driver's abilities

Techniques for stopping and contacting violators under the following circumstances: b. Semi-truck

• Vehicle weight should be considered when stopping in locations without improved shoulders. • Vehicle size may make it difficult for the truck to pull far enough off the roadway to allow the patrol unit to be offset enough to create an adequate safety corridor. • Avoid stopping semi-trucks on grades, due to the difficulty in stopping and restarting a fully loaded truck. • During the stopping phase, stay well-back and slightly to the left, if possible, to ensure the operator can see the patrol unit in the mirrors. • Generally, the semi-tractor will be left running due to the possibility of damage from improper shut down. If the operator is asked to shut the tractor down, ensure there has been adequate cool-down time. • Generally, you will motion the driver from the truck to make initial contact. • In cases it is determined there is a need for further inquiries or investigation to determine criminal activity, the driver may be contacted in the cab of the tractor; however, remember you are at a distinct tactical disadvantage using this approach.

Factors that limit adhesion to the road surface.

• Vertical force (weight on the tire), • Tire design (radials keep more of the tire surface in contact with the roadway), • Road surface and grade (dry or snow packed, level or on a hill), • Turning force (radius of a turn), • Speed (with more speed there is less adhesion to the surface).

Factors that would warrant the pursuing officer or supervisor to terminate a pursuit.

• When the danger of continuing the pursuit outweigh the necessity for immediate apprehension. • When the act of pursuing creates a greater danger than the hazard of the violation. • If you conclude that the fleeing motorist will not stop, and there is no realistic way of stopping them without recklessly endangering others. • When the fleeing suspect has been identified, and there is no apparent need for immediate apprehension. • When the time and distance between you and the suspect vehicle becomes too great to allow apprehension. • When the pursued vehicle's location is no longer known. • At any time your vehicle or vehicle equipment fails. • At any time it appears unsafe to continue. • When ordered to do so by a supervisor or another officer.