Krueger et al (2005) & Gliovich et al (2000)

Why do Krueger et al (2005) think these findings occurred?

Egocentric biases lead one to believe that others can understand their one's intention even when they don't have all the information one has

What are the three phenomenons relative to the spotlight efffect?

Egocentric biases of how salient one's actions are to others, naive realism, and the self-as-target bias

What did Gliovich et al (2000) do in study 3?

Groups of participants engaged in a discussion then estimated how the group as a whole would rank everyone on a number of positive and negative dimensions

What did Gliovich et al (2000) find in study 4?

Most participants started high and adjusted downward than vice versa

What did Krueger et al (2005) find in study 4?

Overconfidence was erased in the participants with the inconsistent conditions and participants were overconfident in their ability to detect sarcasm

What did Krueger et al (2005) do in study 2?

Participants either sent an email or recorded their voices with 10 sarcastic or serious statements and were asked to predict receivers' acuracy; receivers were asked to identify which statements were sarcastic and how accurate they thought they were

What did Krueger et al (2005) find in study 1?

Participants expected 97% of their topics to be correctly decoded but only 84% were

What did Krueger et al (2005) find in study 2?

Participants in the voice condition communicated more effectively, emailers failed to anticipate the effect of using either voice or e-mail, and email and voice receivers were equally confident

What did Gliovich et al (2000) find in study 3?

Participants overestimated the salience of their own behavior to the other members of the group for both negative and positive dimensions

What did Gliovich et al (2000) do in study 5?

Participants were asked to wear the same shirt used in Study 1 and were then sent into a room occupied by several other people either immediately or after a substantial delay, then asked to estimate the number of observers who noticed the shirt

What did Krueger et al (2005) do in study 1?

Participants were asked to write one serious and one sarcastic statement and to predict the receivers' accuracy. Another participant was asked to identify which statements were serious

Spotlight Effect

People tend to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than it really does

What was the main point in Gliovich et al (2000)?

People tend to overestimate how much other people notice them

What was the main point in Krueger et al (2005)?

People tend to overestimate how well they can communicate over e-mail

What did Krueger et al (2005) find in study 3?

Predicted accuracy for friends and strangers were higher in the voice rather than the e-mail condition, participant's ability to communicate varied depending on their mode of communication but their confidence in their ability did not, and familiarity had no influence on the results

What did Gliovich et al (2000) find in study 1?

Target participants substantially overestimated the number of people who noticed their shirt

What did Gliovich et al (2000) find in study 2?

Target participants substantially overestimated the number of people who noticed their shirt

What did Gliovich et al (2000) do in study 2?

Target participants were asked to wear a T-shirt of their choice, depicting a famous peson, that they would feel good about wearing before briefly entering a room with the other participants. Their estimates of the number of people who noticed were compared to the actual number who noticed.

What did Krueger et al (2005) do in study 3?

They added sadness and anger, used acquaintances, and had a face-to-face condition

What did Gliovich et al (2000) find in study 5?

Those in the immediate condition estimated that more people noticed their shirt than those in the delayed condition

What did Gliovich et al (2000) do in study 1?

Target participants were required to wear a potentially embarassing T-shirt before briefly entering a room with the other participants. Their estimates of the number of people who noticed were compared to the actual number who noticed

What did Gliovich et al (2000) do in study 4?

Target participants were sent into a room occupied by several other people and then asked to estimate the number of observers who would be able to state who was depicted on the shirt. Participants were then asked why they responded as they did and were probed for whether they had entertained any other answers before settling on their final response

Naive Realism

The common tendency to assume that one's perception is an accurate reflection of objective reality

What did Krueger et al (2005) do in study 4?

The same as study 2 but participants were asked to say each statement out loud into a tape recorder either in a manner consistent or inconsistent with the intended meaning before predicting whether the other participant would interpret their statements correctly

Self-As-Target Bias

The sense that actions or events are disproportionately directed toward the self

Why do Gliovich et al (2000) think these findings occurred?

The spotlight effect and anchoring and adjustment