LAND 240 Test 4

Chinese Gardens

Borrowed scenery, proximity to water, naturalistic, organic layout

japanese bridges

Bridges first appeared in the Japanese garden during the Heian period (794) The bridges in the Japanese garden symbolize the path to paradise and immortality (soul) Bridges were made of stone, wood or logs with earth on top covered with moss, and were either arched or flat

separation of living space from work space was a hallmark of the 19th century

Cotton manufacturing was replaced by industrial production in large factories New public transportation such as macadam paving (small aggregate stones binded by cement) and the railroad steam engine made possible the creation of residential suburbs Metropolitan areas became regional scaled municipalities, encompassing rural environs Nearly all old fortification walls were removed

Courtyards

Courtyards were service areas for adjoining rooms and gardens were for scholarship, entertainment, and society Chinese houses and temples were arranged to form courtyards with the main building on the north side, gateway faced south For a dwelling, this was the master's house, For a temple, it was a hall containing statues of gods: Buddhist, Daoist, or Confucian The Chinese courtyard is a typically rectangular domestic shape Even in Neolithic times, found with a dwelling to face south with major settlements on the north side (initializing the development of the concept of Feng Shui at a later date) Courtyards were designed and used according to their owners' means (e.g. Temple courtyards were paved using gravel and stone paths and planted with trees and grass forming sacred groves / Courtyards in Buddhist monasteries were designed and used as gardens with pools) In Pompeii, no windows on the outside walls of buildings creating the courtyard for isolation Rich people had more than one courtyard with specialized roles, and used courtyards as ornamental space

The Great Palm House as Kew

Designed by Decimus Burton A glass house for growing palms and other tropical plants

Tea gardens japanese

During a short period of 32 years, the Momoyama period (1568 - 1600), Japan was occupied during the wars between daimyo (the powerful territorial lords) The centers of power and culture moved to castles of the daimyo, then new cities and gardens were built During the Momoyama period the tea ceremony (chaoyu), the teahouse (chashitsu), and the tea garden (roji) became popular in Japan Buddhist monks from China introduced tea in Japan and the tea ceremony became one of the most important and lasting developments of the Momoyama period, giving a new dimension to the refined rusticity of the Japanese garden The ritual of the tea ceremony was formulated by Sen no Rikyu (1522 - 1591), the first great tea master in Japan A pattern of precise movements, a particular setting, and elegant, simple utensils are required for its enactment According to the ritual, Japanese tea ceremonies should be conducted in the tea house: a small, thatch-roofed hut with commonly four-and-a-half tatami mats Simplicity was emphasized - only decoration allowed inside was a scroll with inscription and/or tree The secluded intimacy of the tea ceremony did not require the same kind of wellcomposed garden space as that of a temple Tea ceremonies required a means of separation from the busy surrounding world This demand was accomplished by a path to the tea house, called roji meaning 'dewy ground/path', designed as a psychological prologue for the perfection of the tea ceremony (garden as microcosm) Tea gardens were usually small and typically had a narrow corridor leading from the street, through a gate made of open-weave bamboo, into a small area where a stone basin invites the guest to bend down and wash hands, Cherry or elm trees for seasonal color - no bright flowers or exotic plants to avoid distractions to the tea ceremony Typical features: the stepping stones, moss, bamboo gates, stone lanterns, a stone water basin, and division between outer and inner gardens

Japanese Garden Design Principles

Early Japanese gardens followed Chinese garden styles, but the Japanese developed their own principles regarding their landscape and religious influences According to the Japanese gardening manuals beginning with "Sakuteiki" (Records of Garden Making), the first design manual of Japanese gardens written by Tachibana no Toshitsuna(1028 - 1084), basic design principals were as follows: Miniaturization Concealment Borrowed scenery asymmetry

the garden became a laboratory of horticultural science

Exotic living species were displayed as art Grafting, training, and hybrids created new forms, shapes, and colors Garden encyclopedias of species replaced treatises on aesthetics A fascination with newly available flowers created competitions and exhibitions developed

19th century science/religion

Faith in scientific progress continued to displaced faith in supernatural powers in some Science assumed much authority previously assumed by religion and philosophy Western pursuit of science, global exploration, + colonial expansion made Europeans look arrogant in their presumption of worldly hegemony Scientific materialism began to be pursued as much as fervor for the celestial bodies in the ancient world New philosophies made society receptive to and tolerant of religious and social pluralism

John Claudius Loudon

Felt that tunnels, bridges, and smaller scale engineering for utility were better monuments to a society's genius than the grandest architecture and sculpture Dreamed of shaping metropolitan growth and relieving congestion through greenbelts Greenbelt - a policy and land use designation used in planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighboring urban areas Most planners at this time began to propose this type of growt

the industrial revolution

Fostered the expansion of capitalistic economies as changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times Began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world Produced a strong middle class and a plethora of goods (labor force) Caused large scale population migrations tearing people away from their homelands Resulted in squalid living conditions, mostly in inner cities

Humble administrators garden

Fragrant Sorghum Hall: The name comes from sorghum fields that once existed near the garden. The windows are decorated with boxwood carvings Celestial Spring Tower: An octagonal tower with flying eves, built around a preexisting well called the celestial spring Borrowed Scenery (Jie Jing) from the eastern garden viewing the central garden A square pavilion with a hipped gable roofline and flying eves Each of the four sides are walled with a large moongatein the wall Covered bridge arched in three segments connected to a covered corridor on either end. Designed to give the appearance of a rainbow reflected in the water. Unique for being the only arched bridge in a Suzhou garden A land boat structure, named for the smell of the lotus blossoms in the Surging Wave Pond Covered corridor with attached pavilion used as a boat dock. Named for the grade changes which give it the feel of floating on the waves.

Zen gardens

From the Kamakura period (1185 - 1333), the emperors ruled in name only and the shogun, a military governor, took real power The Kamakura period was also the time when Buddhism, previously limited to the upper class, became a popular religion in Japan for all classes At this time, Japanese monks brought a new form of Buddhism, called Zen, emphasizing meditation, from China Zen - a Japanese school of Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition At this period, Shinto also became inter-twined with Buddhism and contributed to making of Zen Buddhist gardens Zen Buddhists believe that escape from the endless cycle of desire and suffering should be obtained by meditation and discipline, not by worshipping gods, reciting mantras or making gifts to monasteries Amida Buddhism and Zen Buddhism became the dominant influences in Japanese gardens Early in the Muromachi period, many famous temple gardens were built including the Temple of Golden Pavilion (1397; Kinkaku-ji) and the Temple of the Silver Pavilion (1482; Ginkaku-ji) Zen Buddhism influenced Japanese gardens in several ways following Zen principles: minimization, spontaneity, simplicity, and moderation The old Japanese term for what is now called a Zen garden was a dry garden (Kare-sansui) The term Zen garden is convenient, but was not used before 1930 One of the most famous Zen Buddhist temples founded in 1397 in Kyoto Originally a villa belonging to a politician, and converted to a Zen Buddhism Temple after the third Muromachi Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358 - 1408) purchased the site Garden composed in two parts: a lower garden and upper garden with tea houses The lake covers a third of the garden surface, divided by a peninsula and central island is a hear-character shape

A repertoire of design idioms which were often used in combination

Geometric + Picturesque + Gridiron Popularity of newly discovered plants gave way for the establishment of commercial nurseries (gardenesque influence) New books helped to spread information to the middle class as to how to attain homes and gardens like the aristocrats on a smaller scale The word taste was altered - a discerning sense of what was excellent, harmonious, and beautiful

Confucianism

Human's relationship to Humanity Associated with the geometrical order of Chinese domestic and town planning Confucius (551-479 BC) believed study improved man, particularly that of the noble arts: music, writing, mathematics, chariot driving, and archery. These became the basis for education of the 'good man' He argued for an ordered society founded on the concepts of ceremony, filial piety (respect for elders), loyalty, humaneness and gentlemanly behavior.

Zen Dry garden Ryoan ji

One of the most famous Zen dry gardens (kare-sansui) begun in 1488 on the site of an older temple in Kyoto The dry garden is about the size of a tennis court (9m wide and 24m long) and is enclosed on one side by a roofed corridor and on the other three sides by walls and by a small moss garden The raked gravel has 15 stones arranged in five groups: one of five stones, two of three stones, and two of two stones The only vegetation in the temple garden is some moss around the stones Unlike the stones in Chinese gardens, their shapes are not themselves remarkable This Zen dry garden is presented to be viewed from the veranda of the hojo, the residence of the of the monastery sitting at any point on the veranda, the viewer will always find one stone is hidden from sight, because traditionally saying that only through attaining enlightenment, one could see the 15th boulder Ryoan-ji's minimalist Zen dry garden had held great fascination for Western architects and garden historians since the 1930s when, conditioned by modernism, they began to understand its formal principles

Victorian Gardens a collage of styles

Italianate gardens with terracing and balusters came back into vogue New technologies renewed interest in waterworks in English gardens, which long ago ceased to play a major role in England The normally green landscape took on multicolored-hues from exotic specimen and color theory was based on seasonal variation The challenge for 19th century designers was how to assemble all of the ideals and objects

Asymmetry

Japanese gardens are not laid on straight axes, or with a single feature dominating the view (less Confucian influence) Buildings and garden features are usually placed to be seen from a diagonal, and are carefully composed into scenes that contrast right angles - i.e. buildings with natural features, and vertical features, such as rocks, bamboo or trees, with horizontal features, such as water

Jeremy Bentham and James Mill

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and James Mill (1733-1836) The doctrine of utilitarianism - government policy should aim to help achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people Created a system of social justice through prison development, burial reform, public education establishment, cultural institutions, and large municipal parks for population leisure and recreation

The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew

Joseph Banks created a repository for these specimen at Kew Kew became a global center for the transfer of plant material and a nexus for the increase in botanical gardens Hortus Kewensis - a three volume catalogue of the plants at Kew By 1820, the Horticultural Society of London began to eclipse Kew's prominence John Claudis Loudon commented in Gardener's Magazine on the stagnancy 1841 - Renamed the Royal Botanical Gardens

Kunming Lake - The summer palace

Kunming Lake has a circumference of 4 miles and occupies about 540 acres Originally no more than a marshy pond The view of Kunming Lake from the top of the building complex at Longevity Hill (Pen Yigang, Analysis of Traditional Chinese Garden) Entirely man-made and excavated soil was used to build Longevity Hill Jade

design characteristics of chinese gardens

Landscape painting and garden design are both arts based on 'word and image' The use of a brush for both calligraphy and painting formed an 'indissoluble bond' between poetry and painting (landscapes were painted regularly) As literary arts, they became joint contributors to garden design Famous landscapes were 'quoted' in garden designs (named scenes + symbolism)

technology altered city layout and landscape design

Lawn mower was patented by Edwin Budding in 1830 creating a landscape aesthetic upon smooth, evenly sheared grass Railroads created the planned suburbs and cheaper building materials while new horticultural plants were easily transported to urban centers Portland cement, asphalt paving, wrought iron panes, and sheet glass were all patented Steam and gas heating systems were created for people and to protect tender plants

public parks and rural cemetaries

Linking these two was a 19th century phenomenon The rise in the number of deaths in growing municipalities forced speedy distribution of carcasses and land needed to hold these burials Nondenominational public cemeteries sprouted up and doubled as early American parks Urban churchyards were major sources of groundwater contamination and many were also converted to burial grounds (natural remediation)

Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Frued

People should not look to the past and traditions for inspiration but look to the present and future for the only reliable basis for human advancement Nietzsche - questioned religious values and suggested the "death of God" Freud - the existence of libido and its central role in analytical processes

Primary Elements Japanese Gardens

Primary Elements Rocks and Sand Water Bridges Stone Lanterns and Water Basins Plants

Primary elements (conventions) of chinese gardens

Primary Elements (conventions) Stone Walls Windows and Gates Spatial Sequence (Roofed Corridor) Courtyards Jie Jing (Borrowing Views) Water and Plants

John Ruskin

Promoted the Romantic aesthetic which was rooted in the study of nature The appreciation of nature and art could serve as a source of spiritual life, not simply a manifestation of it (wrote Lectures on Landscape) Appalled by the dehumanization of the advance of industrialization Sought to revive medieval associations when craft guilds and stone carvers created natural ornamentation (early hippie)

Thomas Andrew Knight and the Polyprosopic Hothouse

Proposed a fully functional "hothouse" in which the greatest amount of light could be admitted through the expanse of glass Traditional conservatories were being designed large arched windows set into masonry New completely glass conservatories were designed by Loudon as polyprosopic Polyprosopic - designed of hinged surfaces that could be adjusted by chains and pulleys (like venetian blinds) to gain a more desirable angle of the sun or let pure sun in.

Carl Linnaeus and the taxonomic classification system (1735)

Provided a universal language of binomial reference for plant species International members developed a common foundational knowledge with one another Kingdoms, divided into phylum, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, families, genus, and species Indispensable as a foundation for biological nomenclature Latin was the universal scientific language of the time

George Perkins Marsh

Man and Nature was published in 1864 American diplomat and early environmentalist Posited that humanity had a role as God's partner as steward of the Earth rather than the Darwinian position of Biblical stories as myth and metaphor "Dominion without enlightened husbandry spells destruction"

The summer palace- imperial gardens history

Manchu invaders forced the seaward end of the Great Wall in in 1644, and they captured Beijing, founded the Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911): A period of China ruled by warriors from the north The conquest of South China was slower but by 1682, 10 million Manchus ruled 350 million Chinese The Manchus thought it best to adopt Chinese traditions regarding the relatively small size of their population This resulted in the country becoming more conservative The new rulers felt more secure in North China and most secure in palatial enclaves, funded by taxing the Han Chinese (ethnic group comprising around 92% of pop.) Beijing's Forbidden City remained the ceremonial capital and three great summer palaces were made: the Yuan Ming Yuan and the Yi He Yuan, both outside Beijing, and Cheng De in the hills to the north.

japanese plants

Most plants in the Japanese garden are extremely manicured and not exactly "natural" Each plant is selected in consideration of the design principles Even moss was used to create representations of gardens that seem ancient Trees and shrubs are carefully trimmed to promote attractive scenes and acquire good views in gardens The growth of plants was controlled to provide more picturesque shapes, and make them look more ancient In the late 16th century, a new art was developed in the Japanese garden, called "o-karikomi", the technique of trimming bushes into balls or rounded shapes which imitate waves (topiary) It was most frequently practiced on azalea bushes

Religious influence japanese gardens- Shinto

Niwa - sacred spaces made in Japan before the arrival of Buddhism A niwa was 'a place purified for worship of the gods' In modern Japanese, niwa is used to mean garden or courtyard, while old Japanese, a niwa was a sacred space and not a garden Shinto influenced Japanese gardens in several ways: - The trees and/or forests where gods resided = scared areas - The white gravel paving as a symbol of purity - The sacred courtyards surfaced with symbolic gravel areas (niwa) Shinto sanctuaries have ceremonial gates (Torii) framing a sacred object or space in nature Ise Shrine, one of the holiest Shinto shrines, is dedicated to the sun goddness Amaterasu and is composed of two main shrines, Naiku (inner shrine) and Geku (outer shrine)

Loudon in London

One of his first tasks was simply to apply picturesque principles to the planting of hardy trees and flowering shrubs within the city squares of London Revamped the ornamental farm (ferme ornee): continued the use of botanical display as art planting wind resistant hedgerows installing drainage infrastructure into agricultural fields developed farm roads that followed the contours of the land

stone lanterns and water basins

Stone lanterns and water basins are another important feature in the Japanese garden Stone lanterns (daidoro) were originally placed outside temples in the Nara (710 - 794) and the Heian (794 - 1185) periods, but, with the making of tea gardens during the Momoyama period (1568 - 1600), came to be a characteristic feature of Japanese gardens stone water basins (Tsukubai) allowed guests to purify themselves by washing their hands and mouth before tea ceremonies Regularly, a Bamboo pipe (Kakei) provided water to the basins

Stone in chinese gardens

Stones and their compositions became a key element in Chinese gardens, linking micro and macro scaled landscapes (symbolic of terrain) The best stones became famous collectors' items and many were eroded limestone from the bed of Lake Tai (Taihu) Lake Tai stones with their hollows and holes offer pride of place, like fine sculptures in front of big halls, within large pavilions, or beneath a stately pine tree Lake Tai stones are used in several ways: beside ponds, in trays (containers) which symbolize water or mountains, and beside paths surfaced with water- washed pebbles (the paving is a stretch of water, its movement represented by geometric or floral patterns, or images of real or mystical animals, or any other figures suggesting mobility)

The Summer Palace Chang Lang Long gallery/long corridor

Stretching for almost half a mile along the north side of Kunming Lake is the Long Gallery (Roofed Corridor) Gives architectural definition to the gentle curves of the shoreline and provides, through ornamental frames of wooden latticework panels, picturesque views of the lake and its surrounding scenery. his waterfront promenade also functions as a gallery for the more than 14,000 painted panels that decorate the cross beams (depicting birds, animals, flowers, landscape scenes, and other graceful motifs)

Natural Environments of Japan

Total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia 4 largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which together comprise about 97% of Japan's land area 73 % is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities (e.g Tokyo - pop of 13 mil, 2437.14/sq. mi) Islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" Japan has 108 active volcanoes 9 forest eco-regions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands Climate is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south In Honshū (northern), the rainy season begins in June and lasts about six weeks In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain

Victorian England

Victorian Era - the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 until her death in 1901 Described as Victorian due to the multitude of design styles employed during this time Georgian, Romanesque Revival, Neo-Classical, Renaissance Revival, etc....

William Barron Victorian Gardens

Victorian gardens perpetuated picturesque styles with botanical science Barron was renown for tree transplanting expertise and his skills at topiary Topiary - the horticultural practice of training live perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes Introduced the technique of moving plants with a large ball of earth attached to their roots

Windows and Gates

Walls outline various courts and corridors within the garden, subdividing it into discrete, though linked, scenic units These are often pierced by windows with tracery and gates for linkage Carefully placed windows and circular 'moon gates' and base or ground-shaped doors frame views of adjacent garden space Windows and doors along the walls provide framed scenery (Kuangjing: View Framing) influenced by landscape painting (reminiscent of the Claude Glass)

japanese gardens water

Water is a crucial element in Japanese gardens and represented by either a pond or stream, or by white sand or gravel in the dry rock gardens As in Chinese gardens, water and rocks symbolize Yin and Yang. Diverse types of water features are designed with one or more irregular shaped ponds (depending on the size of the garden) To connect ponds - channels, streams, and/or cascades were used Japanese gardens always have water, either a pond or stream, or, in the dry rock garden, represented by white sand According to the "Sakuteiki", there are several different styles of water features symbolizing landscapes using ponds and streams (e.g. ocean style, broad river style, marsh pond, mountain torrent style with cascades, etc...) Small islands in ponds are also important design elements in Japanese gardens

Water and Plants

Water is a vital design element in Chinese gardens Water symbolizes the Yin element + rocks/stones and buildings represent the Yang elements Penjing (called bonsai in Japan): Affected by Daoism, another way of keeping in touch with natural spirits - was to make a composition of mountains, water and trees on a tray Chinese gardens used plants as symbols (e.g. Bamboo represents a strong but resilient character / Pine symbolizes longevity / The lotus means purity / The flowering plum represents renewal and strength of will / etc.) Trees and flowers are needed to complete the picture and set the mood for poetry-writing parties

problems with expansion

Widespread industrial degradation of the environment The birth of a mass population which was spreading out Cholera and other diseases associated with overcrowding were contaminating drinking water New infrastructures (aqueducts, sewers) were needed more rapidly than could be produced Parks and transportation lines had to be built to connect to these developing areas Massive inpouring of immigrants in developing areas in pursuit of a better life caused its own problems in terms of housing, education, and medical services

dynasty gardens

Zhou Dynasty: palace city with a walled park b. Qin Dynasty: palace city with roofed corridors leading to a pavilion in a walled park c. Han Dynasty: palace city with adjoining garden and roofed corridors leading to a park with one lake and three islands d. Tang/Wei/Song Dynasties: palace and aristocratic city with an enclosed garden and roofed corridors leading to a park with one lake and three islands e. Yuan Dynasty: palace city with adjoining park, protected by an aristocratic and commercial city f. Qing Dynasty: palace city with adjoining park surrounded by aristocratic and commercial city, with additional parks beyond the city walls

evolution of the dwelling open space relationship in China

a. Neolithic type: a hut within a defensive enclosure b. Walled: Dwelling in a compound of dwellings c. Courtyard house: a house- yard with roofed corridors giving access to rooms d. Clan compound: a group of houses and a garden with a pond, roofed corridors and pavilions + courtyards.

Loudon Derby Arboretum

"A landscape containing the most beautiful specimens of nature could edify the general populace, relieve the misery of the working poor, and produce mutual respect and civic pride among the mingled classes" Arboretum - a botanical garden containing living collections of trees and woody plants intended at least partly for scientific study and education An awkwardly shaped parcel whose boundaries were concealed with dense plantings 1839 Linear mounds focused views to the surroundings and screened people on the ground Two broad straight axes and a major intersection connected meandering passageways Pavilions at the ends of the crosswalks provided shelter in rainy times Benches were scatted throughput for seating along the paths The opening saw three days of full occupants with no plant harmed Served as a social/educational space for mixed classes Specimen were numbered and information was included within a pamphlet

Concealment

("miegakure", literally 'hide and reveal.'): Smaller Zen Buddhist gardens are meant to be seen all at once (abstraction of reality) Stroll gardens are meant to be seen one landscape at a time, like a scroll of painted landscapes unrolling Features are hidden behind hills, trees groves or bamboo, walls or structures, to be discovered when the visitor follows the winding path

The Crystal Palace Joseph Paxon

A cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851 Displayed examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution The recent invention of the cast plate glass method in 1848 allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong glass Was at the time the largest amount of glass ever seen in a building and astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights, thus a "Crystal Palace`

The Public Market Movement

A major contribution of 19th century to modern urbanism More public parks were opened from 1885 -1914 than either before or after this period The picturesque idiom made the public parks movement possible A desire to improve public health in overcrowded conditions of rapidly growing industrial towns The lower levels of society could assume social roles in places of betterment Gifts of parklands from wealthy citizens to cities became a regular occurrence

Longevity Hill- The summer palace

About 200 feet (60m) high including many buildings lined in a sequence and a hierarchical order affected by Confucianism Considering "see and be seen" associated with topography

Overview of the Lingering Garden

About 5.76 acres (250,905 s.f.) divided into four major themed sections: East, Central, West, and North The 2,300 feet (700m) of roofed corridor connecting the four sections is the unique feature of this garden The Central section is the oldest part of this garden and initially constructed in around 1600 The garden design reflected an application of the principle of essay writing The 165 feet (50m) corridor from the main entry is the prelude, with glimpses of the main garden As the wider garden view opens, there are two routes - the argument stage, then one gets a final view - the conclusion View Framing (Kuangjing) influenced by landscape painting

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

American naturalistic writers and poets; Neighbors - Walden Pond Transcendentalism - there was an inherent goodness of both man and nature—society and its institutions, particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual Man is at his best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such individuals that true community could be formed "In wildness is the preservation of nature" - Thoreau

types of japanese gardens

Amida Buddhism Gardens (Nara & Heian Periods: 710 - 1185) Zen Gardens (Kamakura & Muromachi Periods: 1185 - 1573) Tea Gardens (Momoyama Period: 1568 - 1600) Stroll Gardens (Edo Period: 1603 - 1867)

Japan

An island in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean East of the East Sea (called the Sea of Japan), China, Russia and North and South Korea Characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun"

the vernacular landscape

Based on localized needs and construction materials, and reflecting local traditions Tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, technological, and historical context in which it exists Often been dismissed as crude and unrefined, but also has proponents who highlight its importance in current design It can be argued that the very process of consciously designing a building makes it not vernacular

Borrowed scenery Shakkei

Smaller gardens are often designed to incorporate the view of features outside the garden, such as hills, trees or temples, as part of the view - this makes the garden seem larger than it really is (more about scale than view, comparatively)

Amida Buddhism Gardens

Buddhism was introduced from China into Japan in 552 Under the regent (rules during absence or ruler), Prince Shotoku (573 - 621) promoted Buddhism and temples in Japan Along with the influence of Buddhism, in the 18th century, Korean craftsmen were brought to Nara (Japanese capital in 710) to help develop imperial gardens in the Chinese manner with lakes and rock arrangements forming islands In 794, the Japanese court moved the capital to Heian-kyo, the original name of Kyoto, then the Heian period begun In Heian period (794 - 1185), the layout of Japanese gardens strictly followed the design principles of Chinese practices Kyoto became the imperial capital of Japan for more than a thousand years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when Tokyo was made the capital Nara and Heian Periods In the end of the Heian period, Amida Buddhism (Pure Land Buddhism) hit Japanese gardens and 'Paradise Gardens' representing the Paradise of the West (where the Amida Buddha ruled) began to be developed The best example of Japanese temple gardens in the Heian period is Byodo-in at Kyoto Space is about natururalism and the temple, not necessary the arrangement of nature. For Amida Buddhism gardens, the east-west axis was the preferred orientation, because Amida's paradise is located in the west

japanese religious influence- buddhism

Buddhism was introduced from China via Korea into Japan in 552 Amida Buddhism (Pure Land Buddhism) flourished among Japan's aristocracy from the Heian period (794 - 1185), while Zen Buddhism was brought as a new form of Buddhism at the Kamakura period (1185 - 1333) Amida Buddha is the Buddha of the Western Paradise who welcomes people to the Pure Land, the utopia located in the west Amida Buddhism - influenced many artworks in Japan and encouraged contemplation in natural settings Zen Buddhism - emphasized meditation with abstract compositions in gardens to experience a spiritual activity The Buddhist design approach in Japan began with monks but was adopted by emperors and nobles Buddhism influenced Japanese gardens in several ways: - Promoted the symbolic re-recreation of an ideal landscape - Created a vision of the Pure Land of the Amida Buddha - Created an image of the Isles of the Immortals - Encouraged meditation and the road to spiritual awakening

song dynasty

By the end of the Song dynasty (960 - 1279 AD), the conventions of the Chinese garden design were well established The Song dynasty established a new order, and China had a period of peace under the enlightened rule of civilized and art-loving emperors Landscape painting and garden design enjoyed a golden age, in harmony with nature and poetry Buddhism had a deep influence on landscape art/sculpture

Three major part of scholar gardens

Central Garden: composed of many scenes, arranged around the "Surging Wave" Pond 3 islands recreate the scenery of paradise created by Daoism Western Garden : 1\2 the size of central garden, dominated by water Pond runs from north to south, central portion rises an islet Eastern Garden: a few buildings around a central great lawn and pond combination

Natural environments of china

China stretches across 3,123 mi across the East Asian landmass China's borders have more than 12,000 mi of land frontier, shared with nearly all the nations of mainland East Asia, and have been disputed at a number of points In general, the land is high in the west and descends to the east coast. Mountains (33%), plateaus (26%) and hills (10%) account for nearly 70% of the country's land surface

chinese and japanese gardens

Chinese Garden Japanese Garden Layout Symmetrical (imperial) Asymmetrical Courtyard Enclosed by buildings and walls on four sides Open onto pond gardens Use of Rocks Extraordinary shapes and/or resemblance to animals and/or nature for dramatic effect (focal points) Smaller and placed in more natural arrangements to be integrated into the garden (not themselves remarkable) Viewpoint Designed to be seen from the inside (buildings, pavilions, etc.) Designed to be seen from the outside (path, roji, etc.) Architecture Located in the center of the site occupying a large part of the garden space with very elaborate with much decoration Relatively small and simple with very little ornament, and largely or partly concealed

Yuan

Chinese for garden enclosed space, earth and stone as design elements, water as another design element, planting as another design element

Jie Jing Borrowed scenery

Chinese garden designers must screen out what is ugly and offensive and make use of 'Borrowed Scenery (Jie Jing)', whether a distance view of misty mountains, the rooflines of a nearby monastery, or the flowers of a neighbor's garden To borrow from the scenery means that "although the interior of a garden is distinct from what lies outside it, as long as there is a good view you need not be concerned whether this is close by or far away" Shapes, sounds, colors, and scents can also be borrowed

Daoism (Taoism)

Human's relationship to Nature Daoism is linked to Lao Tzu (senses and thoughts) but did not develop until 200 years after his death (itself dated between 600 and 300 BC) This evolved into a mystical religion which turned away from the artificialities, organization, and etiquette of Confucius (animism-esque) As the old Confucian order continued to disintegrate, nature appreciation offered sensitive imperial bureaucrats an escape from the harsh political realties of the times Daoism emphasizes the search for longevity and immortality (afterlife in nature), a quest which can be assisted through diet, exercise, breathing, alchemy, ethical behavior and travel to the Isles of the Immortals where they believe is on the Eastern Sea, off the Jiangsu (Kiangsu) coast of China The Dao is a principle that embraces nature, a force which flows through everything in the universe Daoism became associated with a more natural approach to the design of gardens Daoist concept of transcendental qi (chi), the "breath" that animates all things, giving them their own internet nature City dwellers were attracted by the idea of retreat to the mountains and by the longevity, or immortality, which they hoped to achieve though asceticism (abstinent from worldly pleasures) Living with nature and in accordance with the Dao became a Chinese ideal City dwellers believed their houses could be planned in harmony with the spirit world and this required the assistance of geomancers (from geo, earth + manteia, divination) In China, the practice was known as 'Feng Shui' (Wind and Water) According to Feng Shui, houses were planned with the main gate (entrance) facing south towards water and with mountains behind (house sited on the north side)

Buddhism

Human's relationship to paradise Buddhism came to China from India on a Silk Trade Road After death one is either reborn into another body (reincarnated) or enters nirvana It was then adopted by the Emperor and transformed through contact with Chinese civilization This brought a monastic (relating to religious vows) tradition to China though it was not necessary to join a monastery Laymen could hope for nirvana if they lived as Buddhists - they did not have to deny the old religions With the growth of Buddhism, the Chinese gained a religion in which quiet meditation was a means toward spiritual awareness Contemplative religious practice reinforced a Chinese proclivity for wilderness retreat, and many scholar poets and landscape artists joined Buddhist monks in seeking spiritual fulfillment in nature (multiple classes) Buddhism brought a love of images, temples and gardens, while Daoism stressed the significance of water, islands and forests It is difficult to distinguish Chinese Buddhist and Daoist architecture In gardens, disentangling two faiths is impossible

History of scholar gardens

In 1510, Wen Zhengming, an Imperial Envoy (ambassador) and poet of the Ming Dynasty retired to his native home of Suzhouand designed the garden Land was originally a wetland which he shaped into ponds Garden design reflected Wen's desire to retire from politics and adopt a hermit's life following Daoism An Old Chinese Garden: A Three-fold Masterpiece of Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting by Wen Zhengming Took 16 years to complete (1526) However, Wen's son lost the garden to pay gambling debts The garden has been remodeled almost continuously since 1650, latest in 1949

Chinese History

In 3000 B.C, the Chinese civilization developed in three great river basins Yangtze, Pearl, and Yellow The first capital was Chang'an (modern Xian) off Yellow River Agricultural settlements and culture spread from west to east and north to south, aided by a continual influx of people, ideas and technology from steppe and mountain areas Over the millennia, Chinese civilization was characterized by conflicts between nomads and settlers, by high technical skills compared to others, by strong governments, and by an importance on literature The Great Wall survives as a symbol of the struggle between nomads and settlers which had such a profound influence on the civilization of China and its gardens Historically, land belonged simultaneously to the emperor and to powerful landowners, it did not belong to farmers Great

Gardenesque style european electicism

Introduced by John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843) in 1832 to describe a style of planting design that philosophized that to be recognizable as a work of art, primarily exotic plants should be used Accepted several other ways of making planting recognizable as art: (1) by removing surrounding plants so that a perfect form of the plant was grown (2) by 'high keeping' (intensive maintenance) in a garden (3) by planting in organized beds (straight or organic)

Spatial Sequence (roofed corridors)

Providing spatial sequences using roofed corridors has been found as early as the Qin Dynasty (221 - 206 BC) After becoming the First Emperor of the united country in 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang made his capital city, named Xianyang and outside the present walls of Xian, a rectangular riverside city on a north-south axis In the city, roofed corridors crossed streets to interconnect places Roofed corridors became an enduring feature of imperial parks and gardens During the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD), the Jianzhang Palace was joined to the palace city by a roofed corridor. Other roofed corridors led into a park with Kunming Lake and its three islands In Suzhou, a major city in the southeast of China famous for its classical scholar gardens, summer is long, hot, humid, and frequently wet, while winter is short and mild. Thus roofed corridors are climatically excellent garden features. Han Especially at the entrance of gardens, the line of sight is usually blocked by walls and roofed corridors, preventing visitors from grasping immediately the overall garden layout. Acted as scenic guides (views framed/named accordingly) Roofed corridors led to garden pavilions and protected people with fine clothes and shoes from water and mud

The summer palace overview

Quianlong emperor built this park in honor of his mother's 60th birthday Located outside Beijing and about 725 acres (31,581,000 s.f.) Longevity Hill Kunming Lake Major features are Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake

japanese rocks and sand

Rocks, gravel, and sand are essential elements of Japanese gardens (can be placed or raked) They symbolize nature - vertical rocks (mountains) / flat rocks (the earth) / sand or gravel (a beach or water) Rocks are carefully arranged when considering configuration - compositions of two, three, five, or seven rocks / compositions of three rocks being the most common The white gravel courtyard represents purity and became a distinctive design element for Shinto shrines, imperial palaces, temples, and Zen gardens Patience and fortitude to produce patterns Horizontal lines were preferred in Japanese stone compositions In early Japanese gardens, rocks are more sympathetically linked to the native landscape which were originally intended to evoke Chinese mountain scenery Later, vertical stones were still used as accents, but handsome flat stones became increasingly prized by Japanese garden designers as an important means of creating effects of tranquil beauty

Japanese Stroll Gardens

The Edo period (1603 - 1867) is named after the town which became the real seat of power in 1603, after Tokugawa Ieyasu triumphed over his opponents and became the first shogun of Tokugawa shogunate(ruler is dictator) Edo became Tokyo when it became Japan's capital in 1868 and a resolution between the divergent attractions of luxury and simplicity was achieved through the stroll garden Under the powerful shogunate, political stability led to economic prosperity, urban expansion and garden construction Japanese stroll gardens have lakes, islands and long paths leading to buildings and points of interest While stroll gardens were made outside the castles of feudal lords, tea gardens continued to be made within towns The best-known practitioner of the stroll garden style was Kobori Enshu (1579 - 1647), a daimyo (feudal leader) Enshu had studied Zen and the tea ceremony, under the Sen no Rikyu, and helped train his friends and relatives in garden making As Rikyu popularized the idea of borrowed scenery, Enshu applied these ideas in his gardens The technique of hide-and-reveal is the essence of the stroll garden, a concept that substitutes movement through a sequence of garden spaces for the stationary viewing This promotes a zigzag movement, creating scenic surprises as one travels along a prescribed garden route Within the stroll garden, the stepping-stone path of the tea garden is employed for a new purpose: the kinetic (resulting from motion) experience of landscape

Forbidden city overview

The Forbidden City, Jingshan Park and the three seas: Beihai, Zhonghai, and Nanhai The Central and Southern Seas (Zhongnanhai) are an exclusive compound for the Chinese Communist Party, which govern China The Chinese imperial palace from the Ming and Qing Dynasties Located in the center of Beijing Built from 1406 to 1420 7,800,000 s.f. (180 acres) 17 palaces (most with their own courtyards) 980 total buildings A 4 mile north-south axis

miniaturization

The Japanese garden is a miniature and idealized view of nature Rocks can represent mountains, and ponds can represent seas The garden is sometimes made to appear larger by placing larger rocks and trees in the foreground, and smaller ones in the background.

European Eclecticism Jardin anglais

The Landscape "garden park" which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical Garden of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe The idealized view of nature was collaged with other ideals As individual tastes grew, the license for garden styles was broadened More geometrical design styles were allowed back into English gardens The display of exotic plants became a hallmark of Victorian garden styles Color and blooming cycles played important roles

History of the Lingering Garden - Liu Yuan

The Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) was founded in 1522 by Xu Shitai, a civil servant in charge of the emperor's horses and carriages. In 1876, it was purchased and greatly enlarged by the Sheng family, and the garden was renamed to the Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan) The Sheng family opened it to the public during the Spring Festival (Qingming Festival), so this required adding a separate entrance

primary derivatives of landscape design thus far

The desire to perceive order in the universe is revealed in landscape design Cosmological Beliefs Philosophical Changes Religious Attitudes

The garden assumed new importance with the growth in middle class home ownership

The garden assumed new importance with the growth in middle class home ownership Gardeners on large estates took their horticultural knowledge and applied it to their middle class homes Ornamental gardens, as opposed to agricultural, became important adjuncts to the homestead Cottages and small scale rustic elements once removed to create scenic views were now left as visible relics within the landscape

Wardian Cases

The greatest difficulty in transporting seeds and specimen over long ocean voyages was cold, mildew, sea spray, and natural disaster 1838 - Nathaniel Ward noticed that seeds planted in covered jars germinated due to the condensation produced by respiration - a miniature greenhouse This method became part of the standard equipment for all plant hunters It created an influx of new exotic species to England

origins of japanese gardens

The islands of Japan were settled from continental Asia, setting the pattern for a unique civilization which was influenced from the mainland, but always set its own course By 10,000 BC (in theory), migrants had established a hunter-gatherer civilization, called Jomon Culture The Jomon Culture had gods, sacrificial rituals, pit dwellings and pottery making skills But the society was not literate and the earliest written information about Japan comes from a Chinese text around 57 AD (set the stage for Chinese influence

Scholar gardens

The largest group of Chinese scholar gardens is located in the Suzhouarea, but there are other private ones throughout China Suzhou has a better climate for scholar gardens than Beijing as it is warmer and wetter All gardens in Suzhouhave different origins, but their features are comparable: - Closed off from the town by high walls, providing privacy and security - Gardens adjoin areas of courtyard housing - Gardens can be viewed from a network of walks, corridors, and pavilions - Circulation systems are separate from those of the courtyard housing, so that the gardens could be used and visited without traversing the courtyards - Gardens display an elegant and light-hearted use of color and patterns

Scholar garden overview

The largest private garden in China (539,130 s.f.) Many pavilions, roofed corridors, and zigzag bridges link the residential courtyards, pools, and islands The garden has 48 different buildings with 101 tablets (stones with images), 40 stelae (monuments), and over 700 penjing (tray landscapes)

east asian gardens

The notion of landscape as a text with encoded meaning A place of memory and association An experiential space in which to stroll and enjoy the unfolding of sequential views Emphasized perceptions promoted by the impressions of scenery upon the senses Nature-oriented (like Daoism and Shinto) to emphasize a life lived in spiritual harmony with nature (not control of nature) Natural shapes used over geometrical shapes

Imperial garden- The forbidden city History

The overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368), founded by Kublai Khan, a Mongol and a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the establishment of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) was accompanied by pride in having ended a period of foreign rule Ming Dynasty emperors re-appraised Chinese history to lay the basis for a secure future Many aspects of society were re-organized As in Renaissance Europe, the aim was to distill what was best in the social, artistic and philosophical traditions of the preceding two millennia This resulted in a new urban synthesis and what is now regarded as the classical Chinese garden The synthesis is described as Neo-Confucian because the Confucian approach was revived, modernized and integrated with Buddhism and Daoism All of three philosophies provided a way of organizing society (Confucian), a way of worshipping the gods (Buddhist), and a way of learning from nature (Daoist) Yuan's Capital was rebuilt after the Ming victory and the name of the city was changed from Dadu to Beijing Three city walls (outer, middle, and inner) were built to protect the inhabitants The innermost wall, which survives, enclosed the palace now called the Forbidden City Guided by geometry, Confucian symbolism, and cosmology, they gave physical representation to the emperor's rule under the "mandate of heaven" Expressed as a hierarchical ordering of space which nested three rectangular walled enclosures containing the Inner City, the Imperial City and the Forbidden City, all of which were centered on a great north-south axis

The Summer Palace Bridges

The views looking west from the eastern shore of the lake are enriched by a series of bridges The most notable of there is the Jade Belt Bridge (Yu Dai Qiao), which leaps with balletic grace over an inlet at the lake's western edge

Walls in chinese gardens

The walls in Chinese gardens provide an important means of: - segregating space - screening from sight the mundane workday reality of city streets - making the garden invisible to passerbys The walls of Chinese gardens often rise and fall according to the elevation of the ground Curved roof tiles, sometimes following a wavy line, produce a sense of animated movement

Darwin

Theorized that humans were products of an evolutionary biology that linked them with the rest of the universe The Origin of Species was published in 1859 Took into account circumstances of geology and climate as ecological niches for species The human species was now responsible for destroying other species as well as harming their own welfare - through modification of the environment

Design Characteristics of Japanese Gardens

There are more than 15 periods depending on how historians classify each era We focus on the importance of Japanese garden history, using 7 key periods Period Main Government Religious Influence Years Pre-Nara Local or Yamato Clans Shinto - 710 Nara Emperors Buddhism 710 - 794 Heian Emperors Amida Buddhism 794 - 1185 Kamakura Kamakura Shogunate Zen Buddhism 1185 - 1333 Muromachi Ashikaga Shogunate, Daimyos, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi Zen Buddhism 1336 - 1573 Azuchi-Momoyama Buddhism 1568 - 1600 Edo Tokugawa Shogunate Buddhism 1603 - 1867

Dynasties

There are more than 20 dynasties depending on how historians classify each era Rare for one dynasty to change peacefully into the next Dynasties were often established before overthrowing an existing regime With a focus on landscape design history in China, this lecture focuses on places and gardens created during 8 primary dynasties Zhou Ji 1050 BC - 256 BC Qin Ying 221 BC - 206 BC Han Liu 202 BC - 220 AD Tang Li 618 - 906 Song Zhao 960 - 1279 Yuan Borjigin 1271 - 1368 Ming Zhu 1368 - 1644 Qing Aisin Gioro 1644 - 1911

zen garden

abstraction and meditation

Imperial gardens

emperors cold and dry huge- took advantage of beautiful natural setting expansive layout straightforward and heavy architecture/detail/shape rich color evergreen plants The Forbidden City (Zi Jin Cheng) The Summer Palace (Yi He Yuan)

The vocabulary of Japanese garden design has furnished inspiration to modern garden designers in other countries

its abstract compositional harmonies - its elegant rusticity - its borrowed scenery - its asymmetrical configuration of design elements - its attention to ground plane patterns and textures

Zen temple garden- Golden Pavilion

kinkaku ji The garden was designed as a paradise garden in which to stroll and meditate - derived from a fusion of Chinese Song and Japanese Zen aesthetics The Golden Pavilion is three-storied structure inspired by the style of the Southern Song of China and stands on the North side of the lake The Golden Pavilion is a dedicatedly poetic structure, especially its soaring eaves are dusted with snow and the pines and pond beside it are similarly whitened

stroll garden

movement and scenery

amida buddhism temple

naturalism and architecture

shinto niwa

sacred spaces

private (scholar gardens)

scholars warm and humid small- within the city proper enclosed layout exquisite and light shape and detail light color deciduous planting Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuo Zheng Yuan) Lingering Garden (Liu Yuan)