Lab Practical 3

Place the following plant structures in the correct order based on how water moves through them starting at the top of the list with the entry of waater into a plant.

1. Root 2. Xylem 3. Leaves 4. Stomata

When a gas-filled bubble blocks a xylem element, dehydration and plant death can occur as a result of which of the following? A. Cavitation B. Equilibrium C. Cohesion D. Transport

A. Cavitation

Turgor pressure requires: A. Cell walls to contrain the expansion of cells as they take up water B. Cell walls to allow for expansion (sometimes almost doubling) of cells as they take up water C. Cell membranes to constrain the expansion of cells as they take up water

A. Cell walls to constrain the expansion of cells as they take up water

Select all true statements about transpiration: A. It is driven by evaporation B. It requires energy input from the plant C. It creates tension in the xylem D. It results from ion transport into xylem vessels

A. It is driven by evaporation C. It creates tension in the xylem

Choose all that contribute to the surface area through which a plant can absorb water: A. Root hairs B. Trichomes C. Stomata D. Mycorrhizae

A. Root hairs D. Mycorrhizae

Select all characteristics of hormones: A. They are produced in small quantities B. They are chemicals C. Plant and animal hormones are produced in specialized organs that do not have other functions D. They affect only the cells that produce them E. Hormones activate the same processes in every tissue that responds to them.

A. They are produced in small quantities B. They are chemicals

Select all true statements about hormones. A. They function in internally regulated development B. They are involved in plant responses to the environment C. They are required for defense against pathogens D. They modify the composition of genes

A. They function in internally regulated development B. They are involved in plant responses to the environment

Select all cell types that typically carry minerals via bulk transport upwards in a plant. A. Vessel elements B. Tracheids C. Sieve tube members D. Companion cells

A. Vessel elements B. Tracheids

Select all cell types that typically carry minerals via bulk transport upwards in a plant. A. Vessel elements B. Trachieds C. Sieve tube members D. Companion cells

A. Vessel elements B. Trachieds

If the water potential outside a cell is -0.3 MPa and the water potential inside the cell is -0.5 MPa, will water move and in what direction? A. Water will move into the cell B. Water will move out of the cell C. Water could move into or out of the cell depending on temperature and salt concentration

A. Water will move into the cell

Evaporation of water in a leaf creates negative pressure in the xylem. This causes: A. water to be pulled up the stem form the roots B. Water to slowly diffuse up the stem from the roots C. Water to be pushed from the stem down to the roots

A. water to be pulled up the stem from the roots

If this experiment were reversed so that the seedling on the left was grown in the dark and the ones on the right were grown with overhead light, the seedlings on the right: A. would not bend B. would bend to the right C. would bend to the left

A. would not bend

During the cardiac cycle, we can hear two main sounds, often referred to as "lub-dub." the "lub" sound is associated with the closing of the right and left ____ valves, while the "dub" sound is associated with the closing of the pulmonary and ____ valves.

AV, aortic

Arrange the vessels in the order in which blood travels through them, beginning at the top with the vessels leaving the heart. Venules, Arterioles, Capillaries, Veins, Arteries

Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins

Cavitation in the xylem water column results from which of the following? A. Root pressure B. Air bubbles C. Excess mineral uptake D. Dehydration

B. Air bubbles

The movement of water across membranes is aided by transport channels called _____. A. Proton pumps B. Aquaporins C. Plasmodesmata D. Vessel Elements

B. Aquaporins

How does light exert its influence on auxin? A. Auxin in the portion of the tip that is exposed to light is degraded B. Auxin migrates from the light into the shaded portion of the shoot C. Light causes cells to lose their sensitivity to auxin.

B. Auxin migrates from the light into the shaded portion of the shoot

The addition of solutes to water: A. Does not change water potential B. Decreases the water potential C. Increases the water potential

B. Decreases the water potential

The high tensile strength of water is important for: A. Developing root pressure when the atmospheric humidity is high B. Pulling water up the transpiration streaam C. Pushing water through sieve elements via translocation

B. Pulling water up the transpirations tream

Water solutions that pass through the membranes of root endodermal cells will enter which structure? A. Phloem B. Xylem

B. Xylem

Plasmolysis would occur when: A. A cell is placed in a very diluted solution B. A cell is turgid C. A cell is placed in a very concentrated solution D. A cell is placed in an isotonic solution

C. A cell is placed in a very concentrated solution

Select all true statements about transpiration: A. It transports starch to roots for seasonal storage B. It depends on cells with functional cell membranes C. It is the most important force that helps move water across long distance in plants D. It pulls water upward from roots to leaves

C. It is the most important force that helps move water across long distances in plants D. It pulls water upward from roots to leaves

In most terrestrial plants, water enters through the roots and exits the plant through the ____. A. Epidermis B. Cuticle C. Stomata D. Lenticels

C. Stomata

Unlike animal hormones, plant hormones: A. often trigger signal transduction pathways B. are effective at low concentrations C. are not produced in specialized organs D. may be produced at one site and act at another site

C. are not produced in specialized organs

A substance moving from cell to cell through plasmodesmata is following the: A. transmembrane route B. apoplast route C. symplast route

C. symplast route

_____ strips in root endodermal cells contain suberin to limit the movement of minerals and water.

Casparian

The movement of water across membranes is aided by transport channels called ______. A. Vessel elements B. Proton pumps C. Plasmodesmata D. Aquaporins

D. Aquaporins

What is the main function of plant hormones? A. Speed up the life cycle B. Protect against pathogens and pests C. Help plants survive environmental extremes D. Direct plant growth

D. Direct Plant Growth

The high tensile strength of water results from the cohesiveness of water molecules for each other and adhesiveness to the wall of cells in the xylem. These are both due to the effects of: A. polymerization B. carbon chains C. calcium binding D. Hydrogen binding

D. Hydrogen bonding

In most terrestrial plants, water enters through the roots and exits the plant through the ______. A. Cuticle B. Lenticels C. Epidermis D. Stomata

D. Stomata

What root structure acts as a molecular filter, controlling the passage of solutes that have entered through the symplast? A. The epidermis B. The pericycle C. The cortex D. The endodermis

D. The endodermis

The active uptake of ions into root cells results in which of the following? A. They burst and are sloughed off B. Their turgor pressure decreases C. They are stimulated to produce thicker cell walls D. Their turgor pressure increases

D. Their turgor pressure increases

In the diagram illustrating the effect of the shoot trip on phototropism, what is the function of the treatment with the transparent cap? A. To slow the growth response of the shoot tip so it can be observed B. To prevent the shoot tip from drying out C. To filter out blue light and observe the effect of red light D. To determine whether covering the shoot tip affects its behaviors

D. To determine whether covering the shoot tip affects its behaviors

The purpose of the experiment outlined in this illustration is to: A. determine whether covering a shoot tip prevents it from growing B. demonstrate that light direction is not detected by the shoot tip C. demonstrate that covering a shoot tip does not prevent it from growing D. determine whether light direction is detected by the shoot tip

D. determine whether light direction is detected by the shoot tip

Place the layers of a large blood vessel in order, from innermost to outermost layer, starting with the innermost at the top: Endothelium, connective tissue, elastic fibers, smooth muscle

Endothelium > Elastic Layer > Smooth muscle > Connective tissue

True or false: Mammals are the only animals with two atria and two ventricles

False

Root pressure is highest when transpiration rate is: Low Hgh

Low

A turgid cell is: Limp Stiff

Stiff

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another so they are difficult to pull apart; consequently water is said to have a high _____ strength.

Tensile

Which of the following blood vessels is the site of gas and nutrient exchange in animals with a closed circulatory system? a. Capillary b. Vein c. Lymphatic d. Artery

a. Capillary

Which system of mammals is responsible for collecting the excess water that leaves the capillaries and is not returned? a. Lymphatic system b. Respiratory system c. Excretory system d. Endocrine system

a. Lymphatic system

Four chamber hearts, two atria and two ventricles, are found in all of these animals except: a. amphibians b. crocodiles c. birds d. mammals

a. amphibians

The diameter of a capillary is about the same size as the width of a(n): a. erythrocyte b. protein c. leukocyte d. macrophage

a. erythrocyte

If both cardiac output and resistance to blood flow are high, blood pressure will be: a. high b. low

a. high

Compared to the walls of arteries, the walls of veins are: a. less muscular b. thicker c. thinner d. more muscular

a. less muscular c. thinner

Choose all components of the lymphatic system: a. lymph nodes b. lymphatic vessels c. lymphatic capillaries d lymphatic veins e. lymphatic pumps f. lymphatic organs

a. lymph nodes b. lymphatic vessels c. lymphatic capillaries f. lymphatic organs

The cardiac cycle is divided into two phases. They are called: a. systole b. systemic c. diastole d. pulmonary

a. systole c. diastole

The double circulation of vertebrates is named as such because of the presence of: a. two circuits (pulmonary and systemic) b. two types of vessels (arteries and veins) c. two types of fluid (blood and lymph).

a. two circuits (pulmonary and systemic)

A substance that moves through the space between cells following the ____ route.

apoplastic

The bulk flow of water across membranes is faster than predicted by osmosis alone because water can move through specialized channels called ______.

aquaporins

Fluid leaves the capillaries near their _____ ends and then returns to them near their _____ ends.

arteriolar and venular

In the heart, "self-excitable" fibers that can start action potentials without nervous stimulation are called ____ fibers.

autorhythmic

Which two factors will result in higher blood pressure? a. Lesser cardiac output b. Higher resistance to blood flow c. Lower resistance to blood flow d. Greater cardiac output

b. Higher resistance to blood flow d. Greater cardiac output

A water column with a smaller diameter will have a: a. Lower tensile strength than water column with a large diameter b. Higher tensile strength than a water column with a larger diameter c. The same tensile strength as a water column with a larger diameter

b. Higher tensile strength than a water column with a larger diameter

Which of the following are the two circuits in the double circulation of vertebrates? a. Brain circulation b. Systemic circulation c. Pulmonary circulation d. Limbic circulation

b. Systemic circulation c. Pulmonary circulation

If all else remains equal, a decrease in blood volume will result in: a. a change in blood pressure b. a decrease in blood pressure c. an increase in blood pressure

b. a decrease in blood pressure

If nothing else changes, an increase in blood volume will lead to: a. a decrease in blood pressure b. an increase in blood pressure

b. an increase in blood pressure

What is the most important factor in determining resistance within an arteriole? a. blood viscosity within the arteriole b. the radius of the arteriole c. the length of the arteriole

b. the radius of the arteriole

Which term describes the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute? a. Diastole b. Systole c. Cardiac output d. Cardiac cycle

c. Cardiac output

What happens to cardiac muscle cells in the area of the heart attack? A. the cells reproduce after a lag phase b. The cells undergo a rapid mitosis c. The cells die

c. The cells die

Which of the following is true about autorhythmic fibers in the heart? a. autorhythmic fibers need very strong neuronal stimulation to initiate an action potential b. autorhythmic fibers need intermittent neuronal stimulation to initiate an action potential c. autorhythmic fibers do not need neuronal stimulation to initiate an action potential

c. autorhythmic fibers do not need neuronal stimulation to initiate an action potential

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute is called: a. heart rate b. blood pressure c. cardiac output d. stroke volume

c. cardiac output

The endothelium is which layer of an artery? a. outermost b. middle c. innermost

c. innermost

A heart attack can weaken the heart by: a. breaking off pieces of heart muscle tissue b. damaging individual sarcomeres in cells c. killing myocardial cells

c. killing myocardial cells

Which minerals are relocated via bulk flow in the xylem, they: a. always move opposite to the water flow in the xylem b. can move upwards (with water in xylem) or downwards (opposite to the water flow) depending on when they are needed c. must move with the upward flow of water in the xylem

c. must move with the upward flow of water in the xylem

The inerstitial fluid forms when water and solutes in the blood plasma filter through the walls of _______.

capillaries

The ventricle and the ____ arteriosus form the second chamber of the fish heart.

conus

The diameter of a capillary is about the same size as the width of a(n): a. leukocyte b. macrophage c. protein d. erythrocyte

d. erythrocyte

The solute potential of pure water is: a. minus one b. variable, depending on pressure potential c. plus one d. zero

d. zero

A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the cardiac muscle during a cardiac cycle is known as a(n) _________.

electrocardiogram

Part of the heart's electrical signal reaches the body surface where it is detected by ______ placed on the body during an ECG.

electrodes

In roots, water and nutrient flow are controlled by Casparian strips embedded in cells of the _____.

endodermis

Water will move:

from a location with a higher water potential to a location with a lower water potential

In a typical terrestrial plant, water is absorbed mostly in the zone of the root that has root _____.

hairs

High blood pressure is referred to as _____.

hypertension

Sustained, above normal mean arterial blood pressure is also called ______.

hypertension

The role of the _____ system is to return fluid to the circulatory system.

lymphatic

A heart attack is also called ______.

myocardial infarction

If a cell loses water, the cell membrane pulls away from the wall in a process called _____.

plasmolysis

The accumulation of ions in roots results in the creation of root _____.

pressure

Narrower vessels have greater frictional ______ to blood flow.

resistance

The first chamber of the heart of a fish is made from the ____ venosus and the _____.

sinus and atrium

Even thought they have the same tissue layers as other large vessels, venules and veins are thinner because they have a thinner layer of ________ ________.

smooth muscle

The current explanation for the movement of water through the xylem is called the cohesion- ______ theory.

tension

Water is pulled through the xylem by the process of _

transpiration

A cell that is swollen with water is said to be ____.

turgid

A cell that is swollen with water is said to be _____.

turgid

The hydrostatic pressure that builds as water enters plant cells and presses on the cell wall, is called ____ pressure

turgor

Similar to large veins, larger lymphatic vessels have one-way _____ which prevent backflow.

valves

On its way back to the heart, blood travels through the capillaries, enters the ____ and then the _____ before returning to the heart.

venules, veins

Transpiration aids in the movement of _____ and dissolved _____ over long distance in plants.

water and dissolved minerals