language

diffusion of languages late Middle Ages

invention of printing press by Gutenburg, and rise of nationstates worked to spread literacy and stabilize languages

when Nigeria gained independence in 1962

it adopted English as the official language to get rid of language disputes

literary tradition

it is written as well as spoken

Basque

language of Euskera covers a small land area--in no way related to any other language family in Europe!!!; isolated language

lingua franca

language of international communication

Proto tongue

language of original speakers

minority languages/endangered languages

language spoken by a minority of the population of a country

isolated language

language that is unrelated to any other in therefore not attached to any language family; an isolated language arises because the speakers of that language have a limited interaction with speakers of other languages

Creole language

language that results from the mixing of the colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

extinct language

language that was once used by people and daily activities but is no longer in use

nilo-saharan

languages in this family are spoken by people in north central Africa, immediately north of the Niger Congo language region. Divisions within the family exemplified the problem of classifying African languages. Despite having a relatively few speakers, the family is divided into six branches, plus numerous groups and subgroups. The total number of speakers of individual language is extremely small

how do languages diffuse

migration, trade, traveling, rise of nationstates, colonialism, human interaction, print distribution

development and lingua franca

The more developed country is the more it's language will be used in worldwide commerce

examples of power and balances

Canada, Belgium, Cyprus, Nigeria

next lingua franca

Chinese because of logograms and attraction of use on internet

diffusion of languages 2000 years ago

Chinese in Latin had successfully diffused over large regions

language family

Collection of languages related through a common ancestor language that existed long before recorded history

language group

Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary

language branch

Collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago; archaeological evidence can you confirm that the branch is derived from the same family

official language of India

Hindi which is an Indo European language

top native languages

1) Mandarin Chinese 2)spanish 3)english 4)bengali 5)hindu 6)portuguese 7)russian 8)japanese 9) german 10)Wu chinese

Belgium's power imbalance

-Flanders section speak (Flemish/Dutch) -Wallonia (French) -Brussels (capital) officially bilingual

trade language

A made-up language that is used by people who want to trade

lingua franca prior French

Arabic

afro-asiatic

Arabic is the major language of the afro-asiatic family, an official language in two dozen countries of Southwest Asia and north Africa, and one of six official languages of the United Nations; a large percentage of the worlds 1 billion Muslims have at least some knowledge of Arabic because Islam's holiest book the koran was written in that language in the seventh century. the afro-asiatic language also includes Hebrew, The original language of judaism's Bible and Christianity's old testament

currently were Franca of international business, education, science, technology, diplomacy, Entertainment, radio, seafaring, and aviation

English

Germanic Branch

English belongs to the West germanic group of the Germanic language branch of the Indo-European family. German and Dutch are also Westrum in a group languages. The Germanic language branch also includes languages in the north Germanic group, spoken in Scandinavia. The four Scandinavian languages - Swedish, danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic.

British colonies official language

English, although many citizens cannot speak it

failed attempt to create one global language

Esperanto Experiment

lingua franca prior World War II

French

Franglais

French and English

examples of minority/endangered languages

Gaelic, Welsh, Cherokee

Denglish

German and English

example of a creole language

Haiti-- A blend of African languages with French

examples of monolingual states

Japan, Denmark, Iceland, Poland, Lesotho, Uruguay, Portugal

two most widely used language family outside of China in east asia

Japanese and Korean

oldest sub saharan language

Khoisan languages *include click sound*

agricultural theory of Proto Indo-European hearth

PIE defused West were through Europe with the diffusion of agriculture

examples of language families

Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Austronesian, Indo-European, Japanese, Korean, Dravidian, Afro-asiatic, Uralic, altaic

Spanglish

Spanish and English

received pronunciation

Standard language in England

vulgar Latin

The Latin that people in the provinces learned was not the standard C form but a spoken form; from the Latin word referring to "the masses" of the populace

Indo-Iranian branch

The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers is indo-Iranian. The branch is divided into the Iranian, or western, group and the Indic, or eastern, group. The major Iranian group languages include Persian in Iran, pashto in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, and Kurdish, used by the Kurds of western Iran, northern Iraq, and eastern Turkey. These languages are written in Arabic alphabet.

common ancestry of Indo-European languages

The existence of a single ancestor - which can be called Proto Indo-European - cannot be proved with certainty. Indo-European languages share common words for winter and snow and animals and trees but not ocean and other species of animals and plants; therefore, linguists conclude that original Proto Indo-European speakers lived in a place where the shared animals and trees are found whereas the unshared words were added later after the original language split into branches

Romance Branch

The four most widely used contemporary romance languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian. The European regions in which these for languages are spoken correspond somewhat to the boundaries of the modern state of Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy. Rugged mountains service boundaries on Mondays for countries. The fifth most widely used romance language, Romanian, is the principal language of Romania and Moldova. it is separated from the other romance-speaking European countries by Slavic-speaking peoples.

Global language

The principal language people use around the world and their day-to-day activities; a common language of trade and commerce used around the world

German invasion

The tribes invading the British Isles were known as angles, jutes, Saxons. The jutes came from northern Denmark, the angles from Southern Denmark, and the Saxons from northwestern Germany. Modern English has evolved primarily from these three tribes. English people and others who trace their cultural heritage back to England are often called Anglo-Saxons, after the two larger tribes.

Isogloss

Word usage boundary

The worlds third and fourth largest language families are based in Africa

afro-asiatic in north africa, and niger-congo in sub-saharan africa

three largest language families of Southeast Asia

austronesian, Austro-asiatic, Tai-kadai

Origin and diffusion of romance

belong to a single branch because they originated from Latin, "the Romans' language." as the Roman empire extended from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to the black sea on the east and encompassed all lands bordering the Mediterranean sea they diffused the Latin language with them. in the process, the language spoken by the natives of the provinces were either extinguished or suppressed in favor of the language of the conquerors.

dispersal hypothesis of Proto Indo-European hearth

carried westward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across Russian-Ukrainian planes and on into the Balkans

language of convergence

collapsing two languages into one

ebonics

combination of Ebony and phonics

Standard language

dialect that is well-established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication

principal language family of south Asia

dravidian

other Asian language families

dravidian, altaic, uralic

con quest of Proto Indo-European hearth

early speakers of PIE spread east to west on horseback, conquering earlier in habitants beginning diffusion of Indo-Euro tongue

Sino Tibetan

encompasses languages spoken in the peoples Republic of China - the worlds most populous state at one point3 billion - and in several smaller countries in Southeast Asia. The languages of China generally belong to the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. there is no single Chinese language, the most commonly used is mandarin spoken by approximately 3/4 of Chinese people. mandarin is by a wide margin the most used language in the world. Mandarin is now the official language of both the peoples Republic of China and Taiwan and is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. seven other Sinitic branch languages are spoken in China, mostly in the southern and eastern parts of the country - wu, min, jinyu, xiang, hakka, and gan.

examples of extinct languages

gothic, Native American languages, indigenous African languages

language imperialism

governments are policies of forced assimilation during the 20th century including not allowing indigenous peoples to speak native languages; in Canada, Russia, New Zealand, Australia, America

niger-congo

more than 95% of the people in sub-Saharan Africa speak languages of this family. The three most widely spoken languages are Swahili, yoruba, and igbo. yoruba and igbo are among the many languages of Nigeria. Swahili is an official language only in Tanzania, but it is the first language of 15 million people and is spoken as a second language by another 25 million Africans. especially in rule areas, the local language is used to communicate with others from the same village, and Swahili is used to communicate with outsiders. Swahili originated through interaction among African groups in Arab traders, so it's vocabulary has strong Arabic influences it is one of the few African languages with an extensive literature.

Quechuan language family

most widely used language family in the western hemisphere other than Indo-European. It's speakers live primarily in the Andes mountains of western South America. Most speakers you Spanish as a first language

Indo-European

most widely used language family, is the predominant one in Europe, South Asia, and north and Latin America. Eight branches including four that are widely used (Indo-Iranian, Germanic, romance, and Balto-Slavic) and for that are spoken by relatively few people (Albanian, Armenian, Celtic, and Greek)

African language families

no one knows the precise number of languages in Africa, and scholars disagree on classifying them into families

Proto-Indo

origin of most european languages

Balto Slavic branch

predominate in Eastern Europe. Slavic was once a single language, but differences develop in the 17th century when several groups of slavs migrated from Asia to different areas of Eastern Europe and there after lived in isolation from one another. as a result, this branch can be divided into east, west, and south Slavic groups, as well as a Baltic group. The most widely used a Slavic languages are the eastern ones, primarily Russian. The importance of Russian increased with the Soviet union's rise to power, the most spoken west Slavic language is Polish, followed by Czech and Slavic. The most widely used south of Slavic language is the one spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia. when they were all a part of Yugoslavia, the language was called Serbo-Croatian. This name now offends Bosnians and Croatians because it reminds them when they were once in a country that was dominated by serbs.

dialect

regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

globalization

shrinking the worlds linguistic heritage

pidgin language

simplified form of a language

language sound shift

slight change in a word across languages within a sub family or through a language family

vigorous language

spoken and Dailey used by people of all ages, but it lacks a literary tradition.

developing language

spoken in Dailey used by people of all ages, from children to elderly individuals. Also has a literary tradition, the literature in the language may not be widely distributed

diffusion of languages large political entities

strong interest in promoting a common culture

subdialect

subdivision of a dialect

logograms

symbols that represent words are meaningful parts of words

altaic

thought to have originated in the steppes ordering the Altaic mountains between tibet and China; by far most speakers is Turkish; Altaic language was suppressed during Soviet union rule; after downfall of Soviet union Altaic languages became official in several new countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan

Renfrew hypothesis of Proto Indo-European hearth

three areas in and near the Fertile Crescent gave rise to three language families 1) Europes (Turkey) 2) North African and Arabian 3) Iran, Pakistan

uralic

traced back 7000 years ago by people living in ural mountains of present-day Russia

Mutual intelligibility

two people can understand each other when speaking

official language

used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects, such as roadsigns, money, and stamps

institutional language

used in education, work, mass media, and government

language divergence

we are new languages a form from old ones