Lab Week 4
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach and rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
where is simple columnar epithelium located
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
where is simple cuboidal epithelium located
air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lining of ventral body cavity
where is simple squamous epithelium found
attached to bone or occasionally to skin
where is skeletal muscles located
nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
where is stratified squamous located
lines the uterus, bladder, and part of the urethra
where is transitional epithelium found
dense irregular connective tissue
withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
cardiac muscle
as it contracts, it propels blood into circulation, involuntary control; located in the walls of the heart
dense regular connective tissue
attaches muscle to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
elastic connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers; looks like rubber bands stacked
epithelial tissue
forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters; based on shape and number of cell layers; lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface
Fibocartilage
matrix is similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
supports the external ear; epiglottis
where is elastic cartilage found
hyaline cartialge
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae; looks like pair of lungs
apical surface
an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ
cardiac muscle
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs; looks like dark bands on slide)
adipocyte
cell that stores fat
nuclei
clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
columnar
column shaped cells; taller than they are wide
cellularity
composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells (epithelial tissue)
reticular connective tissue
fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
elastic fiber
fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size
reticular fiber
fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting "nets" within connective tissue
squamous
flat cells
collagen fiber
flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength
mast cells
found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine
Bone (osseous tissue)
hard, calcified matrix is containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes in lacunae; very well vascularized
nervous tissue
internal communication, includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves
serous membrane
line body cavities that are closed to exterior
mucous membrane
line body cavities that are open to the exterior
elastic cartilage
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
adipose (loose connective tissue)
matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet
regeneration
mitotic; constantly replaces from the basal layer (basement membrane)
reticular (loose connective tissue)
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network; looks like cherry blossom tree
nervous tissue
neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extended from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non-excitable supporting cells
nervous tissue
neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity; supporting cells support and protect neurons
dense irregular connective tissue
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the major cell type; very little open space makes it dense, watercolor, swirl pattern makes it irregular
dense regular connective tissue
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast; very little open space makes it dense, regular wave pattern makes it regular
smooth muscle
propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control; found mostly in the walls of hollow organs
stratified squamous epithelium
protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
adipose connective tissue
provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
blood
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma); transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances; contained within blood vessel
simple epithelium
refers to a single layer of cells
transitional epithelium
resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on the degree of organ stretch
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
secrete substances particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
stratified epithelium
several layers of cells
elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix; looks like ears
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cube-like cells with large spherical nucleus; functions in secretion and absorption
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
simple columnar epithelium
single layer of tall cells with round oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
smooth muscle
spindle-shaped cels with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets
skeletal muscle
voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression
1. collagen fibers 2. elastic fibers 3. reticular fiber 4. capillary
what 4 things make up the ground substance
well vascularized except cartilage, tendon, and ligaments; many cell types; has living and nonliving components; has extracellular matrix with ground substance and fibers; all types originate from mesenchymal cells
what are some characteristics of connective tissue
1. regular 2. irregular 3. elastic
what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue proper
1. areolar 2. adipose 3. reticular
what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper
1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
1. macrophage 2. fibroblast 3. lymphocyte 4. adipocyte 5. mast cells 6. neutrophil 7. nuclei
what are the 7 cell types found in connective tissue
1. osteocytes 2. osteoblasts
what are the cells found in bone
1. chondrocyte in lacunae 2. matrix
what are two characteristics of cartilage
1. compact and spongy bone 2. osteocyte in lacuna, central canal
what are two types of bones and two characteristics of bone
1. RBC (erythrocyte; no nuclei or organelles in order to pack more oxygen) 2. WBC (leukocyte; has organelles) 3. Platelet (thrombocyte) 4. Plasma
what four things is blood composed of
plasma with no fibers
what is the matrix like in blood
gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts; fibers: collagen
what is the matrix like in bone tissue
gel-like ground substance; fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some
what is the matrix like in cartilage
gel-like ground substance; all three fiber types (collagen, reticular, elastic)
what is the matrix like in connective tissue proper
1. fibroblasts 2. fibrocytes 3. defense cells 4. adipocytes
what kind of cells are found in connective tissue proper
1. chondroblasts found in growing cartilage 2. chondrocytes
what kinds of cells are found in cartilage
under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
where is adipose tissue located
fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract
where is dense irregular connective tissue found
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
where is dense regular connective tissue found
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
where is elastic connective tissue found
intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; disc of knee joint
where is fibrocartilage located
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
where is hyaline cartilage located
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
where is nervous tissue located
nonciliated type in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located
lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
where is reticular tissue found
capillary
A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.
neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
macrophage
Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells
basement membrane
Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
simple squamous epithelium
allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating surfaces in serosae
elastic connective tissue
allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile floes of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs allowing respiration
vascularity
Pertaining to blood vessels or richly supplied with blood vessels
simple columnar epithelium
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
fibroblast
a cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers.
muscle tissue
contracts to cause movement, includes muscles attached to bones (skeletal), muscles of heart (cardiac), and muscles of hollow organs (smooth)
cutaneous membrane
covers the body surface
Cuboidal
cube shaped cells; as tall as they are wide
transitional epithelium
stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ
skeletal muscle tissue
striations, muscle fiber (cell), nuclei (multinucleated), nucleus pushed to periphery of cell, elongated
bone
supports and protects by enclosing; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
hyaline cartilage
supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress
connective tissue
supports, protects, binds other tissues, includes bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue
basal surface
surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane
fibrocartilage
tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock
stratified squamous epithelium
thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened; in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers