LARE 4 Site Engineering/Construction Comprehensive Set 2016

What is S2S Lumber?

"Surfaced on two sides" These boards are planed on both faces to final thickness after milling and drying

What is the maximum percent cross slop of Drainage on Hardscape Surfaces?

-2% wash on step treads -Maximum cross-slopes on ramps and walks

What are examples of Drainage that is located Behind Retaining Walls?

-Gravel bed with perforated pipe to daylight / drain -Gravel sump with PVC weep holes , 5' to 6' on center -Filter fabric between gravel and soil

What are the 5 pieces of information included in every lumber grade stamp?

-Identification number or name of mill where the lumber was produced. -The agency or association that certified the material -species of wood -grade of lumber -seasoning of lumber including moisture content and method of drying

What are the 3 Soil Properties of water?

-Infiltration rate (inches per hour): depth of water infiltrated after 1 hour -Field capacity: volume of water soil will hold after gravity drains excess. -Available moisture: % moisture in soil available to plants

Define: Latitude

-Lines run horizontally around earth -0-90 degrees north and south

Generally speaking what are standard Lighting Heights?

-Vehicular, 34'-0" +/- -General, 25'-0" +/- -Pedestrian, 12'-0" +/- -Feature, lower to the ground.

Generally speaking what is the landscape contractors sequence of tasks?

-define scope -eval. ex. conditions -do counts off plan, construction strategy, time line chart -layout survey: limit of work line -prepare site: Perimeter anti-siltation barriers and filters at low points . plant protection staked out per spec, or dug and temp rem. . Site clearing: all organic matter rem. before earth work. topsoil stockpiled (4-6")scarified if compacted to aid removal. equip: a. bulldozer:caterpillar track mounted tractors w/ broadfront mounted blades which strip by pushingsoil forward at a controlled depth. max push dist:too'. light to med sized sites. b. scrapers: mortorized bin scoops via cutting blade at bottom of bin. bushed by track bulldozers. elevating scrapters don't need bulldozers. need maneuvering room. c. Power shovels: good for embankments or narrow areas. used with a truck hauler. -execute work -recieve final inspection and client approval (punch list) -final clean-up, mechanic's lein waiver inspections, payment, certificate of occupancy

What are the General accessibility standards of a door way?

-min clearance width of accessible route is 3' - max rise at accessible door threshold is 1/2"

Nosing shall project no more than __________, except for brick-style or other modular paving veneer nosing, which shall project no more than __________?

1 1/2", 1/2"

What is the usual depth of swale?

1 foot

How long should concrete be protected from freezing weather during installation?

1-2 weeks

Buildings shall be set back how much?

1. All buildings shall be set back at least 25' form the street ROW (property line along the street). 2. At least 15' from all other property lines.

What are the two types of wood-concrete connectors?

1. Retrofit-insterted and epoxied into a post-cast drilled hole 2. Embedded-anchor bolts and hold-downs are set in place during the concrete pour.

How do air content, flow and time affect the bond strength of mortar?

1. as the air content is increased, bond strength decreases.2. as the flow increases, the bond strength increases.3. as the lapsed time between the spreading of the mortar and the laying of units increases, the bond strength decreases

What 5 pieces of information are listed by lumber-graded marks?

1. grade designation (quality) 2. species identification 3. max. moisture content at the time of surfacing 4. the grading agency responsible for inspection 5. mill identification

Bid Price represents contractor's cost summary for what 4 main tasks?

1. site prep 2. materials and installation 3. equip and labor and time 4. overhead and profit

What are the THREE functions of a precast pavement base course?

1. support the expected traffic load. 2. provide drainage. 3. provide ground swell protection

What are the most common methods for retaining the moisture in concrete for proper curing?

1. wet curing. 2. waterproof paper or plastic sheets. 3. sprinkling or ponding of water. 4. curing compounds

What are the FIVE most significant Environmental impacts that result from changes in the storm drainage pattern?

1.Increased flood potential due to increases in peak flow rates. 2.Decreased groundwater supply cased by reduced infiltration. 3.Increased soil erosion and sedimentation. 4.Increase petrochemical pollution. 5.Contamination of winter runoff by salt and sand.

The radius of curvature at the leading edge of the stair tread shall be no greater than ______?

1/2"

What are the max sizes of aggregate in concrete?

1/3 the depth of a slab, 1/5 the thickness of a wall or non-reinforced elements, or 3/4 of the clear space between the bars and the form work

What is the maximum / minimum joint depth for a contraction joint?

1/4 the thickness of the slab, but no less than 1"

4x6 are suitable up to what height?

10'

How far should all site 'development' be from wetland margins?

100' from the edge

In feet, what is the minimum inside turning radius for automobiles?

18'

What is the minimum length of an off-street stacked parking space?

18'

What is the maximum slope for a curb ramp?

1:12

What is the maximum slope of a flared curb ramp?

1:12 for landings that are 36". or 1:10 for landings that are 48"

What is the maximum slope of a ramp in new construction?

1:12 or 8.33%

What is the maximum ADA: running slope of walking surface?

1:20 or 5%, cross-slopes no more than 1:48 or 2%

How many off-street stacked parking spaces are allocated for unattended drop boxes?

2

What is the acceptable range of a softscape slope?

2% to maximum 3:1

What is the cross slope for most ramps?

2%, so landing will be warped planes

How do you calculate Circle Perimeter or Circumference?.

2(pi)r

What is the standard bearing capacity of Soft Clay?

2,000 lb SF

Guardrails are required on retaining walls where difference in grade are level on either side of the walls are in excess of _________feet and are located closer than __________feet to a walk, path, parking lot or driveway on the higher side?

2.5' and 3'

What is the maximum rise of any run?

2.5' or 30"

How many board feet of lumber are in a 10' long 4x6?

20 =(10x4x6)/12

Service areas shall incorporate a minimum __________ feet turnaround to accommodate small service vehicles (such as panel vans)?

20'

According to OSHA, railings shall be designed to withstand how many psf, uniformly loaded?

200 lbs. per lineal foot

Two-way travelways shall be a minimum of _______ and a max of _______ wide?

22' - 26'

What are the minimum dimensions of a drop-off/pick-up area/spot?

22' x 9'

Parallel parking spaces shall have a minimum length of ________ feet and a minimum width of __________feet ?

22', 9'

What is the minimum outside turning radius (ft) for automobiles?

27'

What does 3 courses of bricks equal?

3 courses = 8 inches

What is the actual size of a 4x8?

3.5x7.25"

Standard Mortar Joints

3/8" thick

What is the common size for a mortar joint for masonry walls when using a standard module brick?

3/8inches inches

What is the normal psi specified for concrete?

3000-5000 psi

Top of handrail gripping surface shall be mounted between _______ and _______ inches above the ramp surfaces?

34''and 38"

What is the Township size?

36 miles

What are the basics of a Wet pond design?

4 to 8 feet depth (temperature, sediments) Level safety bench 3 meters around perimeter Above seasonal water level

Open guardrails shall have balusters or other construction such that a sphere with a diameter of __________inches cannot pass through any opening?

4"

What are the required ADA: widths entering, inside, and exiting a 180 degree turn?

42", 48", 42"

What is the minimum outside turning radius (ft) for large trucks?

43'

__________feet is the minimum sight triangle distance, from the outside edge of pavement/curb, for all off-street parking and road intersections? (This height is measured between 2-5'.)

45' from outside curb to outside curb, for a 90 degree angle turn.

What is the typical size of plywood sheet?

4x8 ft.

What are the parts of the Soil horizons? How many standard parts are there?

5 Parts -- Organic layer // Topsoil // Subsoil Parent rock:material, large rock & Bedrock. Sometimes there is also a water horizon.

What is the slope range for ramps?

5% - 8.33% or 1:20 - 1:12

Accessible parking spaces shall have a __________ feet wide access aisle adjacent to the side of the parking spaces?

5'

What are standard Metal Gauge Thicknesses?

6 - 3/16" 9 - 5/32" 11 - 1/8" 13 - 3/32" 15 - 1/16" 20 - 1/32"

What is the maximum rise of a ramp before requiring a handrail?

6"

How many inches are in a degree?

60 inches

Latitude lines are how far apart?

69 miles

The maximum length of a cul-de-sac? (Centerline of road to the radius point of the cul-de-sac bulb.)

800'

A bearing cannot be greater than how many degrees?

90

At what MC is wood decay resistant?

<20% Moisture Content.

Epoxy sealer

A 2-component system that reacts when mixed to form a hard, durable sealer Can be UV sensitive and are not heat resistant

What is a geodetic survey?

A Geodetic surveys are very precise and cover large areas.These require the curvature of the earth to be taken into consideration and require additional land survey techniques such as triangulation, trilateration and astronomical direction fixing

Toggle Bolt

A bolt with a separate toggle end that can be flattened to fit through a pre-drilled hole and that springs outward to provide securement when the bolt is tightened Used in block, wallboard and other hollow base materials.

Heavy Timber

A building code designation for a particular type of construction with good fire endurance

expansive clays

highly plastic clays with very fine, or colloidal, particles that exhibit significant volume change

Precipitation Rate

how fast irrigation head applies water to surface goal is to match precipitation rate of head to infiltration rate of soil measured in inches per hour

What are Paraline drawings?

includes all parallel line drawings types

Pop-up spray Heads

installed flush with grade rises above body when water pressure applied bodies available with riser heights of 2 - 18 in. turf applications: 2 - 4 in ground cover & shrubs: >4 in usually plastic facilitate maintenance no safety tripping hazard when retracted

Porous drip

irrigation tubing allows water to seep out along the entire length of the tube. Can either be laid on top of the soil or buried in the soil

Unit Gravity Wall

is a unit-stack wall system composed of materials such as stack stone or keystone block. Crib walls, bin walls, and gabions are all types of unity gravity walls.

What does Air Entrainment do?

is an additive that produces smoother, longer lasting concrete that resists the freeze/thaw deterioration.

What is a Contraction Joint?

is installed to control cracking of the concrete due to shrinkage and swelling, which are caused by exposure to heat or cold. The depth of a this should be no less than 1/6 the depth of the concrete slab.

Shear Strength

is the ability of a soil to hold together under pressure from a downhill force. Soil stability, or bearing capacity, is derived from this property. Bearing capacity is the ability of a soil to safely carry the pressure placed on the soil by any engineered structure, without undergoing a shear failure due to accompanying large settlements. The more stable a soil is, the higher the bearing capacity will be, which reduces the likelihood that the soil will succumb to a sheer force.

Tensile Strength

is the ability of wood to resist stresses applied parallel to the wood grain. It is the greatest amount of longitudinal stress the lumber can tolerate prior to failure.

What is a Machine Screw used for?

is used for metal-to-metal connections.

Heavy vehicular paving brick

is used in pavements subjected to a high volume of heavy vehicles, which is defined as numerous passes of daily truck traffic

Vibration

is used to consolidate concrete and fill all void spaces within a form. Voids in a foundation, wall, or footing will weaken the structure.

Pipe Fittings

join lengths of pipe threaded: galvanized steel, thick-wall PVC bell & spigot: cast iron, large diameter PVC mechanical joint pipe (with flange): cast iron, large diam. PVC slip fittings: copper pipe (soldering, sweating), small diameter PVC (solvent welding chemical bond)

What is the Base course?

layer of material immediately beneath the surface or intermediate course. composed of crushed stone, slag, gravel, sand, or even compacted soil.

Subbase

layer or layers of specified or selected material of designed thickness placed on a subgrade to support a base course

Lumber grades are divided into which 4 performance standards?

light framing structural light framing structural joists and planks

What is the Length of Overland Flow?

longest distance that water can flow in a watershed, used to determine Time of Concentration (TofC)

Standard Wood

lower grade material, usually as boards, used "out-of-site", adequate strength

Heartwood

lumber cut from the non-living heartwood of the tree, usually darker in color than sapwood.

What are Geotextiles?

man-made material composed primarily of polymeric compounds, formed by either weaving the fibers together or by a non-woven method. Used for drainage, filtration, separation, or reinforcement.

Accelerator

material used to speed up the setting of mortar

Slope Measurement

may be given as a degree, percent, or ratio. For example a 45 degree angle is also a 100% grade, which is a 1:1 ratio. A 1% slope is a 1:100 ratio and a 0.6 degree angle.

Cantilever Retaining wall

more complex, reinforcing concrete or masonry. Medium walls, 8-20'.

Stone and Brick Veneer

must rest on a concrete or CMU base. Use masonry ties to attach veneer to concrete or block.

cohesion

mutual attraction between particles due to moisture content and molecular forces

Retarders

A chemical admixture to mortar or grout that slows setting or hardening times

What is a Butt Hinge?

A hinge attached to the abutting surfaces of a door and a door jamb.

Weep hole

A hole which allows for drainage of entrapped water from any rigid wall Designed to relieve pressure caused by excessive water behind retaining wall

What is a structural bond pattern?

A masonry pattern in which the individual units or wythes are interlocked to cause the entire assembly to function as single structural unit

Slump Test

A measure of the consistency of plastic concrete relative to the amount it falls when a slump cone filled with concrete is lifted vertically. The slump cone is then placed beside the specimen of concrete and the number of inches from the top of the cone to the top of the specimen is the slump. The most common for onsite use. This test is used to measure the workability of the mix.

Anchor Plate/Tie Plate/Tie Bars

A plate, usually metal, on the face of a wall over which the ends of structural iron reinforcements (tie bars) are bolted or pegged Sometimes referred to as tie plates, they are often quite decorative

Which admixture might be added to a Portland cement concrete mixture when it is being poured for an exposed aggregate walkway on a hot day?

A retardant

What is aRevetment wall?

A revetment structure is a protective covering on an embankment of earth designed to maintain the slope or to protect it from erosion.

Root barrier

A secondary membrane that protects the waterproofing membrane and roof deck from incursion by invasive plant roots

Chain Trencher

A self-propelled machine with blades attached to a continuous chain, used to excavate trenches.

What is a Metal Sleeve?

A sleeve is used both by the electrical and mechanical trades to create a penetration through walls.

Straight Grade

A surface having a constant slope. In a straight grade contour signature, the contour lines are evenly spaced.

Urban Best Management Practice

A voluntary irrigation practice designed to reduce water use and protect water quality. BMP is economical, practical and sustainable, and maintains a healthy, functional landscape without exceeding the water requirements of the landscape.

Single wythe wall

A wall composed of a single unit of masonry in thickness (a one brick or block thick wall).

What is a wythe?

A wythe is a continuous section of masonry that is one unit in thickness

Adhesive Stencils

Adhesive-backed masking patterns made of vinyl plastic used for creating stenciled concrete effects. the adhesive keeps the patterns firmly in place on the concrete surface while the decorative treatment of choice is applied such as acid stains, dyes, spray-downs systems, etching gels, or sandblasting

What is an Expansion Joint?

And expansion joint, or movement joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced expansion and contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold parts together, or to allow movement due to ground settlement or earthquakes.

What is a Continuous Span Beam? Is it load bearing?

Any beam that spans more than two posts is considered this. All beams are load bearing.

Post and Beam

Any buildings that have upright posts supporting horizontal beams

Crushed Aggregate

Any hard, sound rock that is produced by blasting and then crushing. The aggregate is then screened to a specific size

What are the Site determinants that drive a Site Analysis?

Areas of steep and moderate slope Macro-microclimatic conditions: sun angles, breezes,wind,frost pockets, high low points. Solar energy considerations Potential flood zones & routes water runoff Posible access to the site Ecological areas Significant wildlife Soil conditions Geological considerations Exceptional views Adjacent land uses Potential noise sources, or other irritants such as smells or pollution.

Shoulder of Aggregate

Asphalt roadways should always have a shoulder of aggregate, which helps improve the drainage of the asphalt surface. The extra gravel also supports the outside edge of the pavement, discouraging failure of the asphalt edge.

What is the best ration of water to cement?

Best ratio of water:cement is usually 0.45 to 0.6, Where 100lbs of cement has 45-60lbs of water

What is Bituminous Waterproofing?

Bitumen (asphalt or coal-tar) is a mixed substance made up of organic liquids that are highly sticky, viscous, and waterproof. It is designed to protect residential and commercial buildings.

How are Watershed boundary delineation?

Boundaries for drainage areas are determined by locating ridge lines and high points. The outlet is the most convenient starting point, work uphill form the outlet, in both directions at right angles to the contour. When the two lines join, the watershed boundary has been completely defined.

Live cribwall

Box like structures fabricated with untreated timbers and filled with layers of live branch cuttings and soil or other appropriate back fill material

Cantilever Retaining Walls

Cantilever retaining walls are constructed of reinforced concrete. They consist of a relatively thin stem and a base slab. The base is also divided into two parts, the heel and toe. The heel is the part of the base under the backfill. The toe is the other part of the base jutting out in front of the wall.

What is the CEC of soil?

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the total capacity of a soil to hold exchangeable cations. CEC is an inherent soil characteristic and is difficult to alter significantly. It influences the soil's ability to hold onto essential nutrients and provides a buffer against soil acidification.

What are Admixtures?

Certain concrete mixes, used for specific needs or purposes, call for the addition of materials other than cement, aggregate or water. Chemical additives included in the mixing batch for concrete manufacture or applied to the surface during the curing or setting process of the concrete to accelerate or retard the curing time, provides coloring, waterproofing, tearing, special aggregate finishes, etc. These materials are used to control hardening and workability, and to boost the cementing properties of the mix.

Kiln

Chamber or tunnel used for drying and conditioning lumber, veneer, and other wood products in which the environmental conditions can be varied and controlled.

Other than Mean Sea Level, what other points of beginning are there for surveying?

Coast and Geodetic Survey Bench Marks, which are derived from the MSL

What is the benefit of using Cobble Rock?

Cobble rock is a rounded rock that has limited edges and will not interlock. It has little ability to protect against sheer forces such as ice and quickly flowing water.

Unseasoned

or "green" lumber is wood that has been freshly cut and has not been cured, either by a kiln or by air drying under cover.

What is a Fire Brick used for?

Composed of clay silica, feldspar and flint. High fuse point, withstands high temperature. Used in Chimneys

How is compressive strength of concrete measured?

Compressive strength is measured in pounds per square inch (psi) after 28 days of curing

What are Crib Retaining Walls?

Concrete crib walls are gravity retaining walls, constructed from interlocking, precast, concrete components. They are filled with free draining material and earth backfill to eliminate the hazards of hydrostatic pressure building up behind the wall.

Stamped concrete

Concrete flatwork that is patterned with platform tools, stamping mats, or seamless texturing skins to resemble materials such as brick, slate, stone, tile, and wood planking

Snap Tie

Concrete form tie, which is factory made and holds the concrete forms in place at a certain distance. The tie can be broken off after the concrete is poured and set and the forms are stripped, so that only a small area must be patched.

Grade control structures

Consist of chutes, weirs, or pipe drop spillways installed to prevent the advance of gullies or to reduce the grade in a natural or artificial channel

What does the Slump test test for?

Consistency among batches of concrete

Soil Cement Base

Consists of a mixture of the natural subgrade material and Portland cement in the proper amounts. After thorough mixing, the proper amount of water is added, and the material is compacted to the required thickness.

Fine aggregate

Consists of at least 90% by weight passing the No. 4 sieve Generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone

Course Aggregate

Consists of at least 90% by weight retained on the No. 4 sieve generally range between 3/8 and 1 1/2 in diameter Gravels and crushed stone

What are construction joints?

Constructions joints provide places where casting of concrete can be stopped during construction. They may contain tie bars, slip dowels, and/or keyways to transfer loads

Semi-transparent stains

Contain pigments that partially block the effects of UV light Longevity generally better than varnish Upkeep is also less costly and simpler Good choice where some limited grain visibility is required Less costly than varnish

How does a Convex slope appear in grading contour lines?

Contour lines are spaced at decreasing distances in the downhill direction. Flatter:higher elevations and steeper:lower elevations

How does a Concave slope appear in grading contour lines?

Contour lines are spaced at increasing distances in the downhill direction. Steeper:higher elevations and flat:lower elevations.

What do Air-entraining admixtures do for concrete?

Creates resistance to freeze thaw cycles

Drip and Micro-Sprinklers

Cross between spray nozzles and drip irrigation Have low flow rates, low application rates, small radiuses Operate with low pressures. Well suited for small ornamental plantings and single trees or shrubs Require filtered and pressure regulated water.

Phillips Screw

Cross-slotted screwheads with U or V-Shaped slots of uniform width Driven with a Phillips screwdriver Used in woodworking and drywall installation.

What is DC?

Current which flows continuously in one direction. Direct Current.

How do you calculate Slope?

D = Vertical rise L = Horizontal distance G = Gradient (slope) G=D / L Find grade D=G x L Difference in elevation L=D / G Length

What is a dead load versus a live load?

Dead: weight of the materials composing a structure Live: all non-permanent objects that will use, or bear, on a structure

What is a deadman's anchor?

Deadmans are submerged wood or concrete bars that are connected to the wall for stability.

Composite Decking

Deck boards manufactured from wood fiber and plastic to form a profile which requires less maintenance and generally has a longer lifespan than natural wood.

What are the characteristics of douglas fir?

Dense, fairly strong, slightly decay resistant, somewhat difficult to finish

What are the 4 types of Asphalt?

Derived from petroleum. Dark brown to black color. Waterproof resistant to acids, alkalis, and salts. Moves under heat, dissolves when gasoline or similar fluids are spilled on it. The basic semi-solid form is known as asphalt cement. Four types, three of which are further liquefied by cutting back (thinning) with petroleum distillates: 1. Slow curing 2. Medium curing 3. Rapid curing 4. Asphalt emulsion A dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or semisolid, in which the predominating constituents are bitumens which occur in nature. A similar material obtained artificially in refining petroleum; used in roofing systems as a waterproofing agent; it is often mixed with aggregate to create paving surfaces.

What are Shop drawings?

Drawings that explain the fabrication of a pre-fab item produced by contractor, supplier, manufacturer. These differ from Construction Drawings in that they are the precise drawings the shop produces to build the contracted item.

Recommended orientation for Baseball/Softball? (N, S E, W)

East-Northeast from home plate to center field.

( T or F) Handrails shall extend at least 18" beyond the top and bottom of the ramp segment and shall be parallel with the floor or ground surface.

False. 12" (minimum to the 'Edge of Adjacent Pavement')

When is an Expansion Bolt used?

Fastener that is put in concrete, stone, wherever a bolt screw is needed but no available female receptacle is available.

Cement Type 5 Sulfate Resisting

For use only in construction exposed to severe sulfate action, such as western states having soils of high alkali content. Resists chemical attack by soil and water high in sulfates.

Cement Type 4 Low Heat

For use where the amount and rate of heat generated during curing must be kept to a minimum. The development of strength is slow and is intended in large masses of concrete such as dams.

What is Northing/Easting?

Geographic coordinate for a point

What is a Perforated PVC Pipe used for?

pipe constructed of polyvinyl chloride, usually corrugated, with slits used to collect water for drainage applications.

What are the three grades Bricks come in?

Grade SW Rigorous exposure Grade MW Exposures with average moisture Grade NW Interior masonry

Hot dip process

pipe dipped into a pot of molten zinc and submersed interior and exterior of the pipe are zinc coated

High pressure sodium

HID lamp whose light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor (and mercury) Made of special ceramic material Have efficacies from 80 - 140 lumens per watt Used for outdoor lighting

What are the 3 parts of a swale?

HPS (high point of swale), a cross slope and longitudinal slope

In-line flow coat galvanizing

pipe passes through an in line vat of molten zinc which coats the exterior clear organic coating is applied over the zinc to provide additional protection interior of the tubing is coated with a zinc rich paint

Smooth-drum Roller

Ideal for both soil and asphalt Dual steel drums are mounted on a rigid frame Frequency is around 4000 vpm and amplitudes range from .018 to .020. Vibration is provided by eccentric shafts placed in the drums or mounted on the frame.

Where on a road is a reverse crown desired?

In an alley, to channel water away from yards or service buildings

How is Foam Insulation used on-site?

plastic foam, prepared by mixing the ingredients with a foaming agent immediately before placement, either by pouring the material into enclosed cavities or by application with a spray gun. Used in building walls.

What is the problem with Overcompaction?

In an urban development, soil will be walked on, driven on, and generally poorly maintained, resulting in the loss of air voids for oxygen exchange in the soil. Compaction results in lower infiltration rates, and lack of maintenance results in loss of organics. Or, too often, all the organic debris, such as leaves and grass clippings, is removed during the maintenance process. This makes it almost impossible to have healthy root growth. In recent years, the development of mixing organics with large aggregates has created structural soils that have been successfully installed in many urban landscapes, resulting in healthy plantings in areas with high load rates.

How is a Footing Design?

In designing a footing for a deck post, the soil is found to have a bearing capacity of 7 psi, and the design load is 4000 lbf. A (minimum) = Deck Load / Soil Bearing Capacity 571.43 inches² = 4000 / 7 (Square root) 571.43 / 12 = 1.99 2 ft x 2 ft footing

How is WWM and reinforcing sized in Concrete Construction?

In general construction it is usual to use 6 x 6 x 10 x 10 wwm in 4" concrete walks, 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 wwm in 5" heavy-duty walks and light drives, and reinforcing bar in all 6" thick concrete used for street pavements and heavy-duty drives. In any area where the frost line goes deeper than the base of the slab, or where there are expansive soils, the rule of 0.0025 of the cross sectional area should be applied as a minimum.

What does Compaction do?

In soil, it decreases the volume due to expulsion of air. The process of increasing the density or unit weight of a soil is done by rolling, tamping, vibrating, or other mechanical means.

Surface or Flood Irrigation

In surface irrigation the soil is the distributing and infiltration system can be used in a few horticulture situations • Generally applies deeper irrigation • Requires higher flow rates for a shorter period of time than sprinkler or trickle. Limited by the slope of the area

Contraction joints (control joints)

Intended to create weakened planes in the concrete and regulate the location where cracks, resulting from dimensional changes, will occur. Usually installed with a concrete saw after the concrete gets hard or a jointing tool while the concrete is still fresh

Remote monitoring via the Web

Internet Monitoring Systems with a video camera that's wireless Has its own built-in Web server and IP address Shoot images to any Web-enabled device (cell phone, computer, pager), without the help of a computer

The compressive strength of concrete is _____blank______ proportional to the ratio of water to cement.

Inversely proportional

What is Stone Dust?

Is a multipurpose material for yard construction. A compacted layer of stone dust is well suited to a yard or passageway surface. It is also a great choice for the sub-base in laying paving blocks and slabs, and for jointing natural stone, such as slate.

What is a Floor Drain?

Is a plumbing fixture that is installed in the floor of a structure, mainly designed to remove any standing water near it. They are usually round, but can also be square or rectangular. They usually range from 2 inches to 12 inches, most are 4 inches in diameter.

What is a Waterstop? What are the two different types?

Is an element of a concrete structure, intended to prevent the passages of fluids (such as water) when embedded in and running continuously through concrete joints. Waterstops are grouped in two distinct categories. Waterstops for joints without any movement of the adjoint concrete sections (construction cold joints) and waterstops for joints with movement of the adjoint concrete sections (dilation joints).

What does a dashed line - - - - - - - -denote?

It denotes either a line that is obscured from view by another plane or, a line that occurs in front of the picture plane. It shows important but invisible lines

What does soil Particle size determine?

It determines the soil porosity

What are 6 things Mortar is used for?

It is Used for: Bonding agent that integrates brick into masonry assembly Helps to create a water resistant barrier Accommodates dimensional variations and physical properties of the brick Permits some movement between units Allows for the use of ties and reinforcing to the unit Enhances the aesthetics through color and texture

What is a Joint Sealer?

It is a Caulking compound. It tends to be shiny , thick and look like plastic

What is Mortar? How long is it workable?

It is a mixture of cement, sand, water and lime used to bond together precast masonry units. Used as a joining medium in masonry, wood, or other materials. It has a Limited working Life of 1 1/2 to 2 hours as the mixture gradually hardens when exposed to the air. In order to create a watertight and strong wall, it must fill joint completely

What is a Lumen, lm?

It is a quantitative unit for measuring light output. The unit of luminous flux. Light sources are rated in lumens and data published by light source manufacturers. The ratio of lumens to candlepower is commonly accepted to be 10 to 1.

What is a Geotechnical report?

It is a report on the soil types on a site that is prepared by the geotechnical engineer

What is well graded soil?

It is a wide range of sizes and compacts better than poorly graded soils

What is a semi-flexible base?

It is base course consisting of one or more courses of an asphalt based paving material, suitable for pedestrian and vehicular use depending on depth of the base

What is the Cross Grain in wood?

It is grain not parallel to sides or axis of member - effects bending and compression.

What is shorten road lengths correlation with utility costs?

It reduces site development costs.

Recommended orientation for Football/Soccer? (N, S E, W)

Long axis, north-south.

What does Softwoods - 3 Common look like?

Looser, larger knots than in 2 Common, well suited for fences, boxes, and crates. Not suited for construction.

Major pressure loss

Losses that occur in straight pipes and ducts

Sapwood

Lumber cut from or containing traces of the sapwood portion of the tree, usually light colored, "living" wood, i.e., carrying nutrients. This wood is usually subject to rotting and is not as decay resistant as the heartwood.

Hydraulics: Operating Pressure

pressure selected for operation of sprinklers all sprinklers have range of operating pressures with upper and lower limit

Typical Lumber Grading Stamp

Lumber of the same species and size is designated and separated by grade. It is then identified by a stamp. There are five pieces of information included in every grade stamp: • The identification number or name ofthe mill where the lumber is produced. • The agency or association that certified the material. • The species of wood. • The grade of the lumber. • The seasoning of the lumber, including the moisture content and method of drying.

Rough-sawn

Lumber that is either green or dried that has not been dressed.

Tractor /loader /backhoe (TLB)

Main competitor of the compact excavator Limited to a maximum of 180Q workgroup movement Fold-down stabilizers often restrict its access to confined areas

What is Terrazzo?

Man-made flooring material consisting of chips of marble or granite set in concrete and polished to give a smooth surface.

Describe marble and its uses.

Marble is a metamorphic rock and is available in 4 quality grades and chemically reactive. Uses: veneer, monuments, and crushed aggregate

Post Anchors

Metal brackets that attach the post to piers

Cavity Wall Ties

Metal ties or bonding units used to tie together the wythes on a cavity wall.

Fuel resistant sealants

More specialized type of sealant Made with silicone or coal tar Exhibit no physical or chemical change when exposed to fuels Commonly used in apron areas in airports, and even roadway bridge applications

Closed sign

More than 50% of the entire area is solid or tightly enclosed or covered.

How does Shape and slope impact building location?

Most important factors in locating a group of buildings because they deal with the cut/fill of grading, one of the most expensive site mitigation costs.

Cross-pitch

Must not exceed 50:1 or 2% slope ratio

Tangential section

Must often found with concrete surfaces, the centerline of the roadway is visually emphasized due to the intersection of the sloping planes along this line

What is Dewatering?

procedure of pumping water from a construction area to lower the water table in order to obtain a "dry" area.

What is a Drip line, why is it important, and what must be done with it?

Projection of tree canopy on grade. Protection of existing plant root material is best accomplished by avoiding grade changes in the drip line of the plants.

Waterproofing membrane

Protects the roof deck from infiltration by water

What should a SWM never do to the 100-year flood elevation in a natural stream valley.

Raise it. It should not be raised by the establishment of a lake or pond in the watershed above. It should not be raised by encroachment in floodplain of the stream, increases in runoff from the watershed and channelization of upstream waterways

Void Ratio

Ratio of the void space volume to the soil solids volume.

What is the Rational Equation?

Rational Equation Calculation, Q=ciA. The Rational equation is the simplest method to determine peak discharge from drainage basin runoff. The peak discharge is calculated in cubic feet per second -- Q=CIA Where, Q: peak discharge in CFS C: the composite runoff coefficient for the watershed I: the rainfall intensity for the design storm chosen in inches per hour A: the watershed area in acres

What formula is used for sizing site drainage systems?

Rational Method Formula

Retaining Wall Permit

Required for a retaining wall whenever the wall exceeds 4' in height, measured from grade at the bottom of the wall to the top of the wall Generally required where there is a surcharge (or load) on the wall or on walls higher than 3'.

Epoxies

Resists corrosion, chemicals, and abrasions Durable finish for concrete, metals and wood

What is a right-of-way?

Right of travel across another's land or land where public roads are or wires go over.

What are the THREE types of bases used for precast pavers?

Rigid, Semi-flexible, flexible

What are the three components of stair design?

Riser, tread and landing

Describe Sandstone and its uses.

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock that serves well as a non-slip walking surface. Uses: veneer, pavers, cut stone and rubble

What is Corrosion? What materials are most susceptible to this?

process in which a metal reacts with water in the presence of oxygen to produce an oxide. Ferrous metals are particularly susceptible to this.

engineering properties

properties that relate to a soil's suitability as a construction material; mineralogy, composition, structure, and moisture combine to influence the strength, permeability, and compressibility of a soil

Describe Insurance-professional liability

protects against negligent acts, errors or omissions.

Describe Insurance-fire, vandalism

provided by contractor during construction.

What are the two classifications of wood common yard lumber?

Select and common. Select #1 and #2 are smooth, knot free, suitable for finished surfaces. Select #3 and #4 are smooth with a few tight knots. Common#1 and #2 are suitable for framing and exposed surfaces Common#3 temp construction Common#4/stud for light framing and temp Common#5/utility - batter boards, forming, stakes.

Stone Dust

pulverized stone, sometimes used as a substitute for sand.

Name SIX Types of structural foundations, plus ONE Bonus.

Slab, spread footing, continuous strip, mat or raft friction pile, monopile and end bearing drilled pole/pier to bedrock. Or combinations

Well System Pressurization

pumps (simple system) gravity (elevated water tank) pressurization device

What are 3 types of plastic lumber?

purified plastic lumber co-mingled recycled plastic lumber non-pure plastic lumber

What is steel?

Steel is various Iron-based alloys that have a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than wrought iron

Superpave

System of material specifications and laboratory mix design methods based on performance criteria developed under the strategic highway research program (SHRP) Designed to reliably perform under any loading or environmental conditions

What is used to connect Asphalt to Asphalt?

Tack coat of emulsified asphalt

What do Expansion Bolts work?

The Bolt, on striking the lead shield of the plug, forces the lead shield to expand against the concrete. The harder the shield is driven, the better the grip on the concrete.

Dressed sized lumber

The actual dimension of lumber after shrinking from its green higher moisture content dimensions and after being machined /planed smooth. Example: Standard 2" x 4" stud is actually 1 5j8t" x 3Yz"

What is the angle of repose?

The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping

How are bubble diagrams used?

The are used to define spaces within the landscape and are frequently defined by the function that will take place in them. They have many shapes and sizes

Footing

The below-ground support of a deck's post, usually made from concrete.

Rough framing

The construction of the wooden structural framework of a building Includes the framing of the floors, wall, ceiling and roof joists

What is Illumination?

The density of luminous flux on a surface.

What is the maximum rise for any ramp section according to the most recent ADA?

The maximum rise for any ramp run shall be 30 inches.

What is the definition of the horizontal road alignment - Spiral transitional Curves?

The normal path through a curve at high speeds is not circular but through a series of curves with a constantly changing radius

Varnish

The resins used today are synthetic alkyds, phenolics, and polyurethanes. One of the most protective and durable of all finishes

Flashing

The system used to seal membrane edgings at walls, expansion joints, drains, gravel stops and other places where the membrane, cap or counter flashing shields the upper edges of the base flashing.

Cap Rail

The top horizontal piece of a railing, usually placed to give it a finished appearance.

Reinforced Embankment

The use of various natural and man-made materials to strengthen a mound of earth, stone or other materials built to hold back water or to support a roadway.

Which drawings are Orthographic drawings?

Three dimensional objects represented by separate views arranged in a standard manner. They are called working drawings or detailed drawings used to show floor plans, elevations and sections, drawn to scale

What does Softwoods - 2 Common look like?

Tight knots, but larger than in 1 Common

Refractor

Transparent mediums which pass light rays but bend or deflect them to obtain proper light distribution.

( T or F) Handrail extensions shall not extend into adjacent walks.

True

True or False, Professionally, nominal dimensions are always written without inch " marks, as in 2x4 or 2x12

True.

What does Truss Design do?

Trusses are often used to build a structurally sound roof system in a variety of buildings. Truss design sizes the members of the truss according to calculated loads.

Sleeve

Tubing that slips over another. Hollow cylinder which allows another commodity to pass through

What is a Hook Nail?

U or J-shaped slender wire nail

What is the Soil classification system called?

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), describes the texture and grain size of a soil

What direction to swale contours point?

Uphill

Anchors

Z anchor - Lwith dowel Z strap - U strap 'L' Strap - L anchor Split Strap - Split Anchor

What is a Threaded Rod?

a fastener used in structures where a bolt is needed at both ends.

What is a Bottom or Sill Plate?

a horizontal member placed between foundation and studs, usually of heartwood or anti-decay treated lumber.

Stretcher

a masonry unit laid so that only it's long side shows on the wall face.

What is a summary judgement?

a motion made by one side in hearing before going to court saying we have heard all the facts, there is no question worth going to trial anymore, it is all one-sided or settled.

Cement slurry

a thin, watery cement mixture for pumping or for use as a wash over a surface

Psi

abbreviation for pounds per square inch used to describe the desired compressive strength of the concrete with higher numbers meaning stronger concrete Most exterior residential concrete should be 7,000 or less; 3000 means that it is strong enough to carry a compressive strength of 3,000 at 28 days

Seasoned Wood

air dried to 12-17% moisture content, depending upon day to day humidity. U.S. Forest Products Laboratory considers 12% as average air-dry condition.

What is Head?

also known as pressure head, it refers to the pressure resulting from an elevated water supply. It is computed by x(h), where x is unit weight of water and h is the height or elevation of the water supply. A taller building with have higher head.

What is an Angle Iron?

an L shaped iron or steel bar or structural steel member used to make a frame rigid.

Plasticizer

an admixture used to increase the fluidity of fresh cement with the same cement/water ratio improving the workability and placement of the cement

Solder

an alloy, usually having a lead or tin base, which is used to join metals by fusion; has a melting point that does not exceed 800 degrees F. Typical solder contains 60% tin and 40% lead - increasing the proportion of lead results in a softer solder with a lower melting point, while decreasing the proportion of lead results in a harder solder with a higher melting point. • A good solder joint will be smooth and shiny. • If the joint is dull and crinkly, the wire probably moved during soldering. • If you have taken too long it will have solder spikes.

Stucco

an exterior finish, often textured, composed of Portland cement, lime and sand mixed with water. Installed with at least two coats over a masonry wall, it is used for fine decorative work. Pigments may be mixed into the final coat, or it can be painted. Forms a durable, nearly impervious finish.

Rainscreen wall

an exterior wall assembly that contains a drainage cavity between the structural backing and the cladding.

What is Granite?

an igneous rock having crystals or grains or visible size. Consisting mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica or other colored minerals.

What is Porcelain Enamel?

an inorganic metal oxide coating, bonded to metal or ceramic tile by fusion at temperatures over 800 degrees F.

Back-flow Prevention

any irrigation system supplied by potable water source must be protected from contamination in the event of system pressure drop leading to back-flow

What is used for Expansion Joint Material?

asphalt impregnated fiber strip used to provide a waterproof separation located between adjacent structural elements.

Top rail

attached to the terminal posts passes through fittings, which are attached to line posts provides a horizontal frame that supports that fabric

List three termite resistant wood species.

redwood, bald cypress and easter red cedar

Drainage pipe

rigid or flexible conduit designed to collect and/or transport water out of the pavement section

Stone

rock selected or processed by shaping, cutting and sometimes finishing for construction uses.

Threaded Rod

rounded steel bar or rebar with a threaded end to receive a nut, often cast into a concrete footing to secure a lamp post or bollard.

Irrigation Laterals

runs of pipe that carry water between zone valves and heads, emitters usually smaller in size than mains only under pressure when zone is being operated

Ready-mixed concrete (transit mixed)

batched or mixed at a central plant before it is delivered to a construction site and delivered ready for placement

Adding water to a mortar mix improves its ______blank_____?

tensile bond strength

Select or B grade of A grade Wood

terms used to designate higher quality of lumber

Splits, Wood

separations of wood fibers extending completely through member

terminal posts

set in concrete and are ens, corner, and gate posts

What is Pollarding?

sever pruning of major deciduous tree limbs each dormant season to create large knobby core of branching structure. Such treatment results in an extremely compact leafy dome form during the growing season and a silhouette of unusual branching character in the dormant season.

Metal "Z" ties

should only be used between wythes of solid masonry units in brick masonry cavity walls.

What is a Paraline Oblique drawing?

shows one face of the object in true shape, but the other faces on distorted angle

What is the Slope of Overland Flow?

slope from the top of the watershed to the inlet, the steeper the slope the higher the water velocity

Line posts

smaller in diameter than terminal posts Intermediate posts between terminal posts set in concrete

What are the characteristics of Western Red Cedar?

soft, easily rocked, heartwood is moderately decay resistant. Attractive, takes all finishes well.

Wood

softwoods are the standard construction woods. Softwoods are derived from trees of conifers, and are generally evergreen. Hardwoods are woods from broad leaf trees.

What is soil elasticity?

the ability of soil to return to its original form after a force is applied. soils. Soils with high elasticity are very undesirable traits as a subgrade.

concave, v-shaped, grapevine, and weathered

special tools used to compress and shape the mortar in the joint. They are recommended for exterior use.

Define: Magnetic Declination

the angle between magnetic north and true north

Shrub Spray Head

spray nozzle mounted on permanent riser nozzle usually fitted to normal pipe thread adapter mounted high enough to prevent foliage from interfering with spray pattern High rise pop up sprays recommended near walks

What is the best material choice for wood fasteners used in salt or maritime environments?

stainless steel.

Staking

staking should only occur where called for by severe weather conditions, such as high winds, or when the size of the tree does not allow for self-support. When used, stakes and guy wires should be loosened after the first growing season and removed after the second growing season.

Chainlink Fence Gauge

standard mill diameter tolerance is + or-.005" common types and diameters 6 gauge=.192" 9 gauge = .148" 11 gauge = .120" 11 1/2 gauge = .113" 12 gauge = .106" 12 1/2 gauge = .099"

What is an Enamel Brick?

common brick with an opaque covering called glazed on the outside by heat

Name three classes of Compaction Machines.

compact the soil by different methods -Ramming or kneading machines (sheeps-foot roller) are best suited to compact clay soils -Vibratory rollers are best suited to sand, clay mixes -Static, rubber-tire, rollers are best suited to sandy soils

The more water used in a Portland cement concrete mixture, the lower will be the _____blank_____ strength of the resulting mix.

compressive

What is Cast In Place concrete?

concrete can be placed on a project in many ways, but the most common method is to cast it in place, pouring or pumping it directly into forms on site. Walls, curbs, sidewalks, patios, footings, are all forms of this.

Double drive gates

consist of two panels that latch in the middle of the opening

Canopies

construct of a metal framework with an approved covering that is flame resistant as determined by both the small-scale and large-scale tests in accordance with NFPA 701 or that has a flame spread rating not greater than 25 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84 Use only flame resistant textile covering Attach to the building at the inner end and supported at the outer end by not less than two stanchions with braces anchored in an approved manner stanchions not less than 44" apart not have the horizontal portion of the framework less than 8' nor more than 12' above the walking surface and the clearance between the covering or valence and the walking surface shall not be less than 7'

What is the CPSC?

consumer product safety commission

Air voids in the mixture

controlled through the aggregate gradation and the quantity of liquid asphalt determined prior to construction in order for the mixture to have the desired properties

Binder

controls the properties of the concrete It is the inclusion of water into the product that causes concrete to set, stiffen, and become hard

Flat Grain Wood

cut from tree section with grain running tangent to face of board.

What is Rebar? And how is it sized?

steel bar having ribs to provide greater bonding strength when used as reinforcing in concrete. It is sized with a number that gives its diameter. To calculate the diameter, multiply it's number by 1/8 inch. In the case of number 4 rebar, the diameter is ½ inch. #3 (3/8") #5 (5/8") Used wherever heavier reinforcement is needed such as footings or tying the slab into an existing slab.

What is another term for the modulus of elasticity of a grade of lumber? What are its units?

stiffness; psi

What type of grain is best for sawn lumber?

straight grained is strongest and has fibers oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piece .

What are Break lines?

straight line with a zig-zag-zig, it shows that the condition continues off the page. Used to show that stairs go up to the next level without drawing the whole stair set, when not required.

What are the THREE Qualities of steel?

strength, hardness and elasticity

What are the SIX brick unit positions?

stretcher, header, soldier, rowlock-stretcher, rowlock, sailor

How to calculate actual/dressed sizes of lumber after seasoning and surfacing?

subtract ¼ inch for dimensions up to 2 inches; subtract ½ inch for dimensions 2 - 6"; subtract ¾ inch for larger than 6"

Explain Interpolation

d/D =e/E d = distance from one grid intersection to intermediate point D = Total distance between grid and intersection e = Elevation change between the same grid intersection and intermediate point E=Total elevation

Underdrain

deep subsurface drain located at a sufficient depth to intercept and lower the ground water to a required design level

Bearing Capacity

defined as what a soil is able to support, and is expressed in pounds per square foot or Newtons per square meter

How much brighter is Accent Lighting?

directional lighting to emphasize a particular area or object. Should be approximately 4 - 5 times the level of ambient light in the area to be effective accent lighting

Hydraulics: Radius

distance from sprinkler head to the outer rim of water distribution pattern as pressure goes up within operating pressure range, radius of throw will increase

Strength of the concrete

easiest way to add strength is to add cement most influential factor in concrete strength is the ratio of water to cement in the cement paste that binds the aggregates together Higher this ratio is the weaker the concrete will be and vice versa every desirable physical property will be adversely affected by adding more water. This is due to the increase in porosity that is created with the hydration process.

Asphalt recycling

educes the use of virgin materials, helps to preserve landfill space, stretches tax dollars allowing more roads to be kept in better condition

What 4 methods are used to apply galvanized coatings?

electroplating mechanical plating chemical treating hot-dipping (molten zinc)

External vibration

employs a device attached to the forms and is particularly applicable to the manufacture of precast items and for the vibration of tunnel lining forms

Internal vibration

employs an element which can be inserted into the concrete, and is more generally used for cast-in-place construction

What is Plasticity? How is it calculated in soiils?

enables a material to be deformed continuously and permanently without rupture. Soils are measured in the degree of plasticity with the Atterbergs Plasticity Index, where PI = Lower Liquid Limit minus Lower Plastic Limit.

What are Axonometric Dimetric drawings?

equally forshortens 2 of the principal axes

How are "L" Shaped Anchor Bolt set?

fastener that is set in concrete, mortar, then used to anchor such structures as light poles, bollards and can also be used to connect wood beams to a concrete wall, or for support for decks.

Triangular spacing

fewer heads needed to get uniform coverage, but harder to get uniform coverage at ends of rectangular areas. Most practical use is for large turf areas

lifts

fill that is spread in uniform layers of a specified thickness

What are Ledgers for?

for decks are wood and are attached to the side of a new concrete wall or foundation with anchor bolts. The best installation method is to embed the anchor bolt in the new concrete.

strap hinge

for door hardware, a strap hinge with at least one long strap that extends across the surface of the gate or door often with rivets

Footing Drain

foundation drains and "weeping or seepage tile - Pipe with holes that allows water in the ground to enter it Used to remove water in the ground adjacent to the foundation and/or basement walls

Clear Wood

free of any knots

Skid-Steer Loader

functions by counter-rotation; the left and right sides spin in opposite directions, which turns and tears up soft, wet ground.

geosynthetics

geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes, and geocomposites

What is Licensure?

governor-appointed board regulates continuing education, LA seals, exams, additional rules, testimony of competence in legal proceedings,

Structural Wood

graded for selected structural characteristics and specified by fiber stress, example 1500f

Cement

gray powder that is the "glue" in concrete which hardens when mixed with water. It comprises from 10% to 15% of the concrete mix, by volume

What is the difference between a Guardrail and a Handrail?

guard as "a building component or a system of building components located near the open sides of elevated walking surfaces that minimizes the possibility of a fall from the walking surface to the lower level"; and a handrail as "a horizontal or sloping rail intended for grasping by the hand for guidance or support."

If a ramp run has a rise greater than 6" or is greater than 6' long, then it shall have __________?

handrails, on both sides!

Sheep's Foot Rollers

the compaction of soils is a critical part of the construction process. There are many types of compactors for various jobs and soil conditions. For a colloidal soil condition, the best compactor choice is this. These are used exclusively with cohesive soils, to allow deep compaction of the materials. These rollers have drums with many protruding studs, each similar to a sheep's foot, that provide a kneading action. It works on a wide range of materials but is most effective for compaction of plastic soils like clay or silt.

What does a Color Rendering show?

the effect of a specific light source on the color appearance of objects compared to their appearance under a reference light source.

What is a Plank?

the horizontal, or nearly horizontal, member lying atop the beams in a post and beam system of construction. Usually set close together to form the floor or roof of the structure. Normally not less than 2" thick. Referred to as sheathing in frame type construction.

Outlet pipe

the lateral connection from the egedrain to the outlet Usually a solid pipe Usually strong to prevent damage

What is Earth Pressure?

the lateral pressure or force imposed by a soil mass against an supporting structure such as a retaining wall.

Structural backing

the masonry or other system of structural members to which masonry veneer is tied. It is designed to withstand lateral loads (i.e. wind and earthquake loads).

gap-graded

the mix lacks stone in the midrange size

Masonry/Stone Masonry

the practice of building a structure made of stone or brick in which the materials are bound together by mortar. Common materials include clay, brick, concrete and various types of stones such as marble, granite, concrete block and limestone. BENEFITS • Strength • Permanence • Pest and weather resistant • Fireproof. • Energy efficient • Requires low maintenance • Increases resale value

What is litigation?

the process of settling a contract dispute through litigation because they each feel the other is 100% at fault.

What is Power?

the rate at which work is done. In electricity the unit is watt equivalent to one ampere of current at a pressure of one volt. In D-C circuits power equal current time voltage. In A-C circuits power equals the square of the current times resistance.

Shear resistance

the soils resistance to movement when pressure or impact is applied. Resistance comes from the friction between the soil particles as they slide by one another. The higher the shear resistance the greater compactive force required. Clay has high resistance, sand has low resistance.

Understock

this includes mostly shade, flowering, fruit and nut trees which are used for grafting and budding. Size-grading is generally by caliper.

Contour area method

this method is appropriate for large, relatively uncomplicated grading plans and may also be used to calculate volumes of water in ponds and lakes V=A1h/3 + (A1+A2)h/2 . . . where A1,A2,A3= area of horizontal change for each contour h=vertical distance between areas

Schmidt (or swiss) hammer test

this test gives an estimate of the concrete's compressive strength This test is performed in situations where the concrete has already been poured and a cylinder test is not possible

What is a model?

three-dimensional, physical construction of either an idea about a form or of an already drawn form to build a physical object that represents or investigates that thing through another means of description/inquiry

What is to Anodize?

to coat a metallic surface electrolytically with a protective oxide coating. This can provide a metal with a finished surface with color and/or various degrees of luster.

When are Lag Bolts used?

typically used with washer to prevent mashing of wood and loss of holding power. Used where strength is an issue, stronger than wood screws which are stronger than nails. A fastener used to secure items to wood products where it's important that the rough edge doesn't show.

What is Non-Shrink Grout used for?

unlike grout used to fill the cores in masonry walls, this is not pourable. Typically used for joints of ceramic tile or thin set stone. Can be used for installing a railing into a sleeve, to secure the railing and prevent water from entering the unit.

Wall Reinforcement

use of steel rebars at regular intervals in a poured concrete or masonry wall. If used in a masonry wall, the rebars are bonded to the masonry with grout.

Valves

used to control flow of water in system from supply to individual heads and to drain or maintain water in pipe manual valves: allow parts of system to be isolated for maintenance or repair while rest of system can still operate remote control valves: turn water on off at specific points in system

What are Nominal Lumber Sizes?

used to designate a particular thickness and width of lumber, although it is not the actual size. 2" x 4' = 1-1/2" x 3-1/2"

What are the characteristics of plank and beam framing?

utilizes posts, beams, and decking. Produces a thinner profile than platform method, more expensive materials cost, requires larger structural members, less expensive labor cost than platform method.

What is the leveling course?

variable thickness- asphalt course used to eliminate irregularities in existing surface prior to further treatment

Wheel Trencher

when installing a drainage system in a golf course that needs to remain playable and free from site damage, a wheel trencher should be used. Wheel trenchers allow for quick trenching, clean operation, and quick system installation after trenching, thereby precluding the need for course closure while the work is being completed. Turf tires on the trencher will protect the greens and fairways from damage.

What classifies as Planks?

yard lumber from 2 to 4 inches in thickness and 8 inches or over wide.

Default value

• A value stored in the system that is used when no other value is specified • The default values will automatically reset when the system is reset. A reset occurs when the power is turned off and on, when the reset button is pushed

Universal motor

• Ac/dc motor that finds wide use in small electric appliances • Operate at lower efficiency than either the ac or dc series motor • Built in small sizes only • Do not operate on polyphase ac power.

Finishing Nail

• Fastening trim and cabinets when nailheads should not show • Small nail with cupped head • Can be countersunk with a nailset, then filled over

Box Nail

• Fastening when smaller stock is a concern • Short, thin shape (smaller than common nails) • Has a blunt tip that won't split wood easily

Residential Lighting

• Increase the curb appeal of your home • Add value to your property • Provide beautiful visual effects • Accent special features Example: Old oak tree • Provide safety and security Example: Definition to the sidewalk and steps so people won't stumble. Light up landscape to deter intruders • Encourage the use of a space at night Example: playing or for cookouts • Create different moods Example: Lighting around the pool or patio can create that tropical feeling

PVC coatings

• May be used over bare or galvanized steel conduit or conduit that has a supplementary zinc coating • May be used in severely corrosive locations and atmospheres

VAC Volts Alternating Current

• Most electric control valves operate on 24 VAC. However, most valves can be activated using direct current also.

What is the size of a Township?

36 square miles

What is the minimum tread depth (measure from one tread leading edge to the next)?

11" (or 10" (or 9") depending on jurisdiction)

Intermediate handrails are required so that all portions of the required width of stairs are within how many feet of a handrail?

2.5'

1 mile =__ft

5,280 ft

Caulking

A term that refers to any elastic sealant used in construction

Station

An area served by one valve or by a set of valves that operate simultaneously.

What is a Gate Latch Assembly?

Assemblage used to install a closing mechanism.

Dressed lumber

Been finished or planed so it has a smooth finish.

What is a Plane Survey?

Distance measured with Foresite and Backsite

Compacted yards

Fill volumes that should be increased by 10-20%

A brick masonry patter in which every other brick in the wall is a header is termed?

Flemish bond

Bank yards

In-place volumes of cut, that will yield less than their volume in fill by 10 to 20%

What two things do the Assessor's office do?

Records the years current home values. Determines the taxes imposed

What is SW brick?

SW is suitable for exposure to severe weathering

Gutter screw

Securing guttering Long (7 -8") treated screw

What are the three forces which act upon wood?

Tensile (stretches the bearing member; e.g. a trampoline) compressive (shortens the member, like a post) lateral (perpendicular to vertical member, e.g. wind loads)

What is the Average end method?

The Average End-Area method is a useful tool for estimating fill/cut quantities in construction. It is an approximate method of calculating volume.

What does bearing capacity determine?

The Footing size

What is the Time of concentration (Tc)?

The Tc is the time in minutes it takes for a drop of water to travel from the hydraulically most distant point in the watershed to the outlet. It is the basis of hydraulic distance.

How can the US natural resources conservation service help with the SWM plan?

The USNRCS develop and maintain standardized rainfall data for the design of storm water management facilities

What is soil Cohesion?

The ability of a Soil to bind together.

What is Hardpan soil, and where is it found?

The dense layer of soil usually found below uppermost topsoil layer

Crown

The difference in elevation between the edge and the centerline of a roadway

Span

The distance between supports

How is welded wire mesh specified?

The first # is longitudinal spacing, second # is transverse spacing, third # is wire size (gauge)e.g. 6inches x6inches #10 WWM (The higher the gauge the thinner the wire)

Reflectance (Reflection Factor)

The ratio of the light reflected by a surface to the light falling upon it.

Voltage drop

The voltage that occurs across a solid-state device when its output is driving a load or the voltage that exists across each element of a series circuit Magnitude of the voltage drop is dependent upon the circuit demand of the load

What does indemnity do?

This clause is used to say a party is not responsible, and to lay liability on the other party. It should be used to hold only the negligent party responsible.

Overhead sprinkler irrigation systems

Those with high flow rates (pop-ups, impulse sprinklers, rotors, etc)

Through bolts

Threaded rod that runs down through the entire wall system Range in diameter from 1/2" to 1 1/2"

What is the goal of SWM BMP?

To control non-point source pollution while providing effective flooding control

Landscape Rock

Variety of sizes from 6"-12" in diameter

What three variables determines the amount of runoff?

Watershed boundary, surface type, amount of rainfall

Slope: 15% or greater

not considered buildable

The spacing of joists in a deck equals the decking _____?

span

How do you calculate board feet?

(# of pieces)x(width in inches)x(height in inches)x(length in feet)/(all divided by 12)

For every foot of elevation increase in a pipe, water pressure increases by approximately what amount?

0.433 PSI

What is the actual size of 2x12?

1 1/2" x 11 1/4"

What is a hardscape slope min/max, without a ramp and handrails?

1-5%

What are the THREE most common joints used in concrete construction?

1. isolation or expansion joints. 2. Control or contraction joints. 3. Construction joints

Whats is the minimum length of a ramp landing?

5'

What are standard loads for decks?

10 PSF for dead load 40 PSF for live load

Anti-drain valve/check valve

A valve located under a sprinkler head to hold water in the system so it minimizes drainage from the lower elevation sprinkler heads.

What is Caulk?

A waterproof filler and sealant, used in building work and repairs.

What should be used to retain moisture during the curing process on colored concrete?

A wax-based curing compound that is clear or the same color as the colorant should be used. Waterproof paper or plastic sheeting will result in discoloration

Runoff Rates

A. Runoff rate = volume (C.F.) = Q (C.F.) Time (sec.) Sec. B. Rational formula: Q = CiA C= coefficient of runoff (% rainfall) that becomes runoff i = intensity of rainfall A = Area of watershed (measured off plan in acres)

In a fluorescent light, what does the Ballast do?

An electrical device required to operate a fluorescent tube, it limits current flow.

What is emulsified asphalt?

An emulsion of asphalt cement and water. When applied, the water evaporates, leaving the asphalt to perform its function

Backhoe

An excavator in which a shovel mounted on the rear of a tractor, hydraulically operated to dig trenches or pits in soil.

What is the Aquiclude layer?

An impermeable body of rock or stratum of sediment that acts as a barrier to the flow of groundwater.

What is Heavy timber?

A building code designation for a particular type of solid wood construction with good fire endurance.

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

A measure of a lamp's ability to render colors accurately. The scale ranges from 1 (low pressure sodium) to 100 (the sun). A CRI of 85 is considered to be very good.

Tilt-up construction

A method of constructing concrete walls in which the wall panels are cast and cured flat on the floor slabs or surrounding area and then tilted up into their final wall positions

On Center

A method of measuring distance between two structural members, such as joists where you measure from the center of one member to the center of the other Joists spaced 16" on center are actually 14 1/2" apart.

Wht are Concrete Pavers?

A paver is a paving stone, tile, brick or brick-like piece of concrete commonly used as exterior flooring. In a factory, concrete pavers are made by pouring a mixture of concrete and some type of coloring agent into a mold of some shape and allowing to set.

Bioengineering wall

A reinforced embankment using geotextile materials, planting, stone, or concrete surfacing

What does 640 acres equal?

A section

Grout

A thin mortar used to fill cracks in masonry and tile.

Board Feet

The most common measure used to describe log and lumber volume. A board foot is a board measuring 12" x 12" x "1 thick.

What type of concrete block is most commonly used for landscape applications?

Hollow load bearing concrete block

What does the Sand cone method test show?

It is used to determine the density of a compacted soil on a construction site.

What is a Meridian used for?

It is used to divide and identify a major land division in the vertical direction

What does line quality refer to?

It refers to consistency of drawn line that has a consistent tone and weight

What should you use to connect Wood to Concrete?

Lead anchors and lag bolts . "L" Anchor and lag bolts

What does a site with a High water table mean?

Means there will be drainage problems and possibly wetland conflicts

Where are Longitude measure?

Measured East to West of the prime meridian

what is Capillarity action?

The upward movement of water through a soil

Corrosion protection

There are three types of materials used for this for wall ties: galvanizing (zinc coatings), stainless steel and epoxy coatings

What is a PVC Pipe?

any pipe composed of polyvinyl chloride

What is a Brass Pipe and when is it used?

any pipe constructed from any copper alloy containing zinc as its principal alloying element. Often used in plumbing where rust is a factor.

Specular Surface

any shiny or glossy surface such as polished wood or metal, that reflects an image of the luminaire or light surface. Such surfaces can cause annoying and uncomfortable reflected glare.

When is a Drag-Line Buckets used?

are used in underwater situations.

Reinforced Concrete

adding steel to the concrete prior to pouring it into place Use it for any large surface for a room or patio, any concrete wall, anything that will take up alot of weight, such as a driveway, optional for sidewalks and decorative projects

What is a Construction Joint?

is a break that occurs between concrete pours or sections during installation. Also called a Day Joint.

What is a Primer?

is a product used for the initial overlayment of the first course of asphalt. or the first coat of paint.

All handrails shall have a circular cross section with an outside diameter of at least __________ and not greater than _________?

min 1 1/4", max 2"

What is the primary cause of paint failure on exterior wood?

moisture absorbption

What are Studs?

normally a 2 x 4 wood member forming the bearing or non-bearing portion of the structure walls. Most codes specify maximum 16" o.c.

Joints

pre-planned cracks in concrete slabs created by forming, tooling, sawing, and placement.

Compaction machines compact soils by different methods depending on the type of soil. Name three types of compaction machines.

ramming machines - clay soils vibratory rollers - sand and clay mixes static rollers - sandy soils

Relative Density

relative state of compaction of sands compared to the loosest and most dense conditions possible.

Describe Insurance-Worker's compensation

required by law, job-related injury. Must prove that the firm or contractor is insured for contracts.

Subsurface drainage

required where high water tables occur or where water may accumulate in low areas underdrains and/or interceptor drains required to prevent the accumulation of water beneath the pavement structure.

What is the recommended live load for residential decks? and for public decks?

res: 40 psf public: 100psf

Lumber

results when logs have been sawn, planed, and cut to length.

What are Actual Lumber Sizes?

rough cut, measured dimension of cut lumber

What are examples of traffic calming measures?

roundabouts, rumble strips, pattern intersections

What is a Glazed Brick?

same as enamel brick, but contains no slip.

Mesh size for chain -link fence

distance between two parallel wires in the fabric most common sizes are 2" or 2 1/4" smaller sizes are for projects that require a higher degree of security

Does green or seasoned wood have the greater nail holding strength?

seasoned wood

Wells Pumps

self-priming centrifugal (shallow wells, low volume & pressure requirements) submersible: fit entirely into well casing; for deeper wells with higher volume & pressure requirements submersible turbine: high vol & pressure demands

What is soild cohesion?

the ability of soils to stick to one another. clay soils are cohesive, sandy soils are not cohesive.

What are the standards for the Protection of Existing Trees?

the installation of a construction barrier fence at the dripline will keep the topsoil from compacting and allow moisture to soak into the soil, and prevent physical damage to the tree roots. Provision for monetary damages should be included in the contract documents, to allow for recovery and replacement by the owner if items are damaged by the contractor.

What is a Lintel?

timber member spanning openings in stud wall across window and door areas, usually of timber dimensions.

What is Mediation?

settling a contract dispute facilitated by a negotiation.

compacted subgrade

subgrade that must attain a specified density

How do you Circle Area?

pi(r)squared

What are Scantlings

pieces 2 to 5 inches thick and less than 8 inches wide (seldom used)

List several (10) common softwood species.

pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, douglas-fir, hemlock, cypress, redwood, and yew.

outlet

point of discharge of an edgedrain May be the pipe or a headwall

Chainlink fence height

36" 42" 48" 60" 72" 84" 96" 120" and 144"

What are Isometric Drawing?

3D of a 2D with three coordinate axes are forshortened

How quickly should ready-mixed concrete be delivered and placed after cement has been added to the mixture?

90 minutes

What is the typical width of a parking space?

9feet

1 square yard =__sq ft

9sqft

What is S4S Lumber?

"Surfaced on four sides" Planed on both sides and both edges to make them parallel. Usually produces 'dimensional' lumber in standard sizes , such as 1x6, 2x4

How do you calculate gross density?

# of units x site area

Name all the Inches in Tenths of a foot.

12" = 1.00 11" = .92 10" = .83 9" = .75 8" = .67 7" = .58 6" = .50 5" = .42 4" = .33 3" = .25 2" = .17 1" = .08

Handrails shall extend at least _________ beyond the top and __________ plus one tread width beyond the bottom of the steps and shall be parallel with the floor or ground surface?

12", 12"

The cross slope of ramp surfaces shall be no greater than __________?

2%

Treads shall have a wash of __________ from back to front to allow for drainage and minimize hazards associated with water puddling and ice formation?

2%

Ramp landings shall have a __________ slope for drainage?

2% cross-slope

1 cu. yard =__cu. feet

27 cubic ft

What is the minimum character height for signs?

3"

What is the typical maximum depth of asphalt lift?

4 - 6" Lift

How many feet are in a minute?

60 feet

What is the Bearing capacity?

Ability of soil to safely carry the pressure placed on the soil by any engineered structure, without undergoing a sheer failure due to accompanying large settlements

How is concrete specified?

According to the compressive strength it will develop within 28 days after placement

Brushed Surface

Acid washed and wire brushed for a smooth textured surface.

To increase soil pH what should you add?

Add lime or ash

To reduce soil pH what should you add?

Add sulphur

Surcharges

Additional loads that exert additional pressure through the soil to the walls and must be evaluated in the structural design. examples include slopes, stepped terraces, structures, and vehicular traffic

Stabilized aggregate

Aggregate that contains on asphaltic or cement binder

What does No. 1 grade mean for wood?

All clear, all heartwood, and all quarter sawn.

What does Program development show?

All elements and requirements the design solution must be shown to include and satisfy..

What can changes in the grading surface do to storm/surface runoff?

Alter storm runoff patterns in terms of rates, volumes, and direction

What is the Magnetic Declination?

Angle between magnetic north and true north

Plate compactors

Best suited for aggregate products

Where should Expansion-Contraction Joints be placed?

As a general rule of thumb, expansion joints are places every 30 feet in sidewalks, and larger sections of concrete may be divided into 15 to 20 foot squares. Contraction joints are generally based upon a module of the width of the material; in other words, a five foot sidewalk may have contraction joints every five feet. To be effective a contraction joint must be one-fourth of the depth of the concrete. These can either be tooled or sawn in place after the concrete is set.

How far should all site 'development' be from streams and lakes? (Setback?)

At least 50' from any designated edge (excluding activities requiring waterfront access).

Sheet Metal

Attaching metal components Short, thick screw Usually zinc-plated, but can be stainless steel or aluminum Heads can be Phillips or regular slotted Head types can be oval, flat, round, or hex Threaded all the way down the shank

Water Supply: Wells

Best to have preliminary idea of volume of water expected as well as quality If found at reasonable depth (500' or less), can be very cost effective Requires pump and optional pressure system

What is the Binder course?

Between the base course and asphalt surface course

What is Dressed lumber?

Been finished or planed so it has a smooth finish

Oil base

Called alkyd paints Have binders that dissolved in synthetic alkyd resin Durable and scrubbable

When are Field dimensions taken?

Can be determined only after construction has progressed to a point where an actual measurement can be taken

The Army Corps of Engineers regulates water under what act of Congress?

Clean Water Act

Stain

Clear, or water or solvent-based finish with added pigment Used on wood

What type of grain accepts stains, preservatives, paints and surface sealers best?

Coarse grained (widely spaced growth rings with large pores). Close-grained wood has annual rings closer together (hardwood) and makes it harder to accept surface treatments.

What is the difference between a post and a column?

Column means a load-carrying vertical member that is part of the primary skeletal framing system. Columns do not include posts. * * * Post means a structural member with a longitudinal axis that is essentially vertical, that: (1) weighs 300 pounds or less and is axially loaded (a load presses down on the top end), or (2) is not axially loaded, but is laterally restrained by the above member. Posts typically support stair landings, wall framing, mezzanines and other substructures.

Counterfort Retaining wall

Complex, reinforcing concrete, tall walls, 20' +

Light frame construction

Considered rough carpentry Concealed by finished walls and ceilings

What is a Construction Administrator?

Construction Administration is what the architect does. in overseeing construction. Construction Management is the owners rep that oversees the GC.

What are the 4 distortions commonly found in board lumber?

Cupping (along the width of the board) Bowing (along face) Crooks (along the edge) and Twisting, (occur along the length.)

What FOUR factors affect a nails holding power?

Diameter, length, shape and surface

What are plan discrepancies?

Differences between plan and site. They are recorded and reported to designer for amendment and change order if required.

Growing medium

Different from soil used for growing plants in the ground, the soil typically is composed of of a lightweight mineral base and a same amount of organic matter. It must not contain any silt which will clog the filter fabric

What do Erosion control measures do?

Erosion control measures protect areas outside of the project boundary, particularly bodies of water such as streams and lakes, from the harmful effects of increased silt load.

Gravity Retaining wall

Simple, lots of material and variety of types. Low walls to 8-10'

Softwoods

Douglas Fir Hemlock Fir Pine Redwood

Vibration

Energetic agitation of freshly mixed concrete during placement by mechanical devices, either pnuematic or electric, that create vibratory impulses of moderately high frequency that assist in evenly distributing and consolidating the concrete in the formwork

Roof sign

Erected, constructed and maintained above the roof of the building.

( T or F) Dead end parking is permitted.

False

What does Softwoods - D Select look like?

Fine appearance, similar to C Select, will have dime sized knots

Edge restraints are required for pavements set up what kind of base course?

Flexible

Name three components of a complete site analysis that address Natural systems.

Flora and fauna, hydrology and climate, geology and soils

How high are Step elevations?

Generally 6"s

What is Grout?

Grout is a Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be poured or pumped into cracks, joints, and cores within masonry walls

What is the most common grades of rebar used in landscape construction?

Grade 40 for 40,000psi, Grade 50 for 50,000psi min strength concrete

What are the TWO grades of concrete block?

Grade N: loadbearing CMU suitable for use both above and below grade in walls exposed to moisture or weather. Grade S: loadbearing CMU limited to use in above grade, in exterior walls with weather-protective coatings, or in walls not exposed to moisture or weather

What is a Performance bond?

Guarantees that the work will be performed, 50-100% of the bid amount

What are shakes?

Hand split shingles with rough, split faces and wither sawed or split backs (all are made from Western Red Cedar). All are graded No. 1 and 100% heartwood

Wall panel adhesives

Handy for applying decorative paneling or facing May require a few nails per panel to position panels while glue sets.

Cantilever Wall (stem wall)

Has the greatest potential for height gain • Composed of a vertical or inclined slab monolithic with a slab base • Simple forms of cantilever wall utilize the weight of the earth or backfill on the heel. This weight is added to the concrete weight to provide resistance against active thrust. • Usually cast in place and are used for moderate to high walls.

What are the characteristics of redwood?

Heartwood is dark brown in color and very decay resistant. Sapwood is slightly decay resistant and lighter in color. Soft and easily worked, takes all finishes well, expensive.

Cobbled or Distressed Surface

Heavily tumbled edges and surface to achieve an aged or ancient look

Mastic

Heavy-consistency compound that may remain adhesive and pliable with age Is typically a waterproof compound applied to exterior walls and roof surfaces.

What is Mastic?

Heavy-consistency compound that may remain adhesive and pliable with age, it is typically a waterproof compound applied to exterior walls and roof surfaces at material connections.

What are helical anchors?

Helical anchors are screwed into place. Their capacity is proportional to the torque required during installation.

What is Mastic?

High Grade construction adhesive bituminous-based adhesive

What is Geotextile Grid?

Is geosynthetic material used to reinforce soils and similar materials. Geogrids are commonly used to reinforce retaining walls, as well as subbases or subsoils below roads or structures. Soils pull apart under tension. Compared to soil, geogrids are strong in tension.

How is Copper Pipe used?

Is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder.

What is a Contour line? Does it exist in nature?

Is only the graphic representation of an imaginary line that connects all points of equal elevation on a plan or a map.

Symmetrical Light Distribution

Is that in which the curves of vertical distribution are substantially the same for all planes; or the redistribution of light rays so that equal candlepower is obtained in any horizontal plane in all directions.

What is the problem with Over Watering?

It causes roots to rot and therefore kills the afflicted plant.

What is the difference between joist hanger nails and common nails?

Joist hanger nails are shorter than common nails of the same gauge or penny

Cross slope contour point formula with longitudinal slope

L=Path width x cross slope/longitudinal slope

The Lone Tree

LARE grading exam, grade elevations which cannot change.

What are the max height and length for a ramp run before a landing?

Length: 30feet, Height:30inches

Soils with high clay and organic content have ____blank______ erodibility potential.

Low

Describe Kiln dried lumber.

MC 6-18%. primarily done for "appearance grades" or "finished lumber"

What should be prevented in Metal to Metal connections?

Make sure of galvanized surfaces to prevent galvanic corrosion

Ashlar Masonry

Masonry of hewed or squared stone or blocks of free stone from the quarry, often called "dressed stone" or "cut stone". It is often used as a facing for a wall or surfacing for terraces, walks or steps, with brick or concrete backing or foundations. The stones are laid in courses similar to brick and the joints are finished in a similar way. General types: a. Range, long horizontal joint b. Broken range, horizontal joint broken c. random, no long horizontal joint Methods: a. Engineering , similar to Flemish bond brick work, a very strong bond. b. Architectural , a 4" facing of stone, the poorest and cheapest construction, in this type there is no bonding to backing as far as stone is concerned. Bonding is purely by anchors or metal ties. Construction a. Stone must be carefully set. b. Must have small joints. c. On setting heavy stones, a lead button is put in to hold up weight until mortar sets later. d. Joints are usually raked and pointed later. e. On high vertical joints a grout is often used. f. Stone veneer is same as brick veneer, 4" on inner material.

What are the min and max number of risers for a set of stairs in the landscape?

Min 3, Max 10 per set, or 5feet of vertical change before a landing

What are the Four compositional parts of soil?

Mineral particles mechanical weathering organic material water gases

What is Concrete?

Mixture of aggregate, portland cement, water and sometimes special admixtures

Dense-graded aggregate base (DGA)

Mixture of primarily sand and gravel, well-graded from course to fine

What does a Board feet equal?

Most common measure to describe log and lumber volume. Board foot equals = 12" x 12" x 1" Thick

Describe the contour planes method for calculating earthwork volume.

Most common method used for site plans 1. measure the area shown in cut and fill for each contour on the plan in sq. in. and convert to s.f. 2. Multiply the area of cut and fill for each contour by the contour interval (depth) to convert to cu. ft

Preformed joint sealants (compression seals)

Most expensive joint sealants Last up to 20 years No curing time necessary

Types of sensors

Motion detectors Heat detectors Microwave beams Infrared beams Pressure sensors

What materials are common nails usually made of?

Nails are made of Steel or aluminum

List methods of fastening or connecting wood to wood

Nails, wood screws, bolts

How can Erosion be minimized?

New construction should disturb the smallest area possible to minimize it

How does decay resistance affect the choice of a wood in a project?

Not all woods are suitable for use out of door

Hardwoods

Oak Birch Walnut Mahogany

What does a Project manager do?

Obtains zoning approvals, attends public hearings, prepares planning approvals. Only reviews landscape plans

What is dead end parking?

Parking spaces that require the driver to reverse out of a parking lot. They are not allowed in parking lot design.

What are the two framing methods?

Platform and Plank and Beam

What are ultra acidic and alkaline soil ranges?

Ph less than 3.5 acidic and greater than 9 alkaline

What does Pipe Sizing affect?

Pipe Sizing affects the VELOCITY OF WATER THAT WILL FLOW THROUGH IT IN FT per SEC. Both PIPE DIAMETER AND MATERIAL AFFECT VELOCITY.

How are Irrigation Systems Designed?

Pipes are sized based upon the velocity of water that will flow through it, in feet per second (fps). Velocity is the measure of distance traveled over a period of time. A pipe's diameter and material will affect the velocity of the water flowing through it. When designing an irrigation system, the landscape architect should refer to velocity charts and select a pipe that supports the project requirements.

What are the TWO types of wood deck framing methods?

Platform framing Plank and beam framing

Pop-up systems

Typically have the poorest uniformities Not effective on many landscapes with slopes, mounds, compact or heavy soils.

Gunite

Pneumatically applied concrete that is dry mixture of cement, aggregate and/or sand Water is applied to the mix at the hose nozzle

What is a Benchmark?

Point to which a surveyor back checks

What is PVC Pipe, and where is it most often used?

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is made from a plastic and vinyl combination material. The pipes are durable, hard to damage, and long lasting. They do not rust, rot, or wear over time. For that reason, PVC piping is most commonly used in water systems, underground wiring, and sewer lines.

What does a zoning plan do?

Regulates forms and uses

Urethanes

Resist abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels Durable finish for wood floors and antigraffiti coating

As a Type of wall ties - When should Metal "Z" Ties be used?

Should only be used between wythes of solid masonry units in brick

What are the sizes? What is the most common number of points of common Nails?

Size • Generally are 1" to 6" in length, usually getting thicker as they get longer. Points • Four-sided diamond point most common

Honed Surface

Smooth with squared edges and without a polished surface.

What are the Horizons above the parent material called?

Solum made up of Horizon A and B.

What does Positive drainage mean?

Stormwater must be drained away from all buildings to avoid moisture accumulation and structural problems

What are the THREE basic Street layouts as related to topography?

Street parallel to the contours Street perpendicular to contours Street diagonally across the contours (most efficient arrangement)

What THREE factors are controlled by the water:cement ratio?

Strength, durability and water tightness

Service Switches

Switches used to disconnect the building load from the exterior distribution system. They are used with fuses or circuit breakers to protect the distribution system from faults or overloads.

Pressure meter

Test measures the air trapped within the mortar of the concrete mixture can be used on all types of concrete mixtures including ones containing porous aggregates, due to the fact that the results are not affected by the air contained in the aggregate

What is a soils buffering capacity?

The ability of a soil to resist changes in pH

Irrigation Pipe & Fittings

Thermoplastics PVC (good all-purpose), Polyethylene (low pressure only), ABS (sprinkler bodies, nozzles, drip emitters, valve bodies) Metals Cast Iron: most durable; protective rust layer Galvanized steel: deteriorates, not good for ground contact Copper: flexible, strong, chemical resistant but expensive

What are Prescriptive specifications?

They indicates the required ingredients in order to construct the desired element. (ex: planting amendments)

What is the purpose of curing concrete?

To allow hydration to occur

Dyes

Translucent color solutions containing very fine pigments that penetrate into the concrete surface. Will not chemically react with concrete.

Type M Mortar

Typically used only in below grade applications

Which direction to swale and drainage ditch contours point?

Uphill

Rotating Sprinklers

Used to irrigate large areas (golf course) Single or multiple nozzles, gears, cam or impact driven, spacing from 35" to 115"operating pressures from 40 to 100 psi Flow rates from 6 to 65 gpm with average application rates varying between 0.25 and 1.0 inch/hour.

What is the most widely adopted building code in the United States?

Was the UBC (Uniform Building Code), replaced in 2000 by the IBC (International Building Code)

Oversize stone

Washed, it is a blend of -6" gravel Used for solid fill, drainage, and wash-out retention

How do Lag Bolt with Lead Shield work together?

a lag bolt used in combination with an anchor that has a lead sleeve surrounding it. The sleeve expands slightly as the bolt is driven through it.

What is a Misfeasance?

a lawful act performed improperly, or harmfully

What are the three main Components of a water plan?

Water supply Delivery system Distribution devices

Mastic

a dough-like heavy adhesive compound, a putty-like sealant.

What is common lumber?

Wood with a MC of 15-19%.

Gate latch

a fitting to hold the gate in place when closed

What is a Tack Coat?

a Light application of an emulsified asphalt used to ensure a bond between two asphalt pavements

Diffuse

a beam of light is diffusely reflected from a rough or matte surface which breaks up the beam and scatters it.

Specular

a beam of light is specularly reflected from a shiny or glossy surface such as a mirror.

Tar

a black hydrocarbon, obtained by the distillation of coal or wood. Sometimes used as a waterproofing agent, although asphalt is more common.

What is a Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)

a block or brick cast of Portland cement and suitable aggregate, with or without admixtures, and intended for laying up with other units as in normal stone masonry construction.

What is a Luminaire?

a complete lighting unit assembly, (including reflectors, glassware, socket, etc.) and accessories for mounting.

When gluing wood together, at what moisture content is optimum strength achieved?

between 6-12 percent.

Describe Insurance-Vehicle Liability:

covers damages from accidents

What is a remand?

to send back, a person back to jail, a case back to a lower court

What is the most common Nail Coating? What do you call a nail without a coating?

zinc is the coating applied to nails used in exterior applications. Zinc is applied to these in a process know as galvanization. It reduces rust on nails used in an exposed wooden structure. • Nails with no coating are referred to as bright.

What are the characteristics of SYP?

very dense and strong, but not decay resistant. difficult to cut, work with and finish. inexpensive, does not hold paint well.

Paste

water and cement

What are the three types of wood preservatives?

water-borne preservatives oil-borne preservatives creosote treatment (used especially in marine and saltwater)

Economy wood

weak, used for crates, etc., much waste

How is Force measured?

weight per unit area: Pounds per sq foot (psf) or psi

What is Binder used for?

which is a type of tack coating, is used to adhere an old and new coat of asphalt.

What is a Compressed, Tooled Joint?

with masonry block units, a solid, watertight seal is achieved through a compressed, tooled joint. The mason will install the mortar and then set the block into the mortar. Then, the mason will beat the block down into the mortar and clean the joint with a rounded tool, thereby compressing the remaining mortar into place, creating a solid, watertight seal.

What classifies as Lumber?

wood pieces 5 inches thick or less

What classifies as Boards?

wood pieces less than 2 inches thick and 8 inches or more wide.

Horsepower (hp) categories

• Small motors Fractional-horsepower motors with ratings from 1/20 to 1 hp Motors with smaller ratings (sub-fractional or miniature) • Medium size motors In the range of 1 hp through 100 hp Used in large quantities in industrial and consumer applications • Large motors 100 hp to 50,000 hp range

Sleeve

• Tubing that slips over another • Hollow cylinder which allows another commodity to pass through

Facing systems

• Usually consist of modular concrete blocks that interlock with each other and with the lateral restraining members.

Sprinkler head

A device which sprays water through a nozzle

What is the problem with Marble?

It is smooth and slick when wet or frozen.

What are THREE Testing concrete?

Slump test Air contest test Cylinder test

What are the 4 grades assigned to structural lumber?

construction, standard, utility and stud

How do you calculate Net density?

(Development limit) x (area x developable)/ (area x developable)

With regards to watering, what are three key Plant Characteristics?

- Depth of root zone - Evapo-transpiration rate in peak growing periods - Water requirement for good appearance

The clear space between the handrail and the wall shall be _________?

1 1/2"

How far must a railing extend at the top and bottom of a set of stairs?

1 foot at top and 1 foot + 1 tread length at bottom of stairs

The maximum rise at a door threshold for an accessible entry shall be __________?

1/2"

What is the minimum width of a drive-through travel lane?

11'

What is the minimum width of a one-way travelway (provided it is clearly marked)?

11'

ADA: the rise of a ramp should be no higher than ____before a _____ft landing is needed

30 ft at 8.33%, 5 ft landing

What CSI divisions are used for earthwork and exterior improvement?

31 and 32

What is the minimum ADA: clear width of walking surface or ramps?

36"

If a cheek wall is shown for a ramp, what height will it probably exceed?

42inches the max height above finished grade

What are Normal Brick dimensions?

4inches wide x 2-2/3inches high x 12inches long

Between what pH do most plant perform best?

5.5 to 6.5 pH

What is a Flagstone?

A flat stone slab, typically rectangular or square, used for paving.

What is the standard nominal dimension of a CMU stretcher block?

8x8x16 inches

What is a Finish Nail?

A Finishing Nails is slender nail made from finer wire than the common nail, has a brad type head which permits it to be set below the surface of the wood, leaving only a small hole which can be puttied easily, used primarily in finishing work

In feet, what is the minimum width of a parking island?

9'

What is a Ceramic Tile?

A Ceramic Tile is a thin, precast product composed primarily of clay that has been fired to a high temperature to prevent moisture absorption. Ceramic tile is available in both unglazed (natural) finish or with a colored finish baked onto its surface. Tile are always used with mortar or grout, and are available in a variety of size and shapes. Common applications include walls, flooring and pools

What is Asphalt (Bituminous Concrete)?

A composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, and airports. It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt, laid in layers, and compacted.

What is the California Bearing Ratio?

A test used to obtain an indication of the strength of a subgrade soil used to determine the required thickness of flexible pavements for highways and runways.

What is a Ceramic Tile?

A tile made from clay that has been permanently hardened by heat, often having a decorative glaze.

Live staking

An appropriate technique for the repair of small earth slumps that are frequently wet, and involves the insertion and tamping of live, rootable cuttings into the ground

How should Drainage be considered when building retaining walls.

All walls should be designed with some form of this. The drain may consist of weep holes through a cast-in-place wall, angular backfill, or just natural voids in the rocks or precast units. But all walls need some means of releasing water from the retained soil, to avoid structural failure.

Box scraper

An attachment that is used to remove materials, store it, transport to another location and then respread and compacts it.

Tract dozer

An excavation machine that moves on tracks to assist movement on soft or rugged terrain

All joints, except control joints should be filled with what type of material?

Asphalt fiber, wood, metal or other materials to provide a smooth and safe wearing surface

What is used as Expansion Joints?

Asphalt impregnated fiber strip used to provide a waterproof separation between adjacent structural elements

Fittings

Array of coupling and closure devices that include connectors, tees, elbows, goof plugs and end caps May be of several types including compression, barbed and locking

What are standard concrete slab Thicknesses for paths, sidewalks and roads? How thick should the base be?

As a general rule, concrete can be laid four inches in depth for residential walks, patios and driveways. For roads, public sidewalks and areas where there is a possibility of heavy vehicular traffic, the depth should be five to six inches. The base underneath may be gravel ranging from four to eight inches, varying with the thickness of the concrete and the nature of the soil.

Batter/ Tilt-back

As applied to walls, the difference between the wall face alignment and vertical. Batter can be expressed in degrees or ratio of vertical to horizontal. A lean of the wall face towards the retained fill is considered a positive batter, while an outward lean is considered a negative batter. Batter is often built into a wall by off-setting or "setting back" successive courses of a wall by a specified amount

List THREE mortar joint types with good weatherability.

Concave or rodded and set in slightly C-shaped, V-shaped, and Grapevine or D-shaped

When are Snap ties used?

Concrete framework

Gloss

Creates a shiny appearance • Has the most sheen • Usually washable • Tend to show surface defects

Contours for ridges, road crowns, etc point in what direction?

Downhill

Lag

Fastening where maximum holding power is needed Pointed bolts Come in varying diameters; 3/4" is the most popular Available in 1/4", 5/16", and 1/2" Made to be tightened with a wrench Also called lag bolt

When is a Tack coat used?

For installation between 2 lifts of new asphalt

Walk-behind tampers

For small trench work

When shouldn't you use nails?

If you need to take the nails out. • Difficult to remove • Will damage the wood when taken out.

What is Bark mulch?

It is a wood product and, when decomposed , is a great additive to hold moisture in a soil. The amount of water held within a soil can be affected by adding decomposed wood products such as this, bark, sawdust, and compost.

What does a Concrete retardent do?

It is an admixture that slows down hydration for additional time to work on project

What is a Valley?

It is an elongated depression that forms the space between two ridges

Oversize gravel

Larger rough gravel Primarily used for roadways as a base or as a fill on larger projects Sometimes used for commercial landscaping projects

Terrazzo

Man-made stone that is frequently used in floors in high and medium traffic zones. This rustic surfacing is excellent to reduce slip-and-fall accidents around pools, stairs, and other slippery surfaces.

List the FOUR items that should always be addressed on a construction detail.

Materials, finishes, fasteners and dimensions

Sheeting Retaining wall

Modular, steel, wood, to 10'

What is Mortar?

Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, water, and lime used to bond together precast masonry units

What is Mortar?

Mortar is a mixture of sand and cements that is used to build brick or block walls.

What connects Masonry to Concrete?

Mortar, Masonry anchors, grout

What connects Masonry to Masonry?

Mortar, Masonry ties and/or anchors

Risers and Treads

No tread less than 11". No riser more than 7-1/2"

Is Acrylic Latex Paint suitable for exterior painting?

No, not Suitable for exterior... it is water soluble.

What are township descriptions stated in?

Northing / Easting

Describe Slate and its uses.

Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock. It is strong and durable, with high tensile strength, and it comes in lots of colors. Uses: flagstones for paving or walls, and roofing slate

Tooling

Shaping of the face of the mortar

Blocking

Small wood pieces to brace framing members or to provide a nailing base for gypsum board or paneling

What is Stainless Steel?

Stainless Steel contains a min of 12% chromium, sometimes with nickel, manganese, or molybdenum as additional alloying elements, so as to be highly corrosion resistant

What materials are exterior fasteners and connectors available in?

Stainless steel and or galvanized carbon steel.

What are the TWO forms of Storm/surface runoff that a SWM plan must address?

Storm water that moves on the ground by gravity and flows into streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and ocean. Storm water that infiltrates through the soil both horizontally and vertically

What is a Swale? What is a Gutter? How is it measured?

Swales are constructed or natural drainage channel that has a vegetated surface usually grass. A gutter is a paved swale. It is measured as the difference in elevation between the center line and a point at the edge of the swale on a line taken perpendicular to the centerline.

Polyurethane

Technically a varnish made with polyurethane resins. More protective and durable than other types of varnish

When is Stationing used?

Technique used to lay out linear and curvilinear elements such as the centerlines of roads, paths, and utilities

In Arid climates what tends to happen to Concrete?

Temperature change is not a significant factor in Arid temperature climate, but concrete will expand in freezing temperatures. In places like California,Arizona or Texas, concrete tends to contract due to the prolonged dry weather.

What determines relative quality of soil values for use in embankments, subgrades, bases, subbases?

The Index Values

What does the Standard Proctor Test (ASTM D 698) test for?

The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density.

What does the Air Content test test for?

The amount of air in the concrete.

What are CFS (cubic foot per second)?

The amount of cubic feet of water that passes a specific point on the river within 1 second. There are 7.48 gallons in cubic foot of water.

What part of the wood should be protected from weather?

The end grain of the wood should be protected from the weather so the wood will not prematurely rot.

What is Peak discharge?

The greatest volume of water that flows into a river, or an existing body of water at a given time.

Name some Incandescent Lamps types and the pros and cons.

The light originates from an electric charge through a filament (usually tungsten). Common types are light bulbs, which are sealed beam / low voltage and tungsten - iodine lamps (called quartz-iodine). They are more pleasing in light color and free of strobe effect. These lamps are less energy efficient and life shorter than electric discharge lamps.

When mixing irrigation heads, what must be done with the nozzles?

The nozzle must match precipitation rates

How does Interpolation work?

The process of computing intermediate values between two related known values, for topographic surveys it is the process of locating while number elevation between the elevations of the grid intersections d/D=e/E

What is Soil permeability?

The quality at which air or water moves through the most restrictive soil layer in the rooting zone

Framing

The structural wood and/ or metal elements of most homes

Head joint (Cross joint)

The vertical mortar joint between ends of masonry units

What are Convenience Receptacles?

This is the portion of the permanent wiring system mounted in boxes and designed to receive plug-in-equipment. Sizes range from 15 ampere, 125 volt receptacles used in homes to heavy-duty industrial types. May be polarized to accept plugs one way only.

What is the purpose of a concrete seal or glaze?

To provide a waterproof sealer which prevents or reduces moisture and chloride penetration

Furring

To shim out and provide a level fastening surface for a wall or ceiling

In carpentry, what is furring?

To shim out and provide a level fastening surface for a wall or ceiling.

What happens when concrete has too little water?

Too little water makes concrete dense and unworkable

What happens when concrete has too much water?

Too much water makes the concrete weak and porous after curing

What are the SIX stages of Earthwork?

Topsoil removal Bulk excavation Structure excavation Earth fill Structure backfill Final shaping and grading

( T or F) End of handrails shall be either rounded or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post.

True

T or F? Buffer areas also required for structures, roads and parking areas and for any active recreation purpose (i.e. tennis courts, swimming pools, playgrounds).

True

True or False? Typically grouts are high in tensile strength, but low in compressive strength.

True

What is Type I Cement?

Type I is General purpose. It has a high C3S content for good early strength development. It is used for general construction (most buildings, bridges, pavements, precast units, etc

Blend of 1" gravel

Used for structural backfill and drainage

What is the Proctor Test, and what does it test?

Utilizes a 5.5 lb. Weight dropped from 12 inches for 25 blows on a 1130 cubic foot soil sample. Prior to installing concrete on a project, the base must be properly prepared and tested for compaction, to avoid settling of the concrete. This subgrade is tested using the Proctor test method, as described by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Baserock

well-graded aggregate suitable for compacting to such a degree that it provides a firm, stable base

Rip Rap Retaining Wall

gabions, anti-erosion fabrics, etc.

Zinc coatings for chain-link fence

galvanized before weaving galvanized after weaving

What is Flat Steel?

galvanized sheet metal used for window or door lintels, bracing for wood deck posts, or other connections.

What is an acceptable Curb height?

generally 6"s

What is a Top Plate?

horizontal or angled member placed atop stud wall.

Soil-Bioengineering Wall

is a reinforced embankment using geotextile materials, plantings, stone or concrete surfacing.

What is Acrylic Latex Paint?

is a water based product and would be best suited to an exterior environment that is not exposed to weather.

Slope=___

rise/run or y/x

IMC

steel conduit that has a thinner wall Weighs less than RMC Can be used for the same applications as galvanized RMC

What does Q = C i A stand for?

the rational method for preparing storm water calculations and sizing pipe. Q is the amount of water in cubic feet (cubic meters). C is the coefficient of runoff and is based on the type of groundcover, generally pervious or impervious. A is the size of the watershed or area collecting water. i is the amount of rainfall over a given time.

What is S3S Lumber?

"Surfaced on three sides" Boards get planed on both faces, and then straight-line ripped on one edge

According to zoning how does one calculate the total number of dwelling units allowed?

(Development limit) X (area x developable)

Define Colluvial Soil.

(Gravity) Transported by gravity

Postcap

A decorative top that can be added to a railing post

Valve

A device used to control the flow of water in the irrigation system.

What is the difference between a ditch and a swale?

A ditch is usually deeper and narrower than a swale and it is typically not vegetated. Ditches are usually 2feet deep or more. Generally swales are preferred, but ditches may be necessary in tight spaces

White Glue

A general class of glues which as a rule are non-toxic, washable, and which dry clear Best used for bonding semi-porous and porous materials, e.g., ceramic to wood

What is an Earthquake / Seismic Zone?

A geologically active area that limits the development of certain buildings and alerts potential owners that the area is near a known fault area.

Bulldozer

A heavy, driver-operated machine for clearing and grading land, usually having continuous treads and a broad hydraulic blade in front

What is Concrete?

A heavy, rough building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, that can be spread or poured into molds and that forms a stonelike mass on hardening.

Polished Surface

A high gloss surface

What is the max depth of an asphalt lift?

A lift=layer is usually 4-6inches deep

How does an Incandescent Filament Bulb work?

A light source in which light is produced by a wire filament, usually tungsten, heated to incandescence by passing an electric current through it.

S2S

A lumber-industry abbreviation for "surfaced on two sides". These boards are planed on both faces to final thickness after milling and drying.

What is Soil permeability?

A measure of the ease with which a fluid flows through the voids of a soil

Post Anchor

A metal piece attached to or imbedded in the footing that attaches the post to the footing and keeps the post from being exposed to moisture in the ground.

Heavy timber construction

A type of combustible construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by placing limitations on the sizes of wood structural members and on thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs and by the avoidance of concealed spaces under floors and roofs

What is a Footing?

A type of foundation typically installed at a shallow depth constructed to provide a relatively large area of bearing onto the supporting soil.

What is Flat Steel? What are the two main types of it?

A type that is produced by rolls with smooth surfaces and ranges of dimension, varying in thickness. The two major flat steel product categories are thin, flat products (between 1mm and 10mm in thickness) and plates (between 10mm and 200mm thick and used for large welded pipes, ship building, construction, major works and boilers).

Lumen

A unit of measure used to describe the amount of light that a lamp (light bulb) produces or emits.

What is a Gabion Wall?

A wall constructed of crushed rock and wire baskets. Gabion walls are easy to construct and convenient for non-aesthetic solutions where cost is a major factor of the project.

What does Landscape, slope, number of inlets affect in a watershed?

Affect of the runoff rates and time of concentration within a watershed

What are the components of concrete?

Aggregate, Portland Cement, Water and admixtures

What are the TWO purposes of Air-entraining concrete admixtures?

Air-entraining disperse microscopic air bubbles to increase workability and resistance to cracking from freeze/thaw

Name 6 types of transported soils.

Alluvial Aeolian Colluvial Glacial Volcanic Fill

Compact excavator

Also called "mini" excavators Generally include those with operating weights of 14,000 lbs. or less and dig depths of 14' or less. Can slew 360Q

What are Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)?

Also called concrete brick, concrete block, cement block, besser block, breeze block and cinder block - is a large rectangular block used in building construction.

Protection board

An optional component that protects these elements below from damage during the construction process

Retaining Wall Anchors

Anchored retaining wall built with construction timbers or railroad ties to the hillside by using • Tiebacks • Deadmen tieback

Hanger

Any of a class of hardware used in supporting or connecting members of similar or different materials as, for instance, a stirrup strap or beam hanger for supporting the end of a beam or joist at a concrete foundation wall. May also be referred to as a connector

Double-drum vibrating roller

Appropriate for asphalt work Require a machine with a high impact force to ram the soil and force the air out, arranging the particles.

Grid method

Appropriate for complex grading projects and urban conditions Figure out the difference in elevation between each corner of grid, Add all four totals together, divide by four and multiply by the area of the grid V=a/4 × (1h1+2h2+3h3+4h4) H1=sum of the cuts or fills for all grid corners common to one grid cell H2= Sum of the cuts or fills for all grid corners common to two grid cells. ..

Who are Local roads associated with?

Associated with residential streets

A pipe that is flowing away from a catch basis is often (but not always) _____blank______ than a pipe flowing to a catch basin.

Bigger

What does brick grading designate?

Brick grading designates the durability of a brick unit when exposed to weathering in one of 3 U.S. weathering regions

What FOUR things are bricks graded on?

Bricks are graded according to its compressive strength, max water absorption and max saturation coefficient

Name 2 examples of Gravity walls

Crib Wall Gabions

What defines the Summit?

Found on a Knoll, hill, or mountain. Contains the higher point relative to the surrounding terrain

What does Graded Gravel mean?

Gravel with a proportions of aggregate from a series of sieves usually defined in terms of the % passing successive. Because they are heterogeneous in size, they are the best structural fill materials, since they have a bridging factor that allows them to spread out over poor bearing soils.

What is a grouted tieback?

Grouted tiebacks can be constructed as steel rods drilled through a concrete wall out into the soil or bedrock on the other side. Grout is then pumped under pressure into the tieback anchor holes to increase soil resistance and thereby prevent tiebacks from pulling out, reducing the risk for wall destabilization.

Grounds

Guides used around openings and at the floorline to strike off plaster. They can consist of narrow strips of wood or of wide sub-jambs at interior doorways. They provide a level plaster line for installation of casing and other trim.

What is Gypsum board made of?

Gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It the basis of Dry Wall.

Slate

Hard varieties are used in outdoor flooring and in areas of medium traffic.

Soils with a high silt and fine sand content have a _____blank_____ erodibility potential.

High

What does HPS stands for

High Point of Swale

Saddle

High point of a swale that is also the dividing point for two sales sloping away from each other

What does Filter Fabric do?

Holds the engineered soil in place and still prevent small media particles, such as plant debris and fines, from entering and clogging the drainage layer below.

Describe horizontal shear strength and what affect it has on bolt placement.

Horizontal shear strength is the ability of a wood member to resist shearing horizontally from compressive forces at top and tensile forces at bottom. shear is most likely to occur along the neutral axis 2/3 down from top. The installation of bolts should be avoided along this plane.

When should you seed and straw a soil stock pile?

If unused for more than 30 days

In AC what is the Effective Voltage?

In A-C this is 0.707 times the peak (Maximum) voltage.

How is lumber measured?

In Board feet: 1 board foot=the volume of a piece whose nominal dimensions are 12" square and 1" thick.

The deflection of a wood member, which is the amount of horizontal deformation that occurs when a member is loaded, is measured in what units?

Inches and expressed as a ration (1/180) the degree the beam bends

What does the CSI 32 cover?

Irrigation

Define Aeolian Soil.

(Wind) Transported by wind

What are the two Circle measurements?

-Circumference: Pi x diameter C=PiD -Area: Pi x radius squared A=PiRSquared

What is a typical specified height for a curb?

6-8inches

Longitude lines are how far apart?

69 miles

What is the minimum offset distance for a driveway entrance, if it is not directly aligned with an intersection?

75'

What is the term for a piece of brick?

A bat

What is Tar?

A dark, thick, flammable liquid distilled from wood or coal, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons, resins, alcohols, and other compounds. It is used in roadmaking and for coating and preserving timber.

How are Outflow rates set?

Outflow rates are set at or below pre-development rates and flow is metered out of the basin until no water remains

Which deck framing system does not utilize joints?

Plank and Beam

What is used to connect Asphalt to Aggregate?

Prime coat of Cutback asphalt

Water Content

Ratio of the quantity of water in a soil (by weight) to the weight of the soil solids (dry soil), typically expressed as a percentage. Same as moisture content.

Specific gravity

Ratio of the unit weight of soil solids to the unit weight of water

What is Ohms Law?

States that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across two points

What are the Legal description of a piece of land?

States the fixed location of the property boundaries

What is Finish Lumber?

It indicates a higher grades of lumber, one that is sound, and relatively free of blemishes.

How is a Cement Nail different from other common nails?

It is a nail that has been coated with cement to increase its holding power.

What trade used Wall ties?

Masonry work

Slope: 6% to 15%

OK for some structures and some free play activities

Toggle Bolt Assembly

a bolt having a nut with pivoted, flanged wing that close against a spring when it is pushed through a hole, and open after emerging from the hole; used to fasten objects to a hollow wall or to a wall that is accessible only from one side.

Soldier

a brick laid on it's end so that the greatest dimension is vertical

What is Compression?

a force that acts on an object and tends to shorten the object. Short objects tend to crush, slender objects tend to buckle under compression.

What is a Perspective drawing?

a kind of pictorial drawing that shows objects as they look to the eye

Watt

a measurement of the rate of work or power utilized. Used to rate the consumption of electricity.

Headwall

a protective structure at an edgedrain outlet

latchset

a set of door hardware comprising a latch, strike, spindle, and knob/lever used to fasten a door closed and open the door by turning a knob/lever or operating a latchgroup handle

Rivet

a short pin of a malleable metal, such as iron, steel or copper with a head at one end; used to unite two plates by passing it through a hole in both plates and then hammering down the point to form a second head.

Reflector

a surface or element of a luminaire designed to direct light in a desired direction.

What is a Topographic survey?

a survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece of land, and presents them as contour lines on a plot.

What is a malfeasance?

a wrongful act, usually by a public official

Rectangular ties

can be used for all brick masonry cavity walls are therefore recommended instead.

Irrigation Mains

carry water from supply source to operating zone valves in large systems remain under pressure at all times

Pre-cast concrete

cast into permanent shapes using reusable forms at a plant, then transported as fully cured structural units to the actual construction job site

Bi-Wall

drip irrigation tubing has drip holes regularly spaced.

Chain Link Fabric

formed by weaving a series of spirals together

Brad Nail

• Attaching molding to walls or furniture • Smaller version of the finishing nail. • Up to about 1" long

Furring

The method of finishing the interior face of masonry wall to provide space for insulation, to prevent moisture transmittance, or to provide a smooth or plane surface for finishing

What is equilibrium moisture content?

The moisture content that a wood member will attain in service as affected by local temperatures and humidity.

What is Backsighting?

The process by which a surveyor references a known point, such as a benchmark point on a curb, a building floor elevation, or possibly a manhole cover

Reflection

The process by which flux leaves a surface or medium from the incident side.

What exactly is an easement?

The right of one property owner to make use of another's property, as specific limited use, or excludes the use of land in a certain way, even by the owner.

Irrigation shovel

The same general design as a round point shovel, but it has a straighter shank Used for planting holes or ditches where a vertical side is desired.

What does Candlepower measure?

The unit of luminous intensity. A measure of the illuminating power of light in any given direction from a light source such as a lamp bulb or luminaire.

What type of soil do plants grow in?

The upper layer of earth in which plants grow, is a black or dark brown material. It typically consists of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles.

Lateral line

The water delivery pipeline that supplies water to the emitters or sprinklers from the valve

Overspray

The water which is delivered beyond the landscaped area, wetting pavements, walks, structures, or other non-landscaped areas

Unit weight/ bulk density

The weight of the soil divided by its volume and is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic foot

What is the wearing course?

Top course of asphalt

Thin-set Mortar

Used to describe the installation of tile with all materials except Portland cement mortar, which is the only recognized thick-bed method • Applied to subfloor (Thin-set mortar 1/a" (3 mm)) • Set same size stones generally W' (6 mm), %" (10mm) on top • Most suited for thin stones cut to same size • Can be placed on either concrete or wood subfloors reinforced with a secondary layer of plywood, cement backer board, or for a more durable application

When is a Phantom _.._.._.._.._ used?

Used to indicate where cuts are made for section representations and used to show motion or travel of machine parts

When is a Retention Basin used?

Used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding and downstream erosion- improve water quality

Cement Type 2 Moderate

Used where precaution against moderate sulfate attack is important, as in drainage structures where sulfate concentrations in groundwater are higher than normal or when heat build-up is a concern

When is Baseline dimensioning used?

Used with curvilinear elements, it locates offsets from an arbitrary baseline

Contact Cements

Useful for applying laminates and edge stripping to plywood. Not recommended for structural joints.

How does Coordinate dimensioning system work?

Uses a pair of distances along a horizontal axis and a vertical axis which define the unique geographical position of a point

How should you connect the ledger board to concrete?

Using a lag Bolt w/ expansion shield

When is it good to use a Machine Bolt Assemblies?

When connectors are needed where its not important that the rough head of the bolt is exposed.

What type of wood is most used in construction?

Softwood

What is a Butt Hinge?

A Butt Hinge is a door or window hinge consisting of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin, fastened to butting surfaces such as the face of a jamb and the edge of a door

What is a Concrete Masonry Unit?

A Concrete Masonry Unit or CMU is a block or brick cast of Portland cement and suitable aggregate, with or without admixtures, and intended for laying up with other units as in normal stone masonry construction

What is a Copper Pipe?

A Copper Pipe constructed of a lustrous reddish metal that is highly ductile, malleable, and resistant to corrosion. The pipe has a high tensile strength. It is available in a wide variety of shapes, widely used for downspouts, interior water lines and weep holes in retaining walls

What is a detention basin?

A dry basin, used as a means of controlling peak discharge rates through the temporary storage of storm runoff

Define Alluvial Soil.

(Floodplains) transported by water

Define: Longitude

-Converge at poles -Called meridians -Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England 0 degrees -continue east and west 180 degrees and meet at the international dateline in the pacific ocean

What are general joist span, spacing and size guidelines?

-size required depends upon the span and spacing between joists 6'span: up to 32" spacing with 2x6 8'joist span: up to 32" spacing with 2x8 10' joist span: up to 32" spacing with 2x10

Describe Slow soil permeability in inches per hour

.06-.6 inches per hour, typically the lower subsoil

Describe Moderate soil permeability in inches per hour

.6-2 inches per hour, usually loamy subsoils

The equator is at what latitude?

0 degrees

What would be the minimum amount of slope allowable on a playing field if paved or closely mowed turf?

0.5%

Medium cement mixture

1 part cement, 2 1/2 parts sand, 5 parts coarse aggregate, Used for foundations, walls, abutments, piers, etc.

Rich cement mixture

1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 3 parts course aggregate Used for concrete roads and waterproof structures

Standard cement mixture

1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 4 parts coarse aggregate used for reinforced work floors, roofs, columns, arches, tanks, sewers, conduits, etc.

Lean cement mixture

1 part cement, 3 parts sand, 6 parts coarse aggregate Used for all mass concrete work, large foundations, backing for stone masonry

What is the required number of accessible parking spaces per standard parking spaces?

1-25 = 1 26-50 = 2 51-75 = 3 76-100 = 4 --------------- 1 per every 50, 101-200 --------------- 1 per every 100, 301-500 --------------- 2% of total, 501+ --------------- 1,000 and over = 20 plus 1 for each 100 over 1,000

Paved vehicular circulation ways, such as parking, drives (except entrances) and loading spaces shall be set back by how much?

1. At least 15' from any street ROW (property line along street). 2. At least 10' from all other property lines.

How do you determine the boundaries of a Watershed?

1. Begin at collection point (lowest pt) 2. Trace a line uphill from low pt perpendicular to contours 3. when you reach a hilltop or ridge, go back a trace in other direction to top of other side. 4.connect 2 lines by following ridge lines and saddle points

List the 4 common methods for specifying size and quantity of lumber.

1. Board measure or board foot (BDM or BD FT) 2. Lineal Meter (Feet) (Lm, Lf or Lft) 3. Nominal size and length 4. Areas to be covered (shakes and shingles) One square unit covers 100ft2 of area whn laid with a normally exposed coursing width.

What are the three primary methods of calculating volumes of soil for earthworks?

1. Contour Sections 2. Grid cell3. Average end area

What are the two types of wood hangers?

1. Face Mount 2. Top Flange Both rely on nails, screws or bolts to form the connection

What are the three steps of a physical Site analysis process?

1. Gather physical onsite data. 2. Source Aerial photograph and 3. Contract an accurate site survey.

List 3 types of wood adhesives

1. Glue (different for hard or soft wood) 2. Epoxies (can deteriorate outside) 3. Polyurethane foam adhesives (activated by water and temp resistant).

List FOUR ways to reduce water penetration in concrete.

1. Keep water:cement ratio to less than 0.5 by weight. 2. carefully treat all joints and cracks to prevent leaks. 3. add chemical and admixtures to reduce water penetration. 4. apply waterproof surface seal or compound

What are the THREE common types of concrete seal/glaze?

1. Sealer and curing compound-applied on damp concrete or used on fresh concrete as a non-fugitive curing compound that will provide continuous protection.2. Glazier-sealer: a compound that brings out the natural color of slate, brick, stone and concrete, while providing moisture and chloride protection.3. Deck coating: allows water to evaporate, but still protects. UV resistant. Do not apply until concrete is thoroughly dry

What are the FOUR principles of sustainable site design?

1. Site's carrying capacities should be based on resource consideration 2. Fragmentation of habitats should be avoid 3. Significant cultural resources should be protected and preserved 4. The minimum consumptive technology should be used to meet facility needs.

What TWO tests are used for concrete to determine strength and workability?

1. Slump test: determines consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete.2. Compression test: uses a hydraulic press to measure the max load a 6inches test cylinder can support in axial compression before fracturing

Erodibility of a given site is control by what FOUR factors?

1. Soil characteristics 2. Vegetation cover 3. Topography and 4. Climate

What are six common problems to wood?

1. Splitting and cracking 2. Wood decay 3. Sagging members 4. Joint separation 5. Fastener Failure 6. Finish Failure

What is required for Bid Prep?

1. Working drawings: limited written notes. 2. Specifications: written descriptions of work. quality standards by others, specific methods OR desired outcomes 3. General Conditions: required for insurance, bonds, contractual obligations and procedure, field change orders, etc 4. Agreement Form: sign sheet, legally binding. contains list of bid items, quantities, unity pricing for each item w/ price provision for adding or deleting a specific item after construction initiation.

What are FIVE uses/benefits of steel reinforcement of concrete?

1. absorb tensile, shearing and sometimes compressive stresses.2. ties vertical and horizontal elements.3. reinforces the edges around openings.4. minimizes shrinkage and cracking.5. controls thermal expansion and contraction

What are the two major phases of roadway design?

1. alignment of the road (horizontal and vertical direction)2. grading the adjacent landscape to the road edge

What 3 groups are soils divided into?

1. granular soils, sand, gravel, consisting of grain sizes larger than .002 inches. 2. clay soils, very fine particles, the particle shape being flat or scaled. 3. organic soils, loam and peat, high in organic material are not suitable for subgrade use. (wetland soils)

Term 39 Licensure violations:

1. practicing or offering to practice landscape architecture without being registered (in practice law states)-- 2. advertising or displaying a card or other device that indicates to the public that one is a landscape architect who is not registered-- 3. assuming or using the title landscape architect without being registered--- 4. using an expired or revoked landscape architect license-- 5. presenting false evidence to the technical board of registration with the intent to obtain a license to practice landscape architecture.

What are THREE reasons for controlling the setting time of concrete?

1. reduce the setting time when below freezing.2. increase working time when temps are hot.3. control bleeding, or the movement of water to the surface of freshly placed concrete

What are the THREE types of setting beds?

1. rigid: mortar or grout used to bond the pavers to the base course. Type M mortar usually used for exterior pavements because of its high compressive strength and durability. 1/2-2inches deep. Only use over rigid bases to prevent cracking. 2. semi-flexible: mixture of asphalt cement and sand. May be used over either rigid or semi-flexible beds. Tack coat on top of asphalt layer under pavers. 3.flexible: 1-2 inch depth of bedding sand or stone dust. may be used over any base course system, but only used with a flexible jointing system

What are the 3 key factors of soil compaction?

1. type of soil 2. the moisture content of the soil 3. the type of soil compaction effort extended on the soil

Open off-street parking areas with more than 40 spaces shall have a maximum of __________ contiguous spaces without an island?

10

A one-way travelway shall be a minimum of __________ feet wide provided it is clearly marked with signs and pavement markings?

11'

What is the optimum moisture content for lumber stability in a structure?

12%

What are the dimensions of a standard bus loading/unloading space?

12' x 45'

What is the standard bearing capacity of Gravel?

12,000 lbs SF

What is the minimum offset for curb and travel lane (street intersection), if they are not directly intersecting?

150'

How far apart are Joist typically?

16 to 24 inches apart

What size decking is appropriate for a 16" span? up to 60"?

16" use a 1x4 up to 60": 2x4 or 2x6

Six courses of standard module brick = how many inches in height?

16inches

When installing a sign what offset has to be met from the curbline?

18' (Surely, if it comes up, this will be given on the exam.)

According to ADA: ramp runs should be no steeper than?

1:12 or 8.33%, cross-slopes no steeper than 1:48

What is the standard wash on treads?

2% (does not need to be included in the height calculations for stairs since it assumes the average mid-point in height calculation)

Name 10 important Gradients Slope by Slope Ratio / Percentage Horizontal : Vertical.

2.00% 50:1 5.00% 20:1 6.25% 16:1 8.33% 12:1 10.00% 10:1 12.50% 8:1 16.67% 6:1 20.00% 5:1 33.33% 3:1 50.00% 2:1

Where a guardrail is not required on a retaining wall in which differences in grade level on either side of the wall are in excess of _______ feet, a minimum _______ feet high plantings are required to restrict access to the top of the wall?

2.5', 3'

Two-way travelways shall be a minimum of __________feet and a maximum of __________feet wide?

22', 26'

Drop-off areas shall have a minimum length of _______, per vehicle, and a minimum width of _______?

22', 9'

What is the acceptable joint spacing for a slab of concrete?

24 to 36 times the thickness of the slab. Example: 4" Thick Slab = joint spacing to be about 10'

How much of a buffer zone should be provided on each side of the property line between any parcel on which there is proposed commercial or industrial use, and an adjacent parcel zone residential? (Institutional uses are exempt.)

25' (to be clear all set back information will be provided on the exam)

What is a common formula to give a workable riser to tread length ration?

2R+T=24-26inches

What are orthographic drawings?

3 drawings showing all aspects of item

For security reasons in publicly accessible areas, site development elements such as plantings, require a _________ horizontal clear zone (from curb) when measured from a height of 3' to 8'?

3'

In feet, what is the minimum clear width of an accessible route (excluding doors)?

3'

What is the minimum width of a curb ramp, exclusive of flared sides?

3'

__________ is the minimum clear distance between handrail sets? (Handrails and walk in section)

3'

Railings should be provided for all decks more than ____inches above grade.

30 inches

There shall be a __________ feet clear zone setback, free of obstructions, around organized active recreational uses? (Pedestrian and vehicular circulation should not be located within the clear zone unless it is providing direct access.)

30'

In feet, what is the minimum inside turning radius for large trucks?

30' OR 35' ?!

Top of handrail gripping surfaces shall be mounted between _______ and _______ above step noising?

34", 38"

Stockpile Soil

4 feet, is the maximum depth to stockpile soil. Deeper piles compact under their own weight, removing oxygen and thereby killing off important soil organics. Shallower piles can be used, but they take up large areas.

What is the minimum and maximum riser height?

4", 7 3/4"

What are the percent components of Loam soils?

40% sand, 40% silt, 20% Clay

Steps over ________ in width shall have continuous handrails on both sides.

42"

What are required railing heights for public and private decks?

42" above deck surface for public 36" for private.

Guardrails shall be a minimum of __________ inches in height and measured vertically from __________?

42", the leading edge of a stair tread or adjacent walking surface

How many sf are in an Acre?

43,560 sf

What are the standard nominal dimensions of a brick?

4inches wide, 2 2/3inches high, 8inches long (includes manufactured width of unit plus a mortared joint (3/8-1/2inches )

Any part of an accessible route with a slope greater than _______ shall be considered a ramp?

5%

Any part of an accessible route with a slope greater than __________ shall be considered a ramp.

5%

Maximum slope of adjoining gutters or accessible route shall not exceed ___________?

5%

Parking areas must be graded at a slope not to exceed __________?

5%

What are the minimum dimensions for ramp landings attached to ramps that change directions?

5' x 5'

At least what percent of all public entrances must be accessible?

50% (Where feasible, accessible entrances shall be the entrances used by the majority of people visiting or working in the building.

Head-to-Head Spacing

50% of diameter of full circle head; ensures adequate overlapping to account for loss of depth with increasing distance from head Square spacing: slightly less efficient than triangular spacing with respect to uniformity of distribution but easier to control edges and over-spray

What is the best temperature range for curing concrete?

50F-85F (10-29C)

What is the minimum length of a stair/ramp landing?

5feet of clear space between railings or walls. Same width as stairs

What depth must be maintained uncut for support on notched stringers (2x12 or 2x14 often used)?

6" must be maintained as the uncut depth

What is the maximum run of a ramp before requiring a handrail?

6'

4x4 posts are suitable for what height range?

6'-8'

For all uses with a driveup window, how many off-street stacked spaces, including the window spot, shall be provided? How many spaces for each additional window?

6, 2

Risers with nosing shall be sloped, or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle, not less than __________ from the horizontal?

60 degrees

One square mile has how many acres?

640 acres

How many acres is a square mile?

640 acres are in a square mile

What is the minimum depth of a swale?

6inches

What height should a retention pond embankment/dam be made?

6inches above the ponds highest elevation

Accessible parking spaces shall be __________ x __________?

8' x 20'

What is the minimum clear height for a sign above a finished floor?

80"

When installing a sign, what height has to remain clear above a sidewalk?

9'

What is a Base line runoff analysis

A Base line runoff analysis should be developed against which design proposals can be compared for performance. Base line analysis demonstrates performance of existing conditions. Peak discharge and volume at each dispersal point should be compared. The analysis should be focus on the points where runoff leaves the site. It is important to delineate the watersheds that contribute water to these points.

What are Concrete Masonry Units?

A CMU is a precast units of Portland cement, fine aggregate and water

What is the difference between a Watershed and a Drainage area?

A Drainage area may vary in size from several hundred square feet for an area drain or several square miles for a stream. A Watershed can be up to thousands of square miles for a large river.

What is a Depression in site grading?

A Landform that contains the lowest point relative to the surrounding terrain

What is a plane survey?

A Plane surveys consider the surface of the Earth to be a flat plane, and curvature is not taken into consideration. Techniques for plane surveys include plane trigonometry and plane geometry. These types of land survey techniques are only used in small areas

What are Ramps? Name 8 requirements of a ramp.

A Ramp is Anything with 5% or greater slope. 3'-0" minimum width. Maximum slope 1:12, Maximum rise 2.5' (without landing) Landings at bottom and top with 2% slope for drainage. Landing length 5' minimum. If ramps change direction at landings, landing to be 5' x 5' minimum. Cross slope of ramp no greater than 2%. Maximum horizontal projection 30' Extend handrails 1'-0"

Staple

A U-shaped piece of metal wire, with pointed ends, driven into a surface to secure a sheet of material, hold a hasp, etc.

Wood Quality

A blemish may be considered as any marks, scratches, or unsatisfactory appearance of the wood not classed as a defect. Defects and blemishes may then be classed as follows: knots, holes, decay, splits, warp, cross grain, checks, bad milling, back, pith, discoloration, and gum pockets.

What is a Subdivision survey?

A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties.

What is a Brick?

A brick is solid or hollow masonry unit of clay or shale, molded into a rectangular shape while plastic, and then baked in a kiln. Bricks are used in many ways but principally in the construction of dwellings and hardscapes

What is a Carriage Bolt?

A carriage bolt, coach bolt or round head square neck bolt is a form of bolt used to fasten metal to wood. It is distinguished from other bolts by its shallow mushroom head and that the shank cross-section of the bolt is circular for most of its length, as usual, but the portion immediately beneath the head is formed into a square section. This makes the bolt self-locking when placed through a square hole in a metal strap, or a round hole in most wood. This allows the fastener to be installed with only a single tool, a spanner or wrench, working from one side. The head of a carriage bolt is usually a shallow dome. The squared section is of the same size as the diameter of the bolt shank, with a plain unthreaded shank

When is Non-shrink Grout used?

A cementitious material used to partially fill penetration cracks (pitch pans), Non-shrink Grout is ideal for precast walls, panels, beams, pre-tensioned or post-tensioned pre-stressed member applications

Grout (Non-Shrink)

A cementitious material used to partially fill penetration pockets (pitch pans). A pourable sealer is used afterward. Ideal for grouting column bases, precast walls, panels, beams, pre-tensioned or post-tensioned pre-stressed member applications

Diversion

A channel with a supporting ridge on the lower side constructed across a slope to a suitably stable outlet. They are used to protect structures, streets, low-lying areas, steep or easily erodible slopes, and exposed soils during construction from storm water runoff

Bituminous binder

A class of black or dark-colored solid, semisolid or viscous cementitious substances, natural or manufactured, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (asphalts, tars, pitches and asphaltites) used to cement loose materials together

What is the limit of liability-

A clause that sets upper limit on how much la can be sued for, and limits the types of tasks they can be sued for screwing up to scope of work.

Ground rod

A conducting connection by which an electric circuit or equipment is connected to the earth or to some conducting body of relatively large extent that serves in place of the earth National electrical code requires ground rod end to be below the surface unless protected from physical damage. No particular depth required just below the surface. The minimum length of a ground rod is 8'. Should be located close to the main breaker panel

What is an Angle Iron?

A construction material consisting of pieces of steel with an L-shaped cross-section, able to be bolted together.

Cavity wall

A construction of masonry units laid up with a cavity between the wythes. The wythes are tied together with metal ties or bonding units and are relied on to act together in resisting lateral loads

Wythe

A continuous vertical section of a masonry .wall, one unit in thickness.

What is a Wythe?

A continuous vertical section of a masonry wall, one depth of a unit thick - the short end of the brick.

What is a Culvert?

A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side to the other side. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material.

What is a restrictive covenant?

A deal between parties forbidding some action, eg, selling to minorities, building towers, planting exotics...It doesn't carry over to future owners, It can't break existing laws, and it has to help community members.

Stenciled Concrete

A decorative surface treatment using heavy-duty paper stencils with stone, tile, or brick patterns that are lightly pressed into fresh concrete, followed by the application of dry-shake color hardeners. When the stencils are removed, the uncolored concrete mimics mortar joints. Another technique, for use on existing concrete, is to apply adhesive stencils and then color, etch, or sandblast the surface.

Kelly Ball

A device for determining the consistency of fresh concrete Sometimes used as an alternate to the slump test

Soil moisture sensing device

A device that measures the amount of water in the soil

What is a Fuse?

A device to provide a simple, comparatively inexpensive method of automatic over current protection. They also provide a means for controlling the location of a breakdown as well as the amount of current needed to cause it.

What is a Dimmer?

A device used to control the amount of light produced by fixtures, portable lamps or lighting systems by changing the voltage or current applied.

What is a schematic diagram?

A diagram that uses symbols, icons, and connecting lines

What is a Drainage Ditches?

A ditch is a small to moderate depression created to channel water. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. A trench is a long narrow ditch. Ditches are commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage

Plant factor

A factor that when multiplied by reference evapotranspiration, estimates the amount of water used by plants.

What is a Geothecnical survey?

A geotechnical survey is the first step in the construction or consolidation of a site. It includes information about soil consistency and structure, groundwater level and recommendations for the technical project. Following the drilling, the samples collected from the ground are taken to the lab for analysis.

What are the six components, in order, of a green roof system?

A green roof system is an extension of the existing roof which involves a high quality water proofing and root repellent system, a drainage system, filter cloth, a lightweight growing medium and plants.

What is a Masonry Nail?

A hardened high-carbon steel nail with a fluted shank. Used for fastening to hardened concrete.

What is a Construction Adhesive? What are three pros of Construction Adhesives?

A high performance adhesive for multi-purpose in most interior and exterior construction projects. Construction adhesives several benefits for a deck construction project: it will bond the wood together; it can be used on dry, wet, or treated wood; and it is not affected by moisture. When applied in a consistent bead it will help create a moisture barrier. Waterproof and weather proof Reduces Nail Pops Establishes a Permanent bond

What is a Strap Hinge? How is it different from a Butt Hinge?

A hinge with long leaves or flaps for screwing onto the surface of a door or gate. Butt Hinges have equal sized leaves, and do not screw onto the surface of the door.

What is a Hydrographs?

A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point

What is a Hyetograph?

A hyetograph is a graphical representation of the distribution of rainfall intensity over time.

How do Lag Bolt and Expansion Shield work together?

A lag bolt used in combination with an anchoring device having an expandable socket that swells as a bolt is tightened into it; used in masonry walls for attaching timber.

What is a ledger, and what are the two most common ways to correctly attach a ledger to a structure?

A ledger is a structural board that attaches to the building side of a deck. The two most common ways to correctly attach a ledger to a structure are lag screws or through-bolts through the ledger and into the rim joist of the supporting structure. The installation of through-bolts requires access to the back side of the rim joist which, in some cases, is not possible without significant removal of drywall within the structure.

Ledger

A length of board, that is horizontally attached to the side of a house and holds up one edge of a deck.

What is an Isolux Diagram?

A line plotted on any appropriate set of coordinates which shows all the points on a surface where the illumination is the same as an isolux (isoilumination levels are plotted on the same set of coordinates an isolux diagram is formed)

What is Sand?

A loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from the erosion of siliceous and other rocks and forming a major constituent of beaches, riverbeds, the seabed, and deserts.

Pier Block

A masonry post Often serve as above-grade footings for posts and often are made of pre-cast concrete.

Concrete masonry unit (CMU)

A masonry unit made of Portland cement, water, and mineral aggregates, formed into a rectangular prism

What is Mulch?

A material (such as decaying leaves, bark, or compost) spread around or over a plant to enrich or insulate the soil, and protect it from water loss.

What is a Conductor?

A material which offers little opposition to the flow of current. Wires are conductors.

What should the maximum Joint spacing be limited to?

A maximum of 15'

Automatic controller

A mechanical or solid state timer, capable of operating valve stations to set the days and length of time of a water application

What is an Axonometric Isometric drawing?

A method of graphic representation of three-dimensional objects used to draw details, millwork, furniture and other design objects as well as buildings and interior rooms gives the appearance of viewing the object from the corner shows lines in their true length, but not all right angles are shown as such

What is Asphalt concrete?

A mixture of asphalt cement and well graded, aggregate that is compacted into dense, uniform mass

Inlet

A narrow opening or valve through which a substance such as water, enters the a pump or other device

Veneer

A non-load bearing masonry facing attached to and supported by the structural backing.

What shape will an asphalt road create topographically?

A parabola

What is Asphalt concrete (blacktop)?

A paving mix composed of asphalt cement, coarse and fine aggregate, and mineral filler and dust. The surface drainage for asphalt pavement should never be less than one percent or one-foot drop in every 100 feet. A two percent or 1/4 inch per foot slope is generally considered ideal.

Nailers

A piece of lumber secured to non-nailable decks and walls by bolts or other means, which provides a suitable backing onto which roof components may be mechanically fastened

Hydrozone

A portion of the landscaped area having plants with similar water needs that are served by a valve or set of valves with the same schedule Example: Naturalized area planted with native vegetation that will not need supplemental irrigation once established is a non-irrigated hydrozone.

What is a prime coat?

A prime coat is an application of low viscosity cutback asphalt to an absorbent surface such as crushed stone or gravel. It is used to prepare the base course for an asphalt pavement. The asphalt penetrates into the base, plugs the voids, hardens the top and helps bind the base material to the overlying asphalt pavement

Electrical Conduit

A properly installed metal conduit system is recognized by the National Electrical Code® (NEC®) as an equipment grounding conductor. The wall thickness and strength of steel make metal conduit the wiring method recognized as providing the most mechanical protection to the enclosed conductors. Normally 10' long

What is a Footcandle (fc)?

A quantitative unit for measuring illumination equivalent to the illumination produced by a plumber's candle (standard source) measured at a distance of one foot. One lumen per square foot. (Ft. = lumens / sq. ft. (fc)). The U.S. marketplace uses the footcandle to measure light.

Backflow prevention device (double-check device)

A safety device used to prevent pollution or contamination of the water supply due to the reverse flow of water from the irrigation system Local code will specify the type.

What is a Traverse in surveying?

A series of consecutive lines that are connected together and measured by distances and bearings.

In Horizontal road alignment, how are Simple Curves laid out?

A single Curve with a single radius, the most common configuration for low speed roads

Bobcat

A skid-steer loader and compact excavator can work simultaneously for optimal productivity on a job site, whereas a tractor /loader /backhoe can only do one task at a time - load or excavate.

Post Cap

A small piece of material (often wood) attached to the top of the post to cover the post's wood grain and protect the post from the weather. Can be made of many materials including metal, injection-molded plastics, decorative glass tops for round and square posts

What is a Brick?

A small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building.

Square Foot (SF)

A square unit of area measuring twelve inches on each of its four sides

How can you find right angles without survey equipment?

A squared + B squared = C squared

Acid Stain (or chemical stain)

A stain containing inorganic salts dissolved in an acidic, water-based solution that reacts chemically with the minerals in hardened concrete to produce permanent, transparent color that will not peel or flake. Gives concrete an attractive or marbleized appearance. Colors tend to be earth tones, such as tans, browns, reddish browns, and greens

Reference evapotranspiration/ETo

A standard measurement of environmental parameters which affect the water use of plants

What is Flashing?

A strip of metal used to stop water from penetrating the junction of a roof with another surface.

Shade Structure

A structure built above decks, usually of posts and lattice, to provide a shaded area on the deck.

What is a Hydrographic survey

A survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.

What is aPhotographic control survey?

A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified.

What is an As-built survey? How are they typically shown on existing plans?

A survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as-built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information.

What is a Benchmark?

A surveyor's mark cut in a wall, pillar, or building and used as a reference point in measuring altitudes.

Valence Lighting

A system comprising light sources shielded by a panel parallel to the wall, usually used across the top of a window. Light may be directed upward and downward unless the valence has a top, in which case it is directed only downward.

What is Cove Lighting?

A system compromising light sources shielded by a ledge and distributing light over the ceiling and upper wall (usually totally indirect lighting)

Rain sensing device

A system which automatically shuts off the irrigation system when it rains

An application of emulsified asphalt that is used to provide a bond between two asphalt concrete courses is called?

A tack coat

What is a tack coat?

A tack coat is a light application of an emulsified asphalt used to ensure a bond between two asphalt pavement courses

Finish (lumber)

A term indicating the higher grades of lumber, sound, relatively free of blemishes

What is a proctor test?

A test that determines the type of soil by measuring weight and compaction capabilities of the soil.

What is Grout?

A thin mortar used to fill cracks in masonry and tile

In retaining walls, what is a tieback?

A tieback is a horizontal wire or rod, or a helical anchor used to reinforce retaining walls for stability. With one end of the tieback secured to the wall, the other end is anchored to a stable structure.

What is Wrought Iron? How is it different from Cast Iron?

A tough, malleable form of iron suitable for forging or rolling rather than casting, obtained by puddling pig iron while molten. It is nearly pure but contains some slag in the form of filaments.

Crib Wall

A type of retaining wall made from stacked concrete members that form vertical box columns and are filled with solid earth materials.

Trencher

A variety of powered machines designed to dig trenches. Some trenchers are capable of multiple tasks in addition to digging the trench, such as laying drainage pipe and backfilling the trench.

What is Granite?

A very hard, granular, crystalline, igneous rock consisting mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar and often used as a building stone.

What is a Contract?

A voluntary agreement that includes+consideration (each party is providing something)+lawfulness, legally competent parties+enforceable form. clauses /void contract clause (the clause that says even if one clause is void the rest still stand)

Dry stack stone

A wall of stones that is not held together by mortar Dry-wall construction requires greater precision in the way stones are stacked than does mortared-wall construction, since proper placement alone keeps the wall intact.

What is a retention pond/basin?

A wet pond or basin which contain a PERMANENT pool of water

Runoff Characteristics

A. Length of flow B. Gradient of watershed C. Absorptivity of surface D. Depth of flow E. Time of concentration for storm

What organization created the base for engineering properties of soil?

AASHTO (American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials)

What is the special Soil classification system for road construction called?

ASSHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)

What are the standard Soil density procedures? And what do they do?

ASTM D-698 ASTM D-1557 They are tests to determine soil density

How do adhesive coatings work when applied to nails?

Adhesive coating creates a stronger bond. The adhesive heats up as the nail is driven. As it cools, the bond solidifies.

Exterior Building Grounds Lighting

All exterior building grounds luminaires that operate at greater than 100 watts shall contain lamps with a minimum efficacy of 60 lumens/watt or be controlled by a motion sensor.

What are easement or dedicated open-space for with regards to utility planning used for?

Allowing for best utility location to reduce installation and repair cost

What does a Farmland preservation plan do?

Allows for land to be preserved as open space, farmland and possible future recreation. It limits the amount of construction permitted on what is currently farmland.

Name some pros and cons about Cul-de-sac.

Allows for more selective use of site, presents difficulty from safety and security standpoint, increases privacy

Electric Zone Valves

Allows water to go to individual areas of property, which is referred to as zones. When one zone valve closes, another valve opens so that only one zone is irrigated at a time. The valves are located out in the field in fiberglass control boxes under the ground.

What is alloy steel?

Alloy steel is Carbon steel to which various elements, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, etc. have been added in a sufficient amount to obtain a particular physical or chemical property

What does Softwoods - C Select look like?

Almost completely clear of defects, widely used for interior cabinets and trim

What 3 non-ferrous metals are used most in construction?

Aluminum, copper and lead

Swales tip.

Always remember to place them around homes and buildings....99% of the time you will need them on the exam.

What does the ADAAG mean in the American with Disabilities Act?

Americans with disabilities act accessibility guidelines

What are the most common Lumber Treatments? Why are they treated and what is their life expectancy?

Ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) chromated copper arsenate (CCA), and wolmanization are three types of these for outdoor applications that involve ground contact. These treatments keep the lumber from rotting and often contain poisons to kill termites and other insects that try to eat wood. Most treated wood has a life expectancy of 20-25 years.

S4S

An abbreviation for "surfaced on four sides". These boards get planed on both faces, and then ripped on both edges to make them parallel. Usually produces "dimensional" lumber in standard sizes, such as 1 x 6, 2 x 4

S3S

An abbreviation for "surfaced on three sides". Here, boards get planed on both faces, and then straight-line ripped on one edge.

What is Brass Pipe made of?

An alloy of copper and zinc. When the proportions are about equal, the pipe tends to corrode in spots, so all good brass pipe now made is 67% to 85% copper and the rest is zinc. The best grade is 85% copper and is called red brass pipe. Water, unless soft or containing ammonia, has little effect on brass pipe.

Induction motor

An alternating current motor in which the primary winding on one member (usually the stator) is connected to the power source and a secondary winding or a squirrel-cage secondary winding on the other member (usually the rotor) carries the induced current. No physical electrical connection to the secondary winding Current is induced Example: Lumber saw

What is a Prime coat?

An application of low viscosity cutback asphalt to an absorbent surface such as crushed stone or gravel.

What is an Eye-Bolt Assembly?

An eye bolt is a bolt with a loop at one end. They are used to firmly attach a securing eye to a structure, so that ropes or cables may then be tied to it.

J-bolt

Angled rod, usually steel, embedded in a concrete footing, or anchor, and threaded at the exposed top end for attachment to a freestanding sign

Soil Cement Linings

Are constructed with mixtures of sandy soil, cement and water, which harden to a concrete-like material The cement content should be from 2-8% of the soil by volume

Construction Joints

Are surfaces where two successive placements of concrete meet Designed to permit movement and/or to transfer load in slabs Preinstalled dividers such as redwood strips, aluminum keyways, or other physical barriers The following recommended practices should be observed: • The maximum joint spacing should be 24 to 36 times the thickness of the slab. For example, in a 4" [100 mm] thick slab the joint spacing should be about 10' [3m]. • Joint spacing be limited to a maximum of 15' [4.5 m]. • All panels should be square or nearly so. The length should not exceed 1.5 times the width. Avoid L-shaped panels. • For contraction joints, the joint groove should have a minimum depth of 1.4 the thickness of the slab, but not less than 1" [25 mm].

Recreational area

Areas of active play or recreation such as sports fields, school yards, picnic grounds, or other areas with intense foot traffic

How is Cutback Asphalt made?

Asphalt cement which has been liquefied by blending with petro solvents. Upon exposure to the atmosphere , the solvents evaporate, leaving asphalt to perform its function of cementing or waterproofing.

Where should a HPS be located?

At the saddle point

Electric valve

Automatic valve usually controlled by 24 to 30 volt (AC) current.

Rollers

Available as walk-behind or ride-ons Available as smooth drum, padded drum, and rubber-tired models Further divided into static and vibratory sub-categories

Velocity (v)

Average speed at which water moves in the direction of flow. The velocity unit commonly used is feet per second (ftjsec or fps).

What type of water should be avoided for mixing concrete?

Avoid water with sulfates, salts or deleterious substances

Wood Faces and Surfaces

Back Side, grain does not raise Pith Side, grain raises Face Edge Dressed, lumber with a face smoothed by plane or sanding Rough, lumber not dressed, bearing saw marks (actual dimensions) Re-Sawn, lumber dressed by re-sawing with a special saw which imparts a medium rough surface. Textured, various special treatments which impart a relief texture, such as sand blasting, etching, brushing, etc. S.4S, lumber dressed on all four surfaces (faces and edges) S.2S, lumber dressed on two surfaces, usually both faces. S.1S, lumber dressed on one surface, usually one face Surfaced lumber dressed usually on both faces Jointed lumber dressed on both edges. Flat Grain Vertical Grain

List FIVE mortar joint types with poor weatherability.

Beaded (}), Raked (inset flat), struck (/) , extruded (convex protruding) , scintled (rough extruded)

What must happen to steel to protect it?

Because steel is normally subject to corrosion, steel must be painted, galvanized or chemically treated for protection against oxidation

Warping

Bending or twisting from a straight line. An improperly seasoned piece of lumber may warp when exposed to heat or moisture. Painting and water-repellent dips will minimize moisture absorption. Sealing all edges and back-priming also reduces the chances of warping in cabinet doors.

What are the two stress measurements for solid lumber used for engineered components?

Bending strength and Stiffness classes 1. The fiber stress bending F(b) is a measure of tensile and compressive forces. 2. Modulus of elasticity (E) how much deflection will occur under certain loads. Measures stiffness of wood member.

Vibratory plates (forward travel)

Best choice for granular soils Allows the particles to fall freely of their own weight

Sheep's Foot Roller

Best for a colloidal soil condition Used exclusively with cohesive soils to allow for deep compaction of the materials

What does Softwoods - 1 Common look like?

Best material for high quality pine with a knotty look, knots will be small and tight.

average area end method

Best used for linear construction such as roads, paths and utility trenching V= [(A1+A2)/2] X L

Rammer / pad-foot vibratory roller

Best used on cohesive soils if higher production is needed.

When is a doweled joints used in concrete construction?

Between two separate pours, where there is a construction joint.

Flamed Surface

Blow torched for a rough textured surface.

At which end of a drainage pipe should you indicate an invert elevation?

Both

What is the most efficient piece of machinery to use for mass earth work?

Boxscraper

What is brass made of?

Brass consists essentially of copper and zinc

When should Joist Bridging be used? And what are the two common forms of Joist Bridging?

Bridging is recommended for joists 8' or greater in span. Locate bridging 1/3 distance from end of joist. Cross Bridging and Solid Bridging.

List several 5 of 8 methods of surface application for wood.

Brushing, spraying, dipping, soaking, double diffusing, thermal processes, pressure treatments, empty cell process (used for oil born preservatives).

What is another name for common brick?

Building brick - a brick not specially treated for color or texture

How is the flow line at the bottom of a pipe indicated?

By a spot elevation

How can corrosive situations be prevented when aluminum is used?

By applying bituminous or zinc chromate prime on the metal

How is soil classified?

By its Horizons Plastic vs non-plastic Grain size and gradation Classified using a standardized group test: AASHTO, ASTM system

What is a Council Record?

CLARB service by which all your registration info (passed exam scores, education history, employment history) is gathered and saved and distributed to states where you want licensure for an annual fee.

Neon Lamps

Can be manufactured in various shapes Used for signs and specialty accent Can produce a variety of colors

As a type of wall ties - What are Unit ties?

Can be rectangular ties or "Z" ties Fabricated from cold drawn steel wire, stainless steel

Unit ties

Can be rectangular ties or "Z" ties Fabricated from cold-drawn steel wire, stainless steel

As a Type of wall ties - When should Rectangular Ties be used?

Can be used for all brick masonry cavity walls

Name 7 out of 11 types of Fasteners.

Carriage Bolt Assembly, Common Nails, Expansion Bolt, "L" Shaped Anchor Bolt, Lag Bolts, Machine Bolt Assemblies, Metal Pins, Metal Post Anchor, Threaded Rods,Wood Screws, Masonry Ties

Joint sealer

Caulking compound Tends to be shiny, thick and look like plastic

What are Cement Nails?

Cement nails are nails that are coated with cement to increase their holding power

What is Portland Cement?

Cement that is manufactured from limestone and clay and hardens when water is added.

What are the THREE components of mortar?

Cementitious material. Clean well-graded sand, and water

Who is fiscally responsible for Change Orders?

Changes requested by owner payed for by owner. Changes due to mistakes in plan are the responsibility of Landscape Architect, barring contingency in contract or cooperation of owner. Failed inspection of Landscape Architects good-faith attempt to follow code, the Landscape Architect is not negligent.

Diversions

Channels that intercept and redirect the flow of surface runoff to suitable outlets such as existing well-vegetated areas for low discharges or to stable channels for larger flows

Special Valves

Check valve: allows flow only in one direction Drain valve: used to purge water from lines and pumps (often when subject to freezing temp) Pressure regulating valve: reduce pressure in selected parts of system (e.g., different zones, pump systems); needed to protect drip emitters from high pressure Master valve: remotely controlled, downstream of main water supply; turns supply off when irrigation system is off; also helps protect potable water supply from contamination

What is a Timber Bolt?

Closely related to carriage bolts are timber bolts, meant for use with large wood planks and structures. They have a domed head that is proportionally wider than that of a carriage bolt, and instead of a square section of shank under the head, they have four sharp-cornered fillets that grip the edge of the hole in the wood to prevent rotation. They are also known as mushroom head bolts or dome head bolts. They are used to fasten wood to wood, instead of metal to wood.

Silicone sealants

Cold-applied Highly flexible for transverse contraction and expansion joints, longitudinal, center line, and shoulder joints Last longer, from 10 to 15 years than asphalt

Parabolic crown

Commonly used in asphalt construction, The change in slope direction at the roadway centerline is achieved by a rounded transition

Pit run

Compactable filling material Mixture of filling dirt with gravel Used mostly for base filling under large areas where some rock needs to be in place but saves on cost in using just gravel

How do aquifers related to land subsidence?

Compaction of soils in some aquifer systems can accompany excessive groundwater pumping and it is by far the single largest cause of subsidence. Excessive pumping of such aquifer systems has resulted in permanent subsidence and related ground failures. In some systems, when large amounts of water are pumped, the subsoil compacts, thus reducing in size and number the open pore spaces in the soil the previously held water. This can result in a permanent reduction in the total storage capacity of the aquifer system.

What are the SIX Curves in Horizontal road alignment?

Complex curves Simple curve Compound curve Reverse curve Broken-back curve Spiral Transitional Curves

What does the Cylinder test test for?

Compressive strength of the concrete after pouring at at 28 days.

Why and how is Concrete Reinforced?

Concrete is 10 times stronger in resisting compressive forces than it is in resisting tensile forces. A compressive load applied to a concrete slab becomes a tensile force once the force passes through the neutral axis. Concrete has to be reinforced to help it withstand tensile forces. This is done by adding reinforcing bars as close to the neutral axis as possible. Reinforcing steel is grade 60 billet steel, deformed to help it adhere to the concrete more completely. Reinforcing steel is measured in 1/8" increments (i.e., #3 bar= 3/8", #5 bar = 5/8". Etc.). Welded wire mesh is added to concrete to reinforce, but mainly to distribute loads which may cause cracking in the slab. Welded wire mesh usually comes in a 6" square grid, utilizing a #10 wire in both directions.

Describe how concrete handles compressive and tensile forces.

Concrete is strong in compression strength because of its stone, but weak in tension. Steel reinforcement is required to handle tensile and shear stresses

What is the difference between control joints and expansion joints?

Concrete surfaces, even if reinforced, will crack. The largest area you can expect to have that will not crack is +/- 100 sq. ft. therefore, control joints should be placed in concrete to guide the direction of the cracking. Cracking in a slab is controlled with control joints (scorelines). Expansion joints should be placed against other previously constructed elements. Expansion joints should be placed in concrete every 500 sq. ft. The most common location for expansion joints is at the end of a concrete pour, where a temporary header will be placed during construction.

Air entrained

Concrete that has been altered chemically, with an additive to disperse air bubbles through the mix Easier to work than standard concrete stands up well in cold weather Resists salt better than other concrete Not as strong as regular concrete

What is a Unit-price contract?

Construction contract in which the client or owner pays a fixed sum for each completed unit of work.

Sub-Structure

Construction located below and supports the deck boards and railing system Components include joists and hangers, ledgers, rim joists, beams, posts, anchors and footers.

What are the 16 CSI format major divisions?

Construction specifications institutes, breaks down specification into 16 major divisions each with subheadings; 1- general requirements 2-site work ,3- concrete 4- masonry 5-metals 6-wood&plastics 7-thermal moisture protection 8-door/windows 9-finishes 10-specialties 11-equipment 12-furnishings 13-special construction 14-conveying systems 15-mechanical 16-electrical

What makes Asphalt porous?

Contain aggregate that are essentially uniform in size

What is the Contour signature for swales?

Contours at the center of a swale always point up hill

What is the Contour signature for crowned roads?

Contours at the center of the roadway crown always point downhill.

What is the purpose of Control (contraction) joints?

Control joints restrict the cracking of the concrete to predetermined locations. Should be 1/4-1/3 the depth of the concrete. If tooled, this is done during the finishing of the concrete. If sawed, this is done within 12-24 hours of finishing

What is Blasting?

Controlled use explosive materials to move and fracture rock

What are the THREE fundamentals goals of storm water management plan

Controlling off-site impacts caused by increased runoff volumes and peak discharge rate. 1. Reduce downstream flooding through the use of detention facilities that store and release runoff at a control rate. 2. Reduce flooding damage by restriction floodplain development rate. 3. The peak rate after development cannot exceed the rate prior to development.

Slotted Screw

Conventional single-groove screwhead, applied with a flathead screwdriver.

Slope protection structures

Convey concentrated runoff down steep slopes Typically pipes or chutes, and because of high velocities chutes are usually lined with riprap or concrete

Masonry Tie

Corrosion resistant metal strip, used to secure facing masonry to a backup wall or to connect two wythes of a cavity wall. Placed at regular intervals, and mortared into joints during setting. Steel pins sometimes used to help attach a wall cap to the masonry wall beneath. In some instances a steel pin (called a drift pin) is mounted into a poured concrete footing and a post mounted in top to hold the post in place.

Counterfort Retaining Walls

Counterfort retaining walls are similar to cantilever walls except they have thin vertical concrete webs at regular intervals along the backside of the wall. These webs are known as counterforts. L\

What does C.P.M show?

Critical Path Method-beginning and ending of each task showing what can happen concurrently and what can't start till something else finishes (critical Paths, linear sequencing).

Electrically what is AC?

Current which reverses its direction of flow. Usually at the rate of 120 times per second or 60 cycles per second. Called Alternating Current.

Trimmings

Cut stone used to form special courses, moldings, bases or copings for walls.These stones are cut in matched lengths from 2 to 4 feet in length, match marked that they may be placed in the order for which they were cut, and fastened together by means of iron dowels in the joints.

What is cutback asphalt?

Cutback Asphalt is asphalt cement which has been liquified by blending with petroleum solvents. Upon exposure to the atmosphere, the solvents evaporate, leaving the asphalt cement to perform its function of cementing and waterproofing

Relative Decay Resistance - Heartwood

Decay environment providing contact with soil, moisture, fungus, organisms (termites, beetles, etc.) Non-decay environment is: member in ventilated area, air dry, or continuously submerged in water. Durable under decay environment=Cedar, Port Orgord cedar, southern white cedar, western red Osage, orange Redwood Durable to intermediate under decay environment= Douglas Fir Pine, Southern yellow Intermediate to non-durable under decay environment= Ash, white Beech, Birch, Hemlock,Maple, Spruce Non-durable under decay environment= Cottonwood, Fir, white

Name 5 of 7 problems caused by eroded sedimentation due to Construction.

Decline in water quality, due to increase in aquatic vegetation, impacting recreation and navigation. Unwanted biological growth, algal blooms, and increased turbidity. Decreased flow capacity. Increased flooding risks in areas that never flooded previously.

Pitch Pockets

Defects resulting from resin accumulations

What three ways can slope be shown as?

Degree, percent or ratio

What is Soil compaction, and what does it do?

Densification of the soil decreasing the voids. It increase sdensity, bearing and shear strength

What is the difference between Design Load and Live Load?

Design Load, sometimes called Ultimate load is Live Load + Dead Load. and would be notated in pounds per square foot.

What is a Structural survey?

Detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair with regards to load bearing and occupancy.

Grades of hardwoods

Determined by characteristics such as knots, splits, and slope of the grain that affects the strength of the lumber. Grades are listed from highest to lowest. Grade Name-Abbreviation-Min. Board Size-% Usable Material Firsts and Seconds-FAS-6"x8'-83 Select-Sel-4"x6'-83 #1 Common-#1Com-3"x4'-66 #2 Common-#2Com-3"x4'-50

What is the Root Zone Depth? What are some examples?

Determines depth of soil profile for water calculations Ornamental turf grass ~9-18 in Mown turf ~6 in Shrubs assumed ~ 24 in Trees ~36 - 48 in

What are the 4 primary roles of Landscape Architects during the Bid Process?

Development of the package Assisting in the Pre Quals Answer questions prior to the bid due date Assisting the owner in selecting a contractor

Water Pressure Regulator (water pressure reducing valve)

Device that automatically reduces the high incoming water pressure from the city mains to a lower, more functional water pressure suitable for the home and "regulates" or maintains a set water pressure in the home - usually 50 psi

What are Fixed dimensions?

Dimensions used to locate site elements with a high level of accuracy usually for legal purposes; examples include property lines, rights of way lines, building locations, building setbacks, and those governed by other code requirements

Projecting sign

Display sign which is attached directly to the building wall, and which extends more than 15" (381 mm) from the face of the wall.

Which direction do contour lines point along a ridge or crown of a road?

Downhill

Weep Holes

Drain holes placed near the base of the wall or lateral drain pipe is installed behind the wall to collect and dispose of excess groundwater. it is acceptable to use these with any rigid form of wall construction. A footing drain may also be used to relieve water pressure from behind a wall.

Which 4 grading elements need both a RE (Rim Elevation) and IE (Inlet Elevation)?

Drain inlet, storm drain, manhole and catch basin

What is a Section?

Drawing made on a plane which vertically cuts through the earth and/or object like a building

Air dried lumber

Dried by being exposed to natural air rather than with the aid of heating devices Lumber that has been piled in yards or sheds for any length of time.

Emitter

Drip irrigation fittings that deliver water slowly from the system to the soil.

Drip

Drip or micro irrigation applies water to the soil at point locations at low controlled flow rates. All drip irrigation systems should include a filter and pressure regulator.

Padded rollers (trench rollers)

Effective in trenches and excavations Feature hydraulic or hydrostatic steering and operation. Built to withstand the rigors of confined compaction Either skid-steer or equipped with articulated steering Provide high impact force and high amplitude (for rollers) that are appropriate for cohesive soils. Drum pads provide a kneading action on soil.

What is efflorescence?

Efflorescence is a white powdery deposit that forms on an exposed masonry or concrete surface, caused by the leaching and crystallization of soluble salts from within the material

What are benefits of engineered lumber?

Engineered Lumber is dimensionally stable and resistant to wood's natural propensity for shrinking, twisting, cupping, checking and warping. It has fewer surface defects, and is designed, due to its use of opposite grains, to span greater distances than solid wood beams of equal size.

What are the TWO main reasons the use of cutback asphalts decreasing?

Environmental regulations. Cutback asphalts contain volatile chemicals that evaporate into the atmosphere. Emulsified asphalts evaporate water into the atmosphere. Loss of high energy products. The petroleum solvents used require higher amounts of energy to manufacture and are expensive compared to the water and emulsifying agents used in emulsified asphalts. In many places, cutback asphalt use is restricted to patching materials for use in cold weather

What is a Level spreader?

Erosion control device designed to mitigate the impact of high-velocity stormwater surface runoff. The device reduces the energy level in high-velocity flow by converting it into sheet flow, and disperses the discharged water so that it may be infiltrated into soil. It is usually a gravel field combined with a concrete channel.

When is the compressive strength of concrete measured to? What are normal or average amounts?

Even though hard a few hours after placement, concrete requires a much longer curing period to achieve full 100% strength. Concrete is rated according to its compressive strength at 28 days, with a range of 3,00 to 3,500 pounds per square inch (p.s.i.) considered normal or average. A range of 4,500 to 5,000 psi is used for precast concrete and other uses where greater strength is needed.

What is the surveying definition of a township?

Every 24-mile tract is divided up into 16 townships. Townships are roughly 6 miles x 6 miles. Each township is now divided into 36 sections, a piece of land roughly 1 square mile x 1 square mile, or approximately 640 acres. This process is also used in defining corners and running lines from the southeast corner of the township. Each of the 36 sections is then divided into 16 forties

List several (10) common examples of hardwood

Examples of hardwood are mahogany, teak, walnut, oak, ash, elm, aspen, poplar, birch, maple.

What is required for Asphaltic concrete paving?

Excellent in compressive strength but poor in tensile strength, the asphalt concrete paving base needs to be compacted and verified in order to allow for durable paving. The edges need support in order to reduce failure from tensile forces. Standard construction practice requires a curb or header at the side of asphalt paving to resist tensile forces on the paving material.

Trowelled

Excess mortar is simply cut off (struck) with a trowel and finished with the trowel tooled

Exit Signs

Exit sign luminaires operating at greater than 20 watts shall have a minimum source efficacy of 35 lm/W

What is the best Planting Season?

Fall is the best time to plant the majority of materials. Planting is itself a stress factor, which can be worsened by heat, drought, frost, or other severe weather conditions. Fall planting allows plants to establish root growth prior to encountering these seasons, weather related stresses. Spring planting is preferable to summer or winter planting, but it does not allow for good root growth, only top growth flushing. In the spring, plant growth is focused on creating the sugars needed for rapid and abundant leaf and top growth, for flowering. To force a plant to grow roots in the spring, heavy pruning must be done, but this can compromise the intent of selecting that plant for the location.

(T or F) Ramp landings do not need to be the width of the attached ramp.

False

(True or False) Drop-off/pick-up areas do not need traffic movement designed around stopped vehicles.

False

A drive solely used for ingress/egress is considered a primary circulation route. (T or F)

False

(T or F) Enclosed structures and their appurtenances are permitted within a floodplain?

False (where an appurtenance is an incidental right (as a right-of-way) attached to a principal property right and passing in possession with it)

(T or F) Any part of an accessible route with a slope greater than 6% shall be considered a ramp.

False. 5% is the cap.

(T or F) The inside/inner handrail on switchback or dogleg ramps shall have a 5' separation between handrail sets.

False. The 'inner' handrail shall be a continuous loop.

What is a Common Nail? What should the securing length ratio be?

Fastener used for rough carpentry and framing. When using it to install decking materials, choose a length of nail that is roughly 2 ½ times the thickness of the wood member being secured. The nail must penetrate the depth of the wood member (1x) and then drive into the framing materials for a secure hold (1.5x).

Dowel

Fastening end-to-end wood joints Threaded on both ends

Deck screw

Fastening in outdoor applications where strength and resistance to elements is essential Similar is design to drywall screws but larger Galvanized or specially treated for outdoor use

What are three field tests used to determine soil density?

Field test are determined by: Nuclear testing for soil density Sand Cone testing for soil density Water balloon testing for soil density

What is Filter Fabric?

Filter Fabric is a geotextile material, designed to allow water to pass through while retaining fine soil particles.Common uses are in silt fences, underground drains, and behind retaining walls

Mason sand

Fine grade of sand that is primarily used in concrete mortar

White cement

Fits the characteristics of Type 1, or type 3 but manufactured so that the finished product is white used to make roofing tile, swimming pool plaster, architectural panels, terrazzo surfaces, stucco, cement paint, and decorative grouts.

How many types of Portland Cement are there?

Five

What is Flashing?

Flashing is a thin impervious sheet metal placed in construction to prevent water penetration and/ or provide water drainage, especially between a roof and a wall, and over exterior door openings and windows. Typically composed of aluminum or stainless steel

What is Flat Steel?

Flat Steel is Galvanized sheet metal used for window or door lintels, bracing for wood deck posts, or other connections

Bernoulli Effect

Fluid pressure drops as fluid velocity increases

Give three examples of Electric Discharge Lamps.

Fluorescent Mercury Vapor Sodium

List FOUR mortar joint types with fair weatherability.

Flush and rodded (concave not set in), weathered (\), ruled (small V inset) , flush or plain cut

Wall Anatomy

Foot or Footing, bottom of retaining wall. Stem, upper part of the wall above ground Toe, Front edge of foot. Heel, Back edge of foot Surcharge, embankment above the top of wall Backfill, fill used in back of wall (well draining, sand or gravel) Weephole, opening in stem for drainage, to relieve hydraulic pressure. Key, Anti-slip extension on bottom of foot Batter, slope on wall face, in inches per foot, 1/4" per foot to ½" per foot

When are handrails required for stairs?

For all sets with more than 3 risers

How should Ball and Burlap Trees be prepped for most successful planting? What should not be done?

For ball-and-burlap trees, the twine, basket, and burlap should be completely removed from the pit - without damaging the root ball during the removal process. These materials should not be folded down into the planting pit. Doing so would leave air voids and gaps that would impede root growth and damage the tree's health, since the wire, twine and burlap will not decomposed quickly. During the planting of these materials, the only pruning that should take place is the removal of dead or damaged branches. Removing any other growth will not aid the establishment of these.

What are the spacing requirements for control joints?

For slabs 4inches thick or more, it should have control joints 8-10feet apart, but never more than 20feet apart in any direction. Control joints should be made square if possible

What are Epoxy Sealers used for?

Form a high-build protective film on the concrete surface, producing a hard, long-wearing, abrasion-resistant finish. They also offer excellent water repellence. They are available clear or pigmented, if you wish to add color.

What are Gabions?

Free draining walls constructed by filling large baskets with broken stone

Gabions

Free-draining walls constructed by filling large baskets with broken stone. The baskets are made from galvanized steel mesh, woven strips, or plastic mesh. They can also be made from wickerwork, bamboo slats, nylon or polypropylene. A typical basket is rectangular with dimensions of about 50 em by 15 em.

Green Concrete

Freshly poured concrete that has not yet cured Generally considered "green" for 8 to 48 hours after it has set

Green (unseasoned)

Freshly sawed lumber or lumber that has received no intentional drying

Describe what soil classes are most susceptible to Frost Action.

Frost Action is most prevalent in very fine sands and silts since these soil types are capable of lifting the greatest amount of water in the shortest time by capillary action. It occurs when the temperatures of soil is below freezing and the water table is close enough to permit water movement by capillary action, evaporation, and condensation forming ice lenses in upper part of the ground. It does not tend to occur in clean sands or gravels or mixed grained soils with less than 3% of the particles smaller than 0.02 mm.. Clays are susceptible but less so because their low permeability prevents formation of ice lenses.

What is Frost Boil?

Frozen ground below a thawing surface can create a blockage that inhibits the thawed water from being absorbed by soil. If the trapped water resides under a paved surface, the saturated soil has little stability thus allowing the paving above to become distressed if subjected to traffic loads.

Site analysis documents should include what drawings.

Fundamental use diagram, composition plan, site survey

What are the three basic Grading Formulas?

G = D / L G (Grade) =D (Vertical difference in elevation) /L(Length) Use to find grade D = G x L D (Vertical difference in elevation) = G (Grade) x L (Length) Use to find difference in elevation L = D / G L (Horizontal length between two points) = D (Distance) / G (Grade)

What is galvanic action?

Galvanic action occurs between two dissimilar metals when enough moisture is present for electric current to flow. This electric current will tend to corrode one metal while plating the other

What is Galvanized Rigid Conduit (GRC)?

Galvanized rigid conduit (GRC) is galvanized steel tubing, with a tubing wall that is thick enough to allow it to be threaded. Its common applications are in commercial and industrial construction.

What are the three types of materials used for corrosion protection of wall ties?

Galvanizing (Zinc coatings), Stainless steel, and epoxy coatings

Manual Valves

Gate Valve: flow straight through; have machined seat that relies on tight fit to seal valve Globe valve: preferred for dirty water since washer and seat can be replace; less efficient hydraulically than gate valve

What do Collector roads do?

Gathers traffic from several local roads and directs traffic towards arterials

Ambient Lighting

General lighting that usually lights up an entire space

Cement Type 1 Normal

General purpose cement suitable for practically all uses in residential construction Should not be used where it will be in contact with high sulfate soils or be subject to excessive temperatures during curing

What is an appropriate Swale Depth?

Generally 1 foot depth

What should the Road cross slope be?

Generally 1%

What should the Road shoulder cross slope be?

Generally 2%

In relation to the FFE, where should the High point of Swale (HPS) be located?

Generally 6 inches lower then FFE

Slope: 2 to 5%

Generally acceptable for structures, play areas, sports fields

Fasteners

Generic term for nails, bolts, screws and other connecting devices

High-Intensity Discharge (HID)

Generic term that describes mercury vapor, metal halide, highpressure sodium, and (informally) low pressure sodium light sources and luminaries Most efficient lighting type Can save up to 90% of lighting costs as compared to incandescent lights

Reflected Glare

Glare resulting from reflection of light in shiny (specular) surfaces.

What is Grafting?

Grafting is one method of plant propagation, often used to combine the favorable rooting characteristics of one species with the favorable top growth characteristics of another. The scion (cutting of top growth) is united with another plant referred to as the stock, understock, or rooting stock. For it to be successful, the cambium layer of the scion and the rootstock must remain in contact and bond.

Describe Granite and its uses.

Granite is an igneous rock difficult to finish and relatively expensive. Typical uses include building veneer, pavers, curbing, crushed stone, and granite dust

What are the Foundation Characteristics of different classes of soil?

Gravels - Excellent as foundation, excellent drainage Sand - Good as foundation, excellent drainage More Silt/Less Clay - Fair as foundation, poor drainage More Clay/Less Silt - Poor as foundation, poor drainage Organic - Unsuitable as foundation, poor drainage

What are Gravity Retaining Walls?

Gravity walls depend on their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressure from behind and may have a 'batter' setback to improve stability by leaning back into the retained soil.

Retaining Wall Types

Gravity: Simple, lots of material and variety of types. Low walls to 8-10' Cantilever, more complex, reinforcing concrete or masonry. Medium walls, 8-20'. Counterfort, Complex, reinforcing concrete, tall walls, 20' + Cribbing, Simple modular, wood, precast concrete, galvanized steel, to 40' Sheeting, Modular, steel, wood, to 10' Planking behind piles, wood steel, to 10' Rip Rap, gabions, anti-erosion fabrics, etc.

Ground Clamps

Ground wires should not be merely wrapped around a ground rod. Ground clamps are used to attach a ground wire to a ground rod. The most common clamp is known as an acorn clamp. Must be rated for outdoor use.

What is the Lighting Control Panel?

Grounding, Installing a proper ground wire, one that has been welded to the grounding rod or plate and then connected to the lighting control panel, will help ensure system safety in the case of a lightning strike or power surge.

What is the material used to bond steel rebars to concrete block in a retaining wall?

Grout

What connects Metal to Concrete?

Grout and galvanized surface

What connects Metal to Masonry

Grout and galvanized surface

What is Grout used for?

Grout is a hydraulic cement grout that when hardened under stipulated conditions, is used as a transfer medium between load-bearing members.

Is Grout high or low in tensile and compressive strength?

Grouts are high in tensile bond strength, but low in compressive strength

What is a Bid bond?

Guarantees that the contractor will agree to the contract/bid price if their proposal is accepted,5-10% of bid amount

LWhat is a abor and materials bond?

Guarantees that the contractor will oh all his bills for labor and materials, 50-100% of bed amount

What is a Payment bond?

Guarantees that the contractor will pay all of the subcontractors or bills, 50-100% of the bid amount

What is the system comprised of metal or wood members located near the open sides of elevated walking surfaces for the purpose of minimizing the possibility of an accidental fall from the walking surface to a lower level called?

Guardrail System

Metal halide

HID lamp in which most of the light is produced by radiation of metal halide and mercury vapors in the arc tube Requires a protective outer bulb Clear - Facilitates optical control Phosphor-coated - Promotes better color qualities Diffuse- Used in low ceiling recessed downlight fixture Have better color rendition and higher lighting output (CRI between 60 - 90)

Common Lumber

Have obvious defects such as knots

What are 6 parts of the Phase 1 environmental site assessment composed of?

Historical review, local environmental oversight agency interviews, government environmental database review, inspection of subject property and surrounding area, conclusions regarding the presence or potential presence of environment of liabilities at property, recommendations

Round Steel Tubing

Hollow steel pipe, commonly used for safety handrails on exterior steps and ramps. Common installation method is by drilling holes in the concrete and bonding the tubing to the concrete with grout.

Joist

Horizontal framing members that support decking; a system of sub-deck structural elements located directly beneath the deck boards • Commonly uses 2 x 6 or 2 x 8 lumber • Commonly 16" or 24" for joist

Which galvanizing method provided the thickest profile and best longevity and corrosion resistance?

Hot-dipping.

Asphalt joint sealants

Hot-poured liquid sealants Generally the least expensive of the available sealants Lifespan from 5 to 8 years In most cases, traffic can resume on the pavement once the sealant has cooled.

What does a Zoning map show?

Illustrates a city's various districts and is used to control population densities and growth characteristics

Bituminous dampproofing

Impregnated mixtures of hydrocarbons, like tar or asphalt, together with their nonmetallic derivatives used on a surface to prevent moisture from passing though

What are the three main Masonry Materials used in construction?

In landscaping projects, three main materials are used for masonry construction: brick, concrete and stone. These materials can be manufactured or cut into various shapes, sizes, colors, and weights, and can form both structural and aesthetic items within a wide array of applications.

Algal blooms are signs of what, loading in a water body or wetland?

Increased nitrogen

What is Infiltration Rate affected by?

Infiltration is Affected by: - soil type: coarse grained soils, high; cohesive soils low (sand >loam>clay) - slope (steeper slope, less infiltration; easier for water to move along surface) - antecedent moisture: dry soil, high initial rate; decreases as soil approaches saturation

What is Infiltration vs. Percolation?

Infiltration is the movement of water INTO the soil surface. infiltration. Percolation is the movement of water WITHIN the soil matrix.

Goof plugs

Insertable caps to plug holes in mainline and microtubes where drip devices have been removed or aren't needed

What are Contraction joints (control joints) intended to do?

Intended to create weakened planes in the concrete and regulate the location where cracks, resulting from heating and cooling dimensional changes, will occur. Usually installed with a saw when concrete is cured or a jointing tool when concrete is still curing

Water Distribution System

Irrigation Pipe & Fittings Valves Sprinkler Irrigation Heads & Drip Emitters

How are Irrigation Water Needs calculated?

Irrigation systems require designers to calculate the total amount of water needed, they do this by using the maximum applied water allowance (MAWA) system.

What is Soil Cement and how is it made?

Is a construction material, a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of portland cement and water. Usually processed in a tumble, it is compacted to a high density, hard, semi-rigid durable material that is formed by the hydration of the cement particles.

What is Foam Spray Insulation?

Is a type of insulation that is sprayed onto walls or into small, difficult to reach places. Although it is more expensive than polystyrene and fiberglass insulation, which is installed in sheets or blocks, it is more effective in places like attics, where there may be unfinished walls or ceilings.

What is Joint Sealing Compound (also known as drywall compound or mud)?

Is a white powder of primarily gypsum dust mixed with water to form a mud the consistency of cake frosting, which is used with paper or fiber joint tape to seal joints between sheets of drywall to create a seamless base for paint on interior walls. It is often referred to simply as mud or as joint cement.

Why do we need a path cross-slope grading?

Is done to slow for positive drainage and to prevent ponding. Shed water to gutters or into the grass to keep the higher central surface of the path from becoming inundated with water. Typically cross-graded at 2%. As the longitudinal slope changes, the angle of the cross-slope contour line changes as well

What is Lumber? How is different from wood?

Is wood that has been processed into beams and planks, a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber may be supplied either rough-sawn, or surfaced on one or more of its faces.

In Slabs, what do Isolation or expansion joints do?

Isolates or separates slabs from other parts of the structure, such as walls, footings, or columns. driveways, patios, garage slabs

Which concrete joint extends the full depth of the concrete?

Isolation (expansion) joints, to provide lateral movement between slabs or other fixed structures

What does the soil pH effect?

It effects the availability of certain essential elements for plant growth.

What is a Sieve Analysis of soil?

It evaluates grain characteristics of a soil, the higher the sieve number the smaller the sieve opening, the smaller the grain size.

What is Duct Tape?

It is a an adhesive tape commonly used to seal metal ductwork or to attach insulating material around the duct or a pipe.

What is an Eye Bolt?

It is a bolt having a head in the form of a loop or an eye. Commonly used in conjunction with a hillside washer for tensioning cable braces

What is a Face Brick?

It is a brick made of special clays for facing a wall, often treated to produce the desired color and surface texture

In Concrete what is Hydration?

It is a chemical process that occurs when cement is mixed with water. It is the growth of the cement particles with the addition of water. The particles continue to grow until they touch other particles or aggregates within the concrete mix. This process results in the strength, or hardness, of the design mix.

What exactly is Epoxy?

It is a class of synthetic, thermosetting resins which produces a tough, hard, chemically resistant coatings and acts as an excellent adhesive. It is primarily used as a bonding agent to adhere new concrete to old surfaces; to bond structural units together; or as a matrix to be mixed with sand for patching, filling, grouting and general adhesive work.

What are Segmental and stack wall systems?

It is a dry laid interlocking masonry system. These systems have moderate installation cost and maintenance requirements. They will tolerate differential settlement due to their flexible construction.

Explain Compression force.

It is a force that acts on a object and tends to shorten the object.. Short objects tend to crush, slender objects tend to buckle under compression. ->0<-

What does Filter Fabric do, and where would you find it on-site?

It is a geotextile material, designed to allow water to pass through while retaining fine soil particles. Common uses are in silt fences, underground drains, and behind retaining walls.

What is an Angle iron

It is a length of structural steel with a 90 degree bend in it. It is used for lintels to support masonry over openings, such as doors, windows, fireplaces.

What is a Concrete masonry unit (CMU)?

It is a masonry unit made of portland cement, water, and mineral aggregates.

What defines a diagram?

It is a plan or elevation sketch, drawing or outline designed to demonstrate or explain how something works or to clarify the relationship between the parts of a whole

What is a Ridge?

It is a raised, elongated landform

In wood, what are Pitch pockets?

It is a wood Defect. Cavities filled with pitch/resin that appear in the growth rings of a piece of wood.

How is a Brick made?

It is manufactured from clay or shale which has been mined, pulverized, mixed, formed, cut to size, dried and fired in a kiln for several hours of days at 1600 to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. Standard ones are 2-1/4" thick x 3-3/4" wide x 8" long.

What is a flexible base?

It is one or more layers of crushed stone or gravel over a well compacted sub grade. Flexible bases are usually less expensive and easier to install. They are used for minimal vehicular and pedestrian traffic depending on depth

In construction, what does procurement mean?

It is the acquisition of goods or services to the construction site.

What is Cement?

It is the agent which with water binds the aggregates together in a permanent form that we call Concrete. Cement occurs in nature in the form of calcium carbonate, which is the basic material found in cave and ocean formations. The first manufacture of cement began during the Roman Empire.

What is the Crown?

It is the difference in elevation between the edge and the centerline of a roadway A higher crown increases the speed of stormrunoff Visually separate opposing lanes of traffic Crown height may be expressed in inches or inches per foot

What is Flocculation?

It is the process of gathering solid soil masses into individual soil particles. This results in an aerated, crumbly soil. Several methods of achieving flocculation are available, for example: till and mix clay soil with sandy materials, organic matter, bog and peat, or any commercially prepared soil conditioner.

How is scale determined?

It is the proportion that the illustration of an object bears to the full-sized object itself.

What is unit stress?

It is the relationship of an applied force to the area of an object, the resulting number being expressed in pounds per square (inch or foot) P=pounds of applied force A=area which the force is applied to f=the resulting unit stress expressed in units which the area is measured in f=P/A

What is the compaction rate?

It is the result of downward forces that will reduce the size of construction materials such as soil or aggregates by compacting them. For example, 1 yd² of soil will go from 1 yd² as measured and sold from a supplier to 9/10 yd² after compaction (a 10% compaction rate), resulting in a slightly lower finish grade than when it was first spread. This compaction rate must be realized when calculating volumes of soil on a project.

What is the Batter of a retaining wall?

It is the slight tilting of a retaining wall into the slope that the wall is designed to retain. Both the exposed face and back of a wall can have this, depending on the structural design.

What is the soils shear resistance?

It is the soils resistance to movement when pressure of impact is applied. resistance comes from the friction between the soil particles as they slide by one another. the higher the shear resistance the greater compactive force required.

What is an Asphalt Treated Base (ATB)

It is used for site construction in wet or freezing conditions. The design and use of an asphalt treated base (ATB) can allow for many areas of work to continue despite adverse weather conditions. An ATB can reduce subgrade damage caused by wet conditions. Further, it can reduce erosion (control points stay intact and in place) and reduce costs for storage and site clean up.

What is a Baseline used for?

It is used to divide and identify a major land division in a horizontal direction

What is a Bid Bond for?

It is usually 5-10% of the bid amount. to guarantee that the bidder will enter into the contract if the proposal they submitted is accepted.

What is a rigid base used for?

It is usually used for pavements that will support heavy vehicular traffic. The consist of a prepared sub grade on which a Portland cement concrete slab is installed

What is Asymmetric Light Distribution?

It is when the curves or vertical distribution of light are not the same for all planes so that variable and not uniform candlepower is obtained on any horizontal plane.

What is the opinion of probable costs?

It's just the Landscape Architets guess at how much construction will cost during the proposal phase but this is an opinion, not an estimate so the design should not be constrained or expensively reworked to meet this arbitrary number. This is why the term is 'Opinion'.

Fiber plug

Jute fiber screw style anchor designed for use in concrete, block, brick, stone, and plaster Designed for use with wood, sheet metal and lag screws

How should Balled and burlapped plants be handled before planting?

Keep the root ball of these plants moist, but not wet, until they are planted. Lift these plants with the utmost care, being sure to lift them by the root ball, not the trunk. Lifting this plant by the trunk breaks the soil away from the roots, and defeats the purpose of balling. Do not drop the plant, or set it down hard, as this also loosens the soil from about the roots.

What is Littoral Drift

Known as longshore drifft, it is a geographical process that consists of the transportation of sediments (clay, silt, sand and shingle) along a coast at an angle to the shoreline, which is dependent on prevailing wind direction, swash and backwash.

What is the Point of beginning? Why is it important.

Known reference used to locate points or lines in landscape, must be fixed locations in the landscape that will not be disturbed during the construction process. All other dimensions come back to this point.

What is Land subsidence?

Land subsidence occurs when large amounts of groundwater are withdrawn from certain types of rocks, such as fine-grained sediments. The rock compacts because the water is partly responsible for holding the ground up. When the water is withdrawn, the rocks falls in on itself lowering the height of the surface land.

What are three ways that zoning restricts the personal use of private property?

Landscape easement, drainage of right away, building setbacks

What is a Glulam? (Glue laminated structure timber)

Large beams fabricated by bonding layers of specially selected lumber with strong, durable adhesives. Glulams are used with structural wood panels for many types of heavy timber construction.

Glued-laminated structural timber (Glulam)

Large beams fabricated by bonding layers of specially selected lumber with strong, durable adhesives. End and edge jointing permit production of longer and wider structural wood members than are normally available. Used with structural wood panels for many types of heavy timber construction

Ground Wire

Large copperwire that connects the main breaker panel bus to the ground rod Typically, 6-gauge copper wire is sufficient. If the wire run is greater than 20', 4-gauge wire should be used. The ground wire should be protected from damage from lawnmowers and vehicles. It should be buried (min. 6") for protection. Metal conduit should not be used to carry a ground.

#5 gravel

Larger gravel measuring roughly 1 1/2" Used as fill for septic tanks, back fill and more

Opaque Stains

Last well better than their semi-transparent cousins Requires repainting every 5-7 years Often pigmented urethane tung oil varnishes

What does "bark side up" refer to when laying decking boards?

Laying decking boards with growth rings facing down and with the convex side up, preventing the board from entrapping water. ^^^

How should you connect Wood to Masonry?

Lead anchors and lag bolts

List methods of fastening or connecting wood to masonry

Lead anchors and lag bolts

List methods of fastening or connecting wood to concrete

Lead anchors and lag bolts and galvanized angles

Describe ledge installation guidelines.

Ledger Installation guidelines: •Screws must be installed into a stud or rim board with sufficient thickness. •Screws can be installed over sheathing provided it is structural sheathing (OSB or plywood). •Rim board must be at least 1½" thick or a reduction to the catalog loads is required. •When installed into a stud, a minimum edge distance of 3/8" must be maintained. •Minimum of 3" long screws must be used (plus the thickness of any structural sheathing that remains in place). •Ledger must not be installed over siding or stucco, it must be fastened directly to the rim joist, stud, or sheathing.

Describe how nails are sized and measured?

Length is measured in (inches) or Penny(d), (Penny starts at 2d at 1 inch and increased by 1/4inches inch for each d up until 10d where it changes after that,) and gauge (diameter). The bigger the gauge, the thinner the nail

Nail-on/Tie Plate

Light-gauge steel truss connector plates with or without pre-punched holes, through which nails are driven by hand or pneumatic means into the lumber

EMT

Lightest-weight steel conduit manufactured Easy to alter, reuse, or redirect EMT Can be used in most exposed locations, except where severe physical damage is a possibility

What is Recessed Lighting?

Lighting equipment mounted inside the ceiling, wall or other surface.

Exterior Lighting Control

Lighting for all exterior applications shall be controlled by a photosensor or by astronomical time switch that is capable of automatically turning off the exterior lighting when sufficient daylight is available or the lighting is not required. Exceptions Lighting for covered vehicle entrances or exits, from buildings or parking structures, where required for safety, security or eye adaptation.

Tumbled Surface

Lightly tumbled to achieve rounded edges and a surface that is not as smooth as honed

What is the purpose of cutback asphalt?

Like emulsions, cutbacks are used because they reduce asphalt viscosity for lower temperature uses (tack coats, fog seals, slurry seals, stabilization material). Similar to emulsified asphalts, after a cutback asphalt is applied the petroleum solvent evaporates leaving behind asphalt cement residue on the surface to which it was applied. A cutback asphalt is said to cure as the petroleum solvent evaporates away

Describe Limestone and its uses.

Limestone is hard sedimentary rock that is chemically reactive and should be waterproofed or isolated by a waterproof membrane if it touches the ground to prevent staining. Typical uses include building veneer, ashlar or flagstone walls, pavers, crushed aggregate and limestone dust

What is the role of the Designer in the construction evaluation?

Limited to that of the owner's agent, acting on the owners behalf. Observation only.

In pencil/ink drawings what governs line weight?

Line weight variation is determined by the weight of the lead being used from light to dark. It is determined by the width of the drawn line from thin to thick which varies according to the type of drawing as such: Primary lines-should be heaviest Secondary lines-should be narrower Minor lines- should be the lightest In axonometric drawings lines that describe edges seen against space are the darkest. Lines that describe changes in plane or surface condition are lighter.

What are regulating lines?

Lines drawn in order to construct other lines These are usually the first lines drawn, and are drawn lightly since their sole purpose is to serve as reference lines in the construction of a drawing

What are Extension lines?

Lines that extend at a right angle from the dimension line to the face, edge, or center-line of an object and that establish the limits of the dimension line.

What are Liquidated damages?

Liquidated damages (also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages) are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g., late performance).

What are Flexible dimensions?

Locate site elements that do not require exactness in terms of their form and positioning and suggest greater tolerance with regard to acceptable levels of accuracy. The dimensions may be adjusted based on field conditions as long as there is no ramifications as a result. Include free form geometries like curvilinear walks and paths and planting bed lines, utility lines and structures

What are Semi-fixed dimensions?

Located in reference to fixed dimensions, their points, lines, and planes serve as the bases. Site features include sidewalks, terraces, parking areas, walls, fences, and other landscape elements

What are Perpendicular offsets?

Locations of faces, edges, and center-lines of proposed elements are established by dimension lines that are perpendicular to the reference lines.

Recommended orientation for Tennis/Basketball/Volleyball? (N, S E, W)

Long axis, north-south

Live fascines

Long bundles of branch cuttings bound together into sausage-like structures with the branches and bud ends oriented in the same direction. They are placed in shallow trenches parallel to contours for dry slopes and at an angle to the contours for wet slopes

What Soils are to be avoided during construction or removed if unavoidable.

Loose silts, soft clays, fine water-bearing sands, and soils with high organic content such as peat

Minor pressure loss

Losses that occur in system components such as valves, bends, tees add head loss common termed as minor loss to the fluid flow system. The minor loss can be significant compared to the major loss. When a valve is closed or nearly closed the minor loss is infinite. For an open valve the minor loss may often be neglected (a full bore ball valve).

What two type of Sodium lights are there? What are their pros and cons? What is the color range?

Low pressure types are short lived and most energy efficient. High pressure types have a longer life than low pressure, but they are less efficient. These range in color form pink to orange.

When should tracked construction equipment be used?

Low-Ground-Pressure, used in poor soil conditions or areas where liquefaction can occur. Where soil has a high moisture content.

What is Common lumber?

Lower grade lumber that has obvious defects such as knots

What is Air dried Lumber?

Lumber that has been dried by being exposed to natural air rather than with the aid of heating devices. This Lumber have been been piled in the yard or shed, usually alternating directions to allow for air flow, for a sufficient length of time.

What does Rough sawn mean?

Lumber that is either green or dried that has not been dressed.

What is the moisture content of air died lumber?

MC of 12-15%. Most lumber is air dried.

What is MW and NW brick?

MW: suitable for exposure to moderate weathering.NW: suitable for negligible weathering as in back up or interior masonry

List three wood defects due to surfacing.

Machine burn Torn grain Skip (an area on a piece that fails to surface smoothly as it passes through the planer.

What is an Erosion Control Mat or Blanket?

Made from hand spun coir yarn, they control the soil and prevent run-off on sloped areas. Used for erosion control problems, drainage ditches, hydroseeding, and re-vegetation. • Coir yarn is a coarse fiber extracted from the fibrous outer shell of a coconut.

What are Asphalt block pavers made of?

Made of asphalt cement, crushed stone aggregate, and inorganic dust, which are compacted under hydraulic pressure.

Enamels

Made with a varnish or resin base Not true paint

What is engineered lumber? and what are the three most common types used in the landscape?

Manufactured framing lumber such as beams and joists; includes plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). 1. solid timber lans (glue-laminated timber) 2. laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 3. parallel strand lumber (PSL)

What slope should swales warp a berm?

Max allowable slope

How does MAWA work?

Maximum Applied Water Allowance (MAWA) as an upper limit for water use and that number is reduced to a water use amount that is the lowest practical amount. needed.

What does MAWA stand for?

Maximum applied water allowance. used to calculate amount of irrigation water used on site

Retaining Wall Materials

May be built with concrete, construction timbers, railroad ties, stone, concrete or concrete blocks May be steel baskets filled with stones

Reverse crown

May be either parabolic or tangential in section, it is typically used where it is not desirable to direct storm runoff to the edge of the road or on restricted conditions such as urban alleys

Landscape Zone

Means a portion of the landscaped area having plants with similar water needs, areas with similar microclimate (i.e., slope, exposure, wind, etc.) and soil conditions, and areas that will be similarly irrigated

Timber framing

Means part or all of the home is constructed in a controlled environment before being delivered to the building site Specific type of post and beam construction in which a frame is created from solid wood timbers that are then connected by wooden joints Structural components remain exposed to the interior, allowing their geometry to function as an integral decorative element

Where are Latitude measured?

Measured North to South of the equator

What are (BMP)Best Management Practices for SWM?

Measures which have been developed to control, store and/or treat storm water runoff from developed areas for the purpose of reducing flooding or removing pollutants while maintaining or enhancing env. quality

How is solid lumber for engineered components graded? How many stamps does it receive?

Mechanically and designated as MSR (Machine Stress Rated). They are both visually and mechanically tested. 4 stamps indicate species and assign one of 4 grades and give two stress measurements.

Antique Tumbled Surface

Medium tumble edges and surface to achieve a slight rustic look

Joist Hangers

Metal fasteners that attach joists to ledger board

What is the role of the SWM site planner?

Minimize, mitigate, or ameliorate the disruptions in the natural hydrolic cicle that would accelarate runoff and reduce the protion of precipitation that infiltrates into the ground, by protecting the optimal natural system through appropriate storm water management and sound land uses practices

What are three basic aims of Ecological site planning?

Minimizing disturbance to land by design. Minimizing the amount of overlap grading and avoiding sensitive areas such as wetlands and regionally important ecosystems. Buffering or accentuating areas of importance

How high should and INV OUT for a pipe be above an existing stream or channel to ensure positive flow and prevent backwash?

Minimum 6inches

What is the contract addenda?

Modifications or clarifications to the contract documents prior to bid submission. The owner or designer sends a written notice to all bidders informing them of changes, modifications, and clarifications.

Kiln Dry Wood

Moisture content reduced by oven drying below 12%

What is the most common cause of wood failure?

Moisture penetration and associated damage by fungi, mold and insects.

How expensive are Nails among other fasteners?

Nails are the least expensive fastener type to use in the construction process. They are less costly than screws or bolts.

What fasteners connect Wood to Wood?

Nails, wood screws, bolts

Waterways

Natural or constructed channels that provide for the safe disposal of excess water

Cobblestone

Naturally rounded stone larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder used in paving a street or in construction

What does neighborhood Demographics show?

Neighborhood characteristics, allows for comparison between neighborhoods with one another, determines the neighborhoods median income, determines data projections of housing needs

what is Northing / Easting?

Northing - Northward measured distance from the Y coordinate Easting - The eastward measured distance from x coordinate

Water-soluble

Often marketed as varnish, polyurethane, lacquer, latex, acrylic or polyvinyl paints Always identifiable by some mention of water clean-up on the can Much less resistant to heat, solvent, acid, and alkali damage Has binder of vinyl chloride or acrylic resins

Insulation

Often required by code to prevent winter heat loss from the building. It can also be used to build up topography or to minimize soil depth. Rigid chloroflourocarbon free extruded polystyrene is most commonly used as this

What does Ohm's Law calculate?

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

When is bracing of posts recommended?

On all decks greater than 5' in height. Bracing is highly recommended on all free standing decks greater than 5'. Bracing is typically composed of 2x members secured with bolts. (2x4s up to 8', 2x6s for more than 8' brace lengths)

What is the width required to determine stair railing placement?

One handrail for every 2.5 feet(30in) of a width of stair ie. 3feet wide stairs require one rail on one side only. a 6feet wide stair requires 3 rails, one on each side and one in the middle

Baluster (Spindle)

One of a series of vertical supports used between posts of a railing

What is a Panelboard?

One of more panels with fuses, fuse holders, and automatic overcurrent protective devices with or without switches for control. Panels are designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box usually in or against a wall or partition accessible only from the front..

What is the min clear width between handrails for one way and two way ramps?

One way: 3feet Two way:5feet

Shellac

Only natural resin still widely used to make a finish May not be as water-resistant as varnish or lacquer but is quite resistant. Breaks down slowly Varies in color between orange (amber) and clear Fast drying property is a real advantage for reducing dust problems

What are the two types of Traverses?

Open or closed. Roads are typically open, property boundaries are closed

What are the three basic Guardrail rules?

Open side of elevated walkways Minimum height 42" from walkway surface. Sphere of 4" diameter should not pass through any opening.

Drainage aggregate

Open-graded aggregate with high permeability

Synchronous motor

Operates at a constant speed up to full load The rotor speed is equal to the speed of the rotating magnetic field of the stator; there is no slip. Often used where the exact speed of a motor must be maintained Example: Timing such as time keeping, (clocks)

What are Electrical Conduits?

Or Split duct is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building or nonbuilding structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Most conduit is rigid, but flexible conduit is used for some purposes.

What are Ericaceous plants?

Palnts that require acidic soil, most will not tolerate excessively wet soil due to anaerobic conditions

Gutter

Paved swale

What do mass envoy diagrams illustrate?

Paving, vegetation, structures, roads and streets

Describe design factors for concrete post footings.

Place post on top of concrete footing held in place by pin or dowel. Post may be anchored to concrete footing with post anchor and is supported above ground. Footing size depends on the weight to be supported and the soil bearing capacity. Footings should extend below frost depth (18' 24") Specify concrete compressive strength; 3000psi at 28 days is usually adequate. no reinforcing required.

How is Concrete placed?

Placing the concrete requires the setting of forms that are adjusted to the proper grades, and they assist in the finishing of the surface. After the forms are set and the rough excavation is complete, the forms will be dressed with coarse sand to level the base and ensure that the concrete will be a uniform depth.

What are the two types of sawn lumber?

Plain-sawed (producing flat grained boards) and quarter-sawn (producing edge or vertical grained boards).

Which framing method does not use joists?

Plank and beam

How does Available Moisture differ from Field Capacity?

Plants must be able to suck up water. High field capacity soils (e.g., clay) may hold water tightly, therefore less available Available Moisture is expressed as % of field capacity

What is Stucco? And what are the three layers called?

Plaster used for coating wall surfaces or molding into architectural decorations. The three layers are Scratch Coat, Brown Coat and Finish Coat.

What is the Point of beginning (BOP)?

Point where surveying begins

What is Polyethylene Pipe, and what is its primary advantage? Disadvantages?

Polyethylene pipe is piping constructed of a flexible plastic created with the use of petroleum byproducts. The flexibility of the pipe is one of the main advantages of polyethylene piping, as this makes it possible to install piping into spaces and configurations that would never be possible with metal pipes. While polyethylene piping tends to hold up well in low temperatures, long term exposure to UV rays and other environmental factors can weaken the integrity of the pipe over time.

What is Porcelain Enamel?

Porcelain enamel is a specially formulated, highly durable glass permanently fused to metal under extremely high temperatures. The metal may be steel, cast iron, or aluminum. It may be a protective surface for cooking utensils, kitchen and bathroom fixtures, and appliances such as dishwashers, ranges, refrigerators, washers and dryers. It is acid resistant. Porcelain enamel may be a decorative surface of metal, glass or pottery.

What is Portland Cement?

Portland Cement is a hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder

Porous Paving

Poured-in-place continuous surface: Pervious concrete Porous asphalt • Unit pavers Interlocking concrete pavers Turf block Brick Natural stone • Granular materials: Crushed aggregate (gravel) Applications • Low traffic or pedestrian areas • Overflow parking, "hybrid" lots • Driveways, temporary parking areas • Patios, plazas • Emergency access or utility roads • Storage or recharge beds under • Parking lots

In soil pH, what does the p and H stand for?

Power of hydrogen It reflects the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity of soil.

What is the Government's comprehensive plan show?

Prediction of housing needs, Anticipated construction pace, Future placement of housing

Truss design

Prefabricated reinforcement for embedment in the horizontal mortar joints of masonry Consists of two or more parallel and deformed longitudinal wires welded to a continuous diagonal cross wire

What are horizontal Joint reinforcements?

Prefabricated steel reinforcement for embedment in the horizontal mortar joints of masonry. Consists of two or more parallel and deformed longitudinal wires welded to a continuous diagonal cross wire. Typically produced in 10'-12' lengths

Fiber rolls

Prefabricated tubes consisting of biodegradable materials such as rice straw, wheat straw coconut fiber, and wood excelsior bound together by netting

What should Preliminary design be developed in conjunction with?

Preliminary project estimates and construction budgets

What is the CSI 31?

Prep required for topsoil stripping and stockpiling

Hydraulics

Pressure expressed as head measured in feet (ft) or pressure measured in pounds per square in (psi) column of water 1 foot high exerts uniform pressure of .433 psi change in elevation results in loss gain of pressure equal to change in elevation expressed in feet of head

Water Pressure: Municipal

Pressure available at meter varies and depends on design of water distribution system. Field testing necessary. Test pressure more than once and at different times of day. Nighttime usually higher because lower water use period

Finishes

Pressure-treated and naturally durable wood are resistant to decay and insects. • Use a good water-repellent stain or paint finish to protect against checking and to maintain the attractiveness of the deck • Recommend that an application of a clear water repellent preservative be applied immediately upon completion of the deck for both pressure treated and naturally durable lumber.

The creation, adherence and enforcement of a local watershed development ordinance does what?

Prevent additional harm due to periodic flooding, including loss of life and property

Lacquer

Primary finish used in factories and professional finishers and refinishers Dries very fast, reducing dust problems Easy to apply with a spray gun Solvent fumes left by spraying lacquer are bad for your health. Can purchase in aerosol spray cans for finishing small projects

An application of a cutback asphalt to an aggregate base course to prepare the base for subsequent courses of asphalt concrete paving is termed a ____blank__ coat.

Prime Coat

What is the difference between Primer Meridian, Baseline and Principal Meridian?

Prime Meridians are north-south lines (lines of longitude), at which longitude is defined to be 0°. The Prime Meridian starts at the North Pole and extends south to the South Pole. Baselines are lines that extend east-west. Principal meridians are the true north-south lines that run through the initial point of the area that is being covered

Set

Process of water and cement forming that a cement paste that begins to react and harden. This paste binds the aggregate particles through the chemical process of hydration. Cement+water = hardened cement paste

What is Foresighting?

Process surveyors used to determine a new point and elevation when they are looking through the instrument

Shotcrete

Process where concrete is projected or "shot" under pressure using a feeder or "gun" onto a surface to form structural shapes including walls, floors, and roofs Can be projected on wood, steel, polystyrene, or other surface Used in most cases as structural material Can be trowelled smooth while the concrete is still wet

Clinker

Product that is a mixture of compounds finely ground into powder form

What does P.E.R.T mean?

Program Evaluation Review Technique: sequential diagram of construction based on experience

What are the pros and cons of Low Pressure Sodium Lights?

Provide good illumination, even though they distort color more than other light types do. The distortion comes form the color rendering provided by the light source. Under these lights, colors are not reflected as they appear. For instance, red tones appear black under a low-pressure sodium light. Although expensive to install, these lights have minimal operating costs.

Aggregates

Provide the structure and framework that gives asphalt mixture its stability and strength Natural-river gravel Processed- quarry and blasting

Outlet protection

Provided at the end of the pipe or paved channel to allow for energy dissipation and to create a stable transition to a receiving channel

Integrated computer-based security system

Provides access control to designated areas within a site or facility using both proximity and magnetic stripe technology By swiping the card through a reader By holding card in close proximity to the reader

Drainage and retention layer

Provides aeration to the growing medium while ensuring that it does not become over-saturated. These layers are usually constructed from lightweight strong sheets of plastic in a variety of shapes all dimpled with peaks and valleys. The valleys in the material or a secondary absorbent mat retain water for times of drought

What is an Arterial road?

Provides for large volumes of traffic with minimal stops

Retaining Wall Drainage

Provisions for drainage of water that normally accumulates include • Continuous perforated drain lines at the lower portion of the wall and backfilling the areas with stone and gravel. • Weep holes in the bottom of concrete retaining walls to allow the water to exit through the front of the wall. • Grade soil at the base of the drainage system behind the wall to direct any water that accumulates to the weep holes

What does Q = Ci A stand for?

Q = amount of water in cubic feet. C = coefficient of run off. I = intensity / amount of rainfall overtime. A = size of watershed

What is the formula for Flow Calculation?

Q=CIA

What is the Surface drainage formula? What do the variables stand for?

Q=CIA Q:runoff in cubic ft per sec C: runoff coefficient - pervious to impervious I:intensity of storm A: area in acres

What is the rational formula for calculating stormwater runoff?

Q=CIA where Q=quantity of water in units of cfs cu. ft. per second C=Cover factor for the soil and vegetation, decimal with no units percent of rainfall that runs off without infiltrating, I=rainfall intensity in inches per hour A=Area of watershed in acres

Ultraviolet Radiation, UV

Radiant energy within range of 10 to 380 nanometers.

What are code requirements for railings?

Railing design codes require rails to be no more than 4 inches on center. This requirement is based upon the size of a baby's head. Rails must also to be at least 30 inches high above the adjacent finish grade.

What are the 4 types of cutback asphalt?

Rapid Curing (RC)- asphalt cement and a naptha or gasoline type solvent of high volatility. Medium Curing (MC)- Asphalt cement and a kerosene type solvent of medium volatility. Slow Curing (SC)- Asphalt cement and an oil of low volatility. Road Oil- a heavy petroleum oil, very slow curing

What is true about the rate of runoff after the completion of construction?

Rate of runoff after construction must not exceed the rate prior to construction. It is illegal to increase the rate flow of storm water runoff form one property to adjacent properties

What is the MOST important thing to do to Minimizing erosion on site?

Reduce the area to be disturbed by new construction

How do you reduce efflorescence?

Reducing moisture absorption is the best assurance against efflorescence

What is a no build policy?

Regulates building in an area to prevent further hazards from natural calamities

What are Reinforced embankments?

Reinforced embankments are used to stabilized steep slopes. They are typically less expensive to install than other retaining structures, require greater land area and higher levels of maintainance

What FOUR elements are included in a specification?

Related work, materials, references, execution

What is heat Radiation?

Relative to fire safety radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves and can travel against the forces of wind. Radiation heat can preheat a neighboring home to the ignition point without direct physical contact with the flames of the fire.

Type O Mortar

Relatively low compressive strength mortar suitable for limited exterior use and general interior use in load bearing and non-load bearing masonry Should not be used where it will be subject to freezing in the presence of moisture For repointing of softer masonry or masonry where this type of mortar design mix was used.

How do Cul-de-sacs work?

Residential streets with very limited volume

What are the two broad classes of soil origin?

Residual and Transported

What is true about the forces in retaining walls?

Resistive forces need to be greater than applied forces

What are the THREE types of Retaining walls?

Retaining structures can be classified as reinforced embankments, segmental and stack wall systems and rigid retaining walls

What are the three main ways that zoning restricts use of private property?

Right-of-way, setbacks, easements

Types of Spray Heads

Rotary sprinklers distribute water from one or more rotating nozzles used for large turf areas

Rubble Masonry

Rough stone as it comes form the quarry or field stone or water-worn stone - any mass of irregular rough pieces. The stones are roughly trimmed, when necessary, to fit against each other in a wall by means of a stone masonry hammer. It may be coursed or un-coursed. Some types of stratified rock can be quarried so as to have two faces more or less flat and parallel to each other. These are useful in construction flagstone terraces and walks. General rules: a. Have variety in size of stones adjacent to one another. b. Have level beds. c. Have joints of even width. d. In large walls, have large stones at the bottom grading to small ones at the top. e. Laminations or grain of stone should be horizontal. f. Width should be in long dimension. g. Long joints should be broken up horizontally and vertically and no stone over 2 stones wide.

What do S-GRN and S-DRY mean?

S-GRN = Surfaced Green and indicates that the board was milled with a moisture content above 19% and it is cut slightly oversized so that when dried to a 19% moisture content it will have the same dimensions as S-DRY = Surfaced Dry planed at 19% or less.

KNOW THE FOLLOWING!!!

STORM WATER TERMINOLOGY RETAINING WALLS TERMINOLOGY GRADING BASICS (SWALES vs CROWNS) STORM DRAIN MATH (COVER / INV.) SCOPE OF DOCUMENTS - SPECS VS. DWGS GREEN ROOF TERMINOLOGY / SECTION BASIC DETAIL UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABLE / RESOURCE PROTECTION STRATEGIES

Brushlayering

Same as fascine systems except brush layers are oriented primarily perpendicular to the slope

What utility line takes precedent over others?

Sanitary Line

What are the TWELVE required components of a Survey data? What are the additional items that should be listed?

Scale North Arrow Benchmark Date of survey Tract boundary lines (an area of indefinite extent, typically a large one) Easement: location, width, and purposed Names and location of existing road right-of-way on or adjacent to the tract , including bridges, curbs, gutters and culverts Position of buildings and other structures: foundations, walls, fences, steps, and paved areas Utilities on or adjacent to the tract-location of gas lines, fire hydrants, electric and telephone poles, and street lights, direction-distance to and size of nearest water mains and sewers and invert elevation of sewers. Location of swamps, springs, steams, bodies of water, drainage ditches, watershed areas, flood plains, and other physical features Outline of wooded area with names and condition fo plant material Contour intervals of 2 to 5 ft, depending on slope gradients and spot elevations at breaks in grade, along drainage channels or swales, and at selected points as needed. Additional info: soil information and studies of geological structure of the site. Federal regulations for wetland mapping and conservation may be also relevant.

What criteria of a sitting area directly impact on the quality of the user experience?

Seating variety, bench depth, seat height, and types of materials.

Isolation or expansion joints

Separates or isolates slabs from other parts of the structure, such as walls, footings, or columns; and driveways and patios from sidewalks, garage slabs, stairs, lightpoles and other points of restraint.

What are shakes wood defects?

Separations along the grain of a wood piece, usually between the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree while standing or during felling.

What type of drainage should be used for athletic fields on steep topo?

Sheet and swale drainage together

What type of grading is generally used for athletic fields?

Sheet drainage in shallow topography

What is Shoreline erosion? Name SEVEN factors that cause it.

Shoreline erosion is a natural process that occurs on lakes, streams, rivers and along the coast. It is the gradual, although sometimes rapid, removal of sediments from the shoreline. It is caused by a number of factors including storms, wave action, rain, ice, winds, runoff, and loss of trees and other vegetation.

What does a Quadrangle map show?

Shows Topography, new construction since the last printing, Township range and section info

What are the basics of a Detention basins or dry basins?

Side slopes 3:1 2% minimum slope across the base Low-flow should be provided to reduce drying time

Signs

Signs projecting from a building or extending over public property • Maintain a clear height of 9' (2 7 43 mm) above the sidewalk and all such signs extend not more than within 18" (457 mm) of the curb line • Construct as to leave a clear space of not less than 6' (1829 mm) between the roof! eve! and the lowest part of the sign • Construct entirely of steel construction, including the upright supports and braces, except that only the ornamental molding and battens behind the steel facing and the decorative latticework may be of wood construction. • Have bearing plates that distribute the load directly to or upon masonry walls, steel roof girders, columns or beams • Not have a roof sign with a tight or solid surface at any point over 24' (7315 mm) • Erect open roof signs in which the uniform open area is not less than 40% of total gross area to a height of 75' (22.9 m) on buildings of Type I or Type II construction and on other type buildings to a height of 40' (12.2 m) • Secure thoroughly to the building upon which they are installed, erected or constructed by iron, metal anchors, bolts, supports, chains, stranded cables, steel rods or braces • Maintain in good condition • Have at least 5' (1524 mm) clearance between the vertical supports thereof. No portion of any roof sign structure shall project beyond an exterior wall.

What is Poorly graded soil?

Similar particle sizes, it has better drainage than well graded soils

Branch packing

Similar to brush layering except they add vertical live staking to improve initial structural stability

Bubblers

Similar to drip emitters except that they have a much higher flow rate Flood a small area and the water continues to infiltrate into the soil after the bubbler has been shutoff. Applicable in areas where small basins can be constructed to contain the water and where the soil is surface is level.

Cold-cathode lamps

Similar to neon but larger Can be manufactured in longer lengths Used for signs and specialty accent Can produce a variety of colors and white Has a higher efficacy

Caissons

Similar to piles, however rather than being driven they are constructed by drilling holes in the ground and filling them with concrete. They are also constructed either to bedrock or to a depth where the bearing capacity of the soil is suitable to carry the structural load

Log terraces

Simolar to fiber rolls but more rigid and longer lasting. Three typical patterns, staggered, ladder and building block

Chace air Indicator

Simple and inexpensive way to check the approximate air content of freshly mixed concrete

Cribbing Retaining wall

Simple modular, wood, precast concrete, galvanized steel, to 40'

Drip Emitters

Single port: for single plants that will not increase in size Multiport: for trees other plants that will get larger or for watering several plants made for installation on PVC or flexible polyethylene tubing Drip system must be actuated by valves that open close at very low flows Zones must be protected against sand small particles in water supply and high pressure

What is included in the Analysis sheet set?

Site in zoning, circulation, natural physical features

What are general beam sizing and spacing guidelines?

Size depends upon wood strength, span, spacing and design load. 4x6 for up to 6' span and spacing 4x8 for up to 8' span and 6' spacing 4x10 for up to 10' span and 8' spacing

The amount of runoff is determined by what metrics?

Size of the watershed , the amount of water interring and leaving the watershed, and the amount of rainfall

What is the amount of runoff based on?

Size of watershed, amount of water entering and leaving the watershed, amount of rainfall, existing storm drainage.

What are the THREE methods by which a retaining wall can fail?

Sliding, Overturning, Crushing

Greater than what slope is generally not considered buildable?

Slope >15%

What is the Cross Slope? What is the maximum cross slope?

Slope across the short axis of a plane surface. The contour signature on a plane surface having both longitudinal and cross slop has contour lines which cross diagonally. On an accessible walkway without handrails should not exceed 2%. The overall slope should not exceed 1 in 20, or 5%.

Casein glues

Slow setting, permitting easier construction of difficult assemblies

The test used to measure the consistency between batches of Portland cement concrete is called the ____blank____ test.

Slump test

#8 gravel

Smaller than #5 gravel measuring 3/8" mid-sized rough gravel Used in making concrete, back fill, an more

Pea gravel

Smooth and rounded stone Sized at 3/8" and down Typically used in drainage applications in PCC, landscaping, as a fill under slab, for roofing

Carriage Bolt

Smooth, round head bolt used in wood Small square section under the head keeps the bolt from spinning while the nut is tightened on the other side

Grades of Softwoods

Softwoods are divided into two categories: dimensional lumber, with a grade based on strength, and appearance boards, which are typically used for woodworking projects. Grading of softwoods is overseen by a number of different agencies, so you will be more likely to find some variations in terminology. Grades listed here are from highest to lowest. Grade -What It Means C Select- Almost completely clear of defects, Widely used for interior trim and cabinets. D Select-Fine appearance, similar to C Select May have dime-sized knots 1 Common-Best material for high quality pine with a knotty look Knots will be tight (won't fall out and are generally small) 2 Common-Tight knots, but larger than found in 1 Common. Used for paneling, shelving general, woodworking projects 3 Common-Knots larger than in 2 Common Well-suited for fences, boxes, and crates

What is Soil Cement?

Soil Cement is a mixture of mineral soil, Portland cement, and water used to make a hard surface. Used to strengthen the bearing capacity of a soil for paving or retaining walls. It is also sometimes used as a simple pavement by itself for trails

What is Collodial Soil?

Soil colloids are extremely small particles of soil with particle sizes of 2 micrometers in diameter or smaller suspended in a soil with larger particles. Soil colloids are typically found in clay or humus soils.

What is Fill?

Soil placed in an excavation or other area to raise the surface elevation.

Wetland status is determined by what criteria?

Soil type, vegetation, hydrology and length of time water is present

Explain soil Compaction methods from Addition Methods to Assist

Soils are quite often alluvial or deposited by erosion, the soil may be relatively uncompacted for quite some depth. If this is the case then several strategies need to be employed to compact the soils adequately to achieve a suitable subgrade. Removal and re-compaction: Soil is removed to a depth specified by a soils engineer. It is then replaced in uniform lifts with each lift being compacted. Lime treating of soils: Soil with clay or silt composition, having a high cohesive strength are treated with Lime, (CaCO3 Lime*, CaOH2 Hydrated Lime, Cao Quicklime). Lime breaks down the cohesiveness and enables the soils to aggregate, thus assisting the compactive effort. Lime is added in a 3-5% mixture. Soil Cement treatment of soils: Soils which lack cohesive strength can be helped by the addition of cement to the soil in a 3-78% mixture. The cement adds additional compressive strength to the soil. *Lime is not to be confused with Agricultural Gypsum, CaSO4,2H2O

What has a higher standing Specs vs plans?

Specs always trump drawings/ plans

What are Boggs?

Sphagnum Moss, low nutrient content, acidic Peets, water source is rainfall

Foam Insulation

Spray foam insulation is a two-part liquid containing a polymer (such as polyurethane or modified urethane) and a foaming agent. • Sprayed through a nozzle into wall, ceiling, and floor cavities • Expands into a solid cellular plastic with millions of tiny air-filled cells that fill every nook and cranny as it is applied • Should be applied by a professional using special equipment to meter, mix, and spray into place • Commonly used for retrofits, irregularly shaped areas and around obstructions • Forms both insulation and an air barrier because it eliminates the steps for air-tightness detailing (such as caulking, applying housewrap and vapor barrier, and taping joints).

RMC

Steel conduit that Has the thickest wall Can be used indoors, outdoors, underground, and in both concealed and exposed applications

How should you Paint Metals?

Steel is a ferrous material which will rust if not painted. Metals should be cleaned and primed with rust inhibiting primer after fabrication. Galvanizing will also inhibit rust, galvanizing is a zinc coating applied to the metal. Metal should be shop painted before being delivered to the construction site. The only painting on site should be construction joints and damage in transit. Two coats of low sheen alkyd resin enamel should be applied.

What are the 10 basic Handrail rules?

Steps over 42" in width, handrails both sides. All steps should be within 2.5' of a handrail. Stairs less than 42" handrail at one side. Extend 12" +1 tread depth at top and bottom. Handrail not required on stairs with 2 or less risers. Top of Step to top of handrail 34" to 38" Minimum 3'-0" clear between rails Used on ramps with a rise greater than 6" or run greater than 6'-0" 1 ½" space between wall and handrail. Rail diameter, 1-1/4" minimum, 2" maximum.

What are known as Developer installation?

Storm sewer, sanitary sewer and water lines

What are the properties of Concrete?

Strength Resistant to freeze/thaw and de-icing chemicals Resistant to abrasion and wear Reduction of weather penetration Control of setting time for concrete

High-Tech Adhesives

Stronger than white glue, formulated to bond a variety of materials together including nonporous to non-porous, e.g., vitreous glass to glazed ceramic May be water-based (non-toxic) or solvent-based (toxic).

What is Differential Settlement?

Structural soil failure due to unequal settlement

Timber Post and Beam

Structures made of heavy timber, fastened with metal brackets

Ground sign

Supported by uprights or braces in or upon the ground surface

What are the runoff coefficients for the rational method?

Surface Material C = Rooftop .90 Paving (Conc, Asphalt) .90 Gravel .65 Bare Soil .30 Lawn .30

What is sheet drainage?

Surface water that drains across a plane

What is used to connect Asphalt to Concrete?

Tack coat of emulsified asphalt

Expalin rebar numbers

Take the bar number and divide it by 8 to figure out size. No. 4 bar = 4/8 = 1/2"

What is a Geodetic Survey, and when is it used?

Takes curvature of earth into account - used for large scale mapping

What are the three common types of shakes?

Taper split (preferred for siding) Straight split (siding) hand split (roofing)

What is the TESC plan and how does it work?

Temporary erosion and sedimentation control plan. Temporary control measures to be taken during construction and often includes permanent measures that will remain once construction is completed to reduce and prevent soil erosion and sedimentation.

What is Black Light?

That portion of invisible ultraviolet radiation which has the ability to cause certain materials to fluoresce or flow visibly. The popular term for ultraviolet energy near the visible spectrum.

California Bearing ratio

The California bearing ratio (CBR) is a penetration test for evaluation of the mechanical strength of natural ground, subgrades and basecourses beneath new carriageway construction. It was developed by the California Department of Transportation before World War II. It tests the ability of soil to serve as a construction subgrade. Well drained gravel has the highest rating, silt and clay the lowest

What is Energy and how is it measured?

The ability to do work measured in terms of the rate at which it is done and the time used to do it - energy is the product of power and time. Mechanical __ is measured in horse power-hours. Electrical __is measured in kilowatt hours.

What is the actual dimension of a 2x4? How does it differ from earlier standard sizes?

The actual dimension of lumber after shrinking from its green higher moisture content dimensions and after being machined or planed smooth. Currently, after drying and planing a 2x4 is reliably 1 1⁄2 by 3 1⁄2 inches (38 mm × 89 mm). Pre-1940 standards called for green rough lumber to be of full nominal dimension when dry.

What determines the compressive strength of mortar?

The amount of Portland cement in the mix

What determines Colloidal Content?

The amount of clay particles in soil

Foot-Candle

The amount of light reaching a subject The commonly United States unit of measurement of lighting level (illumination) is the foot-candle (fc ). The international unit of measurement of lighting level (Illumination) is the lux (lx). The relationship between the lux and the foot-candle is 1 fc = 10.76lux.

How is rebar sized?

The bar number refers to its diameter in eighths of an inch, e.g. #5 bar is 5/8 in diameter, so #4 rebar is 1/2inches

Refraction

The bending of a ray of light as it passes obliquely from one medium to another of different density.

Fascia (Skirt)

The boards used to cover rim joists and end joists.

In Horizontal road alignment, how are Complex Curves laid out?

The circular arcs of the complex curve are laid out with a constant radius. This helps with the ease to calculate and lay out.

Shrinkage

The contraction of wood fibers caused by drying below the fiber saturation point (usually around 25-27% M.C.)

At what point does Shrinkage occur in wood?

The contraction of wood fibers caused by drying below the fiber saturation point (usually around 25-27% M. C.)

Application rate

The depth of water applied to a given area, usually measured in inches per hour.

Prescriptive Path

The exterior lighting power allowance is the sum of lighting power allowances for all applicable exterior applications permitted, other than building facades, provided the total installed exterior lighting power does not exceed the exterior lighting power allowance. See table below for Lighting Power Limits. Lighting used for the following exterior applications is exempt when equipped with an independent control device. • Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation • Lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered historic landmark structures or buildings • Lighting that is integral to advertising signage

What is electrical Current?

The flow of electrons measured in amperes.

Volt

The force (EMF) that will cause one ampere of current to flow through a resistance of one ohm.

What is Asphalt made of?

The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things.

What primary component of concrete effect its wear for Roadway Conditions?

The hardness of the rock aggregate will affect the wear of the rock in concrete. This affects the wearing ability of the aggregate.

What is a Bearing?

The horizontal angle measured from north to east or north to west, south to east or south to west

Run

The horizontal length of a contour line which "runs" along any vertical face, such as a wall or a curb. It is that portion of the contour line which is actually on the face the vertical surface. Note that it is not normally shown graphically.

What is the Prime Contractor responsible for?

The individual solely responsible for the successful completion of the contractor. either uses own forces or hires subs as necessary

Rough Carpentry

The initial stage of carpentry when all components that won't be seen after the second finishing phase are assembled

Tensile Strength

The maximum load at which a specimen breaks under tension

What are the dimensions for a standard parking space?

The minimum size of a standard parking space shall be 9 feet wide and 18 feet long. Parking spaces within enclosed garages shall have an interior dimension of at least 10 feet wide and 20 feet long. The minimum size of a compact parking space shall be 8 feet wide and 16 feet long.

What is important about the MC of Finish Grade Lumber?

The moisture content of lumber is marked on the lumber itself, adjacent to the "kiln dried" stamp. This mark is important to ensure that wood used for finish carpentry or indoor application will not continue to warp, shrink, or change in shape and size.

AC motors

The most common and simple industrial motor is this three phase induction motor, sometimes known as the "squirrel cage" motor. It operates on AC current that flows in either direction (AC current). They are designed and manufactured in four groups classified Design A, B, C, and D by NEMA. Each classification of motors has its own distinctive speed-torque relationship and inherent expectations regarding motor efficiency. The design "B" is the most common design. NEMA design B motors are general purpose single speed motors suited for applications that require normal starting and running torque such as fans, centrifugal pumps, and machine tools

What is a Cost-plus contract?

The owner pays for the actual cost of construction, plus some form of compensation to the contractor for services.

What is Terrain?

The physical features of a land. It has a bearing on how a site is developed. The more rocky terrain, the less likely homes are to be developed there. A rocky terrain may be more suitable for roadway

Static water pressure

The pipeline or municipal water supply pressure when water is not flowing

Applied water

The portion of water supplied by the irrigation system to the landscape

Operating pressure

The pressure at which a system of sprinklers is designed to operate, usually indicated at the base of a sprinkler.

What is the Electro-Motive-Force (E.M.F.)?

The pressure of potential that causes electricity to flow, measured in volts.

Main line

The pressurized pipeline that delivers water from the water source to the valve or outlet

What are the ADA minimums for a Curb ramp?

The ramp must be a minimum of 4' wide and maximum slope of 8.33% / The Flare slope on both sides have a maximum slope of 10% / The landing is a minimum of 4'. x 4'.

What is the Longitudinal slope?

The rate of change of elevation with respect to distance in the direction of travel or flow. Shown as Rise / Run. or Y/X

How is the Efficiency of a Lighting Fixture calculated?

The ratio of the light it emits to the total light produced by the bare bulb or tube. The effectiveness of a light source is the ratio of the light output in lumens to the power input in watts.

What is Soil shear resistance?

The resistance to soil movement when pressure is applied, the higher the shear resistance the greater compactive force required.

What is Diffusion?

The scattering of light rays, so that the light is emitted or reflected over broad angles. Objects in a room in which the light is completely diffused from the walls, ceiling and floor would cast no shadows.

What factors limit coarse aggregate size in reinforced concrete?

The size of the section and the spacing of the reinforcing bars limit aggregate size

Describe some solutions to frost heave and boil.

The solution is to control the water movement under paving which is subjected to freezing. Water can be diverted to the atmosphere via a drainage system. Water that has a place to go during the thawing process, will not become a factor in saturating the subgrade during the spring thaw. Where freezing is severe, drain lines can be used. An adequate base course will serve to provide a zone for water to move freely below a paving surface in areas where the frost line is not severe.

How is soil Compaction Tested?

The standard method of laboratory testing is the Proctor Test. The Proctor test utilizes a 5.5 lb. Weight dropped form 12 inches for 25 blows on a 1/30 cubic foot soil sample. There is a Modified Proctor test which uses a 10 lb. Weight from 18 inches for 25 blows. The laboratory test is measured against a specific weight per cubic foot of soil taken from the field. Example: Proctor test determination: Soil sample laboratory tests - 117 lbs. Per cubic foot. Field sample after field compaction: Soil = 114.7 lbs. Per cubic foot 114.7 / 117 = 98% compaction

What is wane wood defect?

The the presence of bark or absences of wood at a corner or along the edge of a piece.

What is Steel Tubing?

The tubing is made from a combination of alloys which are selected according to which industry or purpose the tubing will serve. Rectangular and square HSS are also commonly called tube steel or structural tubing. Circular HSS are sometimes mistakenly called steel pipe though true steel pipe is actually dimensioned and classed differently from HSS.

What is Portland Cement? How is it made? How much cement does one bag contain?

The type of cement used today, was invented by the British in 1824. Named because of the fine gray powder was the same color as the natural stone quarried on the Isle of Portland in Southern Great Britain. The ingredients are 60 percent lime, 25 percent silica, and 10 percent alumina. The remainder is composed or iron oxide and gypsum. To make cement, quarried limestone and raw materials re crushed into fine particles which are then heated to 2,600 - 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit in a large rotating kiln. Raw materials are added and at the end of about four hours the particles emerge as clinkers. A small amount of gypsum is added to the clinkers which are re-ground into a fine gray powder. Each sack contains 94 pounds or one cubic foot of cement.

What is the the typical pedestrian slope ratio vs Handicapped Access ramp?

The typical pedestrian slope is 1:7 where handicapped access is no a constraint. When it is the maximum is 1:12.

What is a Lux, lx?

The unit of illumination when the unit of length is a meter; equals one lumen per square meter. This is the international standard unit for lighting.

Posts

The vertical structural element that rests on the footing and supports the beam • Consist of 4 x 4 lumber • Pressure preservative treated for ground contact • Require footing holes at points. • Use concrete or gravel bases of 4"minimum thickness below the frost line over compacted soil in footing holes. • Measure length of post to the deck level from the concrete or gravel base • Footings for naturally durable wood posts extend 6" above grade.

Moisture Content (M.C.)

The weight of water contained in wood expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven dry wood. The lower the percent, the less shrinking and warping in the lumber

Drain Zone

The zone immediately behind the retaining wall that is designed to free flow water from the retaining wall and its surround Designed to relieve associated pressure buildup and to not be prone to clogging

What is Irrigation System Trenching?

There are many ways to install an irrigation system, but in all these methods the sleeves will go into a trench. A chain trencher is the fastest, cleanest method. A chain trencher digs to the set depth and removes soil from the trench, and it can achieve several hundred feet of trenching in a single day with a single operator in which to lay Irrigation sleeves

Nail drive anchors

These anchors when driven in expand inside the hole for a secure grip. Drill hole the same size as the anchor Non-removable

In Horizontal road alignment, how are Compound Curves laid out?

These are curves consisting of two or more radii in the same direction. These should be minimized when possible.

What are Rigid retaining walls?

These are fixed, permanent structures that are suitable for applications where no differential movement of the structure can be tolerated. Most expensive to install, greatest life span. They are most often made out of cast in place concrete.

What are descriptive specifications?

These are specifications that describes thoroughly the manner, the materials, methods and workmanship used to construct a specific item. (tell them how to build it and with what specifically- places liability on the landscape architect)

How do Fluorescent Tubes work?

They are a light source in which light is produced by the activation of florescent powder (phosphur) coated on the inner surface of a glass tube.

What are proprietary specifications?

They are written by the manufacturer to utilize a specific product. Under some contracts (citys/governmental entities) this is considered illegal unless followed by "or equal/approved equal"

What must be done to the subgrade and forms prior to pouring concrete?

They must be moistened to prevent extraction of water from the concrete. Forms. They should also be treated with a non-staining release agent for easier removal

What are performance specifications?

They requires the contractor construct an item to a specified minimum standard (ex: the concrete be a min. of 2000 psi at 28 days)

What does a continuous line _______ show?

Thick lines-visible outlines Thin lines- fictitious outlines such as imaginary intersections of surfaces , dimension lines, projection lines, intersection lines and leaders hatching outlines of resolved sections adjacent parts and tooling fold and tangent bend lines short centerlines

When is it appropriate to use a Chain _ . _ . _ . _ (dash dot) line?

Thin- centerlines pitch lines alternative position of moving parts path lines for indicating movement features in front of a cutting plane developed views material to be removed Thick ends and at change of direction, thin elsewhere- cutting planes Thick- indication of surfaces to meet special requirements

With regards to fire safety what is Conduction?

This is the direct transfer of heat by objects touching each other. An example would be the transfer of heat from burning plant material to a structure it is planted against.

What is the hourspan of Mercury Vapor Light? What color range do they illuminate in? Are they more or less efficient than sodium?

This type of lighting became popular after World War II. They are typically in gymnasiums and have a long life, ranging from 24,000 - 26,000 hrs. The color ranges from green to blue green and in turn changes colors of items that are illuminated. These lights are not as energy efficient as sodium.

What are the THREE Soil types? What else is found in soil?

Three types: Sand: high porosity / Silt & Clay: not good drainage - All soils are combination of these as found on the soil triangle Additionally soil includes Gravel, Peat & muck(organic content)

What are some examples of regional ecosystems?

Tidal salt water marshes, oak hickory savannas, tall and short grass prairies, and boreal forests

Turf tires

Tires which are designed to be used on golf course and other expensive grass

What is a Diffuser?

Translucent glass or plastic material used to diffuse light. Used beneath or around light sources in portable lamps, fixtures or luminous ceilings.

Recycled water / reclaimed water /treated sewage effluent water

Treated or recycled waste water of a quality suitable for non potable uses such as landscape irrigation; not intended for human consumption.

Wheel Trencher

Trench digging machine that has a large, engine driven wheel with bucket shaped blades around it. Soil is removed from the trench by buckets, when the wheel turns, placing it on the sides of the trench.

(T or F) Curb ramps shall be provided wherever an accessible route crosses a curb.

True

(T or F) Curb ramps with returned curbs shall be used where pedestrians would not normally walk across the ramp.

True

(T or F) Handrails are not required for stairways with two or less risers.

True

(T or F) Handrails are not required on curb ramps or adjacent to seating in assembly areas.

True

(T or F) Off-street stacked parking spaces shall be located around stopped vehicles (to allow traffic flow).

True

(T or F) Only one handrail is required on stairways having a width of less than 42".

True

(T or F) Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp and at each ramp run.

True

(T or F) The design of parking shall not necessitate backing from a space into a street, primary circulation route or entrance.

True

Drop-off, turnaround, service drive and drive through ingress/egress are considered primary circulation routes. (T or F)

True

The HPS must be lower than the elevation of the object for which the swale is intended.

True

In Horizontal road alignment, define reverse Curves.

Two arcs in opposite direction. Tangent between the two arcs

In Horizontal road alignment, define broken-back Curve

Two curves in the same direction connected by a tangent.. tangent distance is relatively short

Name the 4 Types of Portland Cement.

Type 1: General purpose Portland Cement. A gray cement which is the most commonly used type in normal construction. Type 2: Modified Portland Cement. A cement designed for use where the heat of hydration must be controlled such as in very large, massive pours (dams, piers, heavy abutments, etc.) It must also be used where resistance against sulfate attack is needed: such as in sewage drainage structures or applications in contact with high sulfate soils. Type 3. High Early Strength Portland Cement. Provides an earlier and higher strength gain for use in projects where forms must be removed quickly or concrete must be put into use early or for minimizing the cost of protection required in cold weather construction. Type 4: Low Heat of Hydration Portland Cement - less heat of hydration then type 2. Achieves greatest strength very slowly and requires prolonged curing. Type 5: Sulfate Resistant Portland Cement - a cement which provides the greatest resistance to alkali attack. It is most commonly used for projects in contact with soil and water containing large concentrates of sulfates.

What is the difference between Type I and II CMU?

Type I is manufactured to a specified limit of moisture content (MC) to minimize shrinkage that can cause cracking. Type II has no specified MC

What are the FIVE types of Portland cement?

Type I: normal general purpose, usually provided unless otherwise specified. Type II: moderate sulfate resistance. Type III: high early strength. Type IV: low heat of hydration. Type V: high sulfate resistance

What is Type II Cement?

Type II is Moderate sulfate resistance. It has a Low C3A content (<8%). It is used for Structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate ions

What is Type III Cement?

Type III is High early strength cement. It is ground more finely, may have slightly more C3S. It is used for Rapid construction, and cold weather construction

What is Type IV Cement?

Type IV is Low heat of hydration (slow reacting)cement. It has a low content of C3S (<50%) and C3A. It is used for Massive structures such as dams

The Portland cement mortar that should NOT be specified for use in exterior locations exposed to freezing temperatures is?

Type O Mortar

What are the 4 types of Brick Mortar?

Type S is the most common. 1 part Portland cement, ½ part lime, 4-1/2 parts sand M Used for it's strength without reinforcement S Used with reinforcement, strong tensile strength N Medium strength O Low strength, non load bearing

What is Type V Cement?

Type V is High sulfate resistance cement. It has a very low C3A content (<5%).It is used in Structures exposed to high levels of sulfate ions

Travertine

Type of limestone that is often used outside as cladding and pavement

What is Travertine?

Type of limestone that is often used outside as cladding and pavement.

What is a Crib wall?

Type of retaining wall made of stacked concrete members that form vertical box columns and are filled with solid earth materials

What is a Binder?

Type of tack coat to adhere old and new coats of asphalt

Flagpole

Types: external halyard flagpoles. internal halyard, outrigger flagpoles, vertical wall mount flagpoles, nautical flagpoles, counter balanced flagpoles foundation methods: set pole into ground, fasten the pole to a concrete pad, or wall mount

Adjustable ties

Typically have two-pieces consisting of a double eye and pintle configuration.

Horizontal joint reinforcement

Typically produced in 10'- 12' (3 to 4 m) lengths Longitudinal wires are typically W1.7 [No.9 gage, (0.148 in.) (3.8 mm)] orW2.8 [3/16 in. (4.8 mm)] diameter wire. Cross wires should be spaced at a maximum of 16". ( 400 mm) on center horizontally and without drips The total thickness of the wires should not exceed 1/2 the joint thickness.

What are Anchor Bolts?

Typically set into concrete, anchor bolts are used to attach a concrete footing to a landscape element. Anchor bolts are cast in place to provide the structural tie to the footing for landscape elements such as benches, light standards, and walls. An anchor bolt is not proper to use for a roof truss or to attach new wood structures to existing wood structures or beams. The are long, usually L-shaped, bolt embedded in concrete or another strong material, primarily used to fasten to a foundation or other support

Type S Mortar

Typically used in structural masonry applications Recommended for use in masonry where maximum flexural strength is required for chimneys, parapets and load-bearing masonry constructions.

What is the primary cause of graying of unfinished exterior wood after installation due to?

UV light

What is an Ampere?

Unit of measure of electric current; indicates rate of flow of electricity. One is the amount of electricity that one volt will cause to flow through a resistance of one ohm.

Contours for swales, valleys, etc point in which direction?

Uphill

What side are contour lines labeled on?

Uphill

What side are contours always labeled on?

Uphill side

Alarm Systems

Use control panels, many types of sensors, door and window contacts that detect break-ins or unauthorized entry Can be mounted on doors or windows Sounds an alarm Monitors alarm condition Notifies proper authorities Alerts people to fire

Wood framing

Use of lumber for the structural members of a building, such as studs, joists, and rafters

Outdoor Signs

Use sign enamel with primer and block out over a carefully cleaned MOO substrate. MOO (medium density overlay) is the only suitable substrate for a paint-lettered sign that is intended to last more than a few months. It is the substrate governments stipulate for traffic signs and professional sign shops require for guaranteed wood signs.

How should Bare Root Plants be handled before planting? What species of trees shouldn't ever be bare rooted?

Use wet wood shavings, burlap, or sphagnum moss, to keep the roots of these plants moist until they are planted. Evergreens seldom survive this condition.

Paint

Used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid); dries to form a hard coating Provide the best possible finish in terms of longevity Average recoat interval for full sun applications averages 10 years Moderate cost finish overall

Blend of 1 1/2" gravel

Used for top dressing driveways and parking lots, drainage, and for solid foundations and structural backfill. Also used in asphalt and concrete mixes.

Blend of 1/2" gravel

Used for top dressing driveways and parking lots, drainage, and for solid foundations and structural backfill. It is also used in asphalt and concrete mixes.

Fiber mesh

Used in cast-in-place concrete applications such as slabs-on-grade to control plastic shrinkage cracking and reduce settlement shrinkage Used in various small precast concrete products and in stucco and mortar applications

Expansion sleeves

Used in concrete, masonry, grout-filled block and hollow block May be made of lead (Not. recommended where lead is considered dangerous)

Type N Mortar

Used in general masonry walls above grade Used in Non-structural applications in new construction Has good bonding qualities and good resistance to water penetration Specifically recommended for parapets, chimneys, and exterior walls subjected to severe weathering conditions for general repointing of walls

When are Epoxies used?

Used in wood and concrete to anchor or attach products

Fill sand

Used mostly for the sub-base for concrete slab Does not continue to depress over time Excellent material for foundation fills

#23-24 Sand

Used primarily for asphalt and concrete in the making of state highways and interstates

Thick-set Mortar

Used to describe a thick layer of mortar (more than 1/2") that is used for leveling. • Apply thick layer of mortar%" (10 mm) to 1 %" (32 mm) to subfloor • Set in mortar in 2 ways (stones 111z" (38 mm) to 2 1/2" (64 mm)) Allowed to become semiwet then set Allowed to dry completely and then stone is set with a thin layer of dry-set mortar on top of the first • Can be bonded directly to subfloor • Can be separated from subfloor with a cleavage membrane usually a steel reinforcing mesh in the mortar bed

What is a Center Line _._._._._used for?

Used to dimension to the center of arcs, circles, etc.

How are Extension Lines used?

Used to extent from object to dimension line Must never touch object-leaving a gap to avoid confusing object with specification note plan to avoid crossing other extension lines and/or dimension lines

What do Dimension Lines do?

Used to indicate length, size, angles, and includes a number and terminators

Drip Tubing

Used to irrigate plantings in berms, isolated areas, and separate planter boxes Emits water at equally spaced points (6" to 60") along a tube

What are Leader Lines?

Used to label things Includes a terminator arrow Always horizontal near text Always bent to diagonal near object

Cement Types 1A, 2A, 3A

Used to make air-entrainment concrete Have the same properties as Types 1, 2, and 3 except has small quantities of air-entrainment materials combined with them

When is a Detention Basin used?

Used to manage stormwater area installed on or adjacent to tribs of streams , lakes to protect against floodong and downstream erosion. Stores water for a limited time.

Filter fabric

Used to separate the drainage layer from growing medium

Fixed Spray Sprinklers

Used to water small turf areas (residential landscape) Can have full, part circle or rectangular patterns, with radiuses from 4' to 22' several angles of spray trajectory Application rates ranging from less than 1 to over 2 inches per hour Should be operated at low pressures 15 to 50 psi.

Cement Type 3 High Early Strength

Used when high strengths are desired at very early periods, usually a week or less. It is used when it is desirable to remove forms as soon as possible or to put the concrete into service quickly.

Spar varnish

Uses more oil and less resin Results in softer and more flexible varnish Best for outdoor use because it flexes better with outdoor wood movement

Rubber-tire Roller

Usually equipped with 7 to 11 pneumatic tires with the front and rear tires overlapping Compaction force is altered by the addition or removal of weight added as ballast in the form of water or sand. The compaction effort is pressure and kneading, primarily with asphalt finish rolling. Tire pressures on some machines can be decreased while rolling to adjust ground contact pressure for different job conditions.

Who provides the topographic map/plan?

Usually provided by a licensed surveyor

Water Supply: Municipal

Usually requires only tapping existing line behind a water meter or connecting to main and installing new meter Volume of water available depends on supply line size and water meter size Commercial institutional usually 1 inch service or larger

Curb

Vertical separation at edge of roadway, usually 6 in high but can be between 2-8

What is the Curb?

Vertical separation at the edge of theroadway 6inches Typical Varies between 2 inches to 8 inches

What is Heave?

Vertical soil movement that occurs in a soil as a result of freezing or swelling due to increased water content.

Piles

Vertical structural members made of steel or concrete which are driven into the ground by a driver until there is significant resistance or bedrock is reached to support the intended load

Low-pressure Sodium

Very efficient but renders everything in tones of yellow and gray Used in applications like highway lighting and security lights

What equipment is used to compact most sandy soils?

Vibratory steel drum

VOC

Volatile organic compound is defined in federal rules as a chemical that participates in forming ozone and is subject to heavy environmental compliance regulation. The largest sources of reactive these emissions are transportation sources and industrial processes. Miscellaneous sources, primarily forest wildfires and non-industrial consumption of organic solvents, also contribute significantly to total emissions. By definition, a product is considered low-___ if it contains less than 150 g/1

Flow Rate (Q)

Volume of water flowing past a given point (pipes and valves) per unit of time commonly used are gallons per minute (gal/min or gpm) and acre-inches per hour (ac-infhr).

What is (WWM) or Welded Wire Mesh?

WWM is a series of longitudinal and transverse wires, arranged at right angles to each other, and welded together at each intersection. Used as reinforcement in concrete paving to hold cracks tightly together. Specified by the spacing of the wires (in inches) and the gauge (wire diameter). Common sizes are 6x6 #10, 6x6 #8, 4x4 #10, and 4x4 #8

What is Field Capacity affected by?

Water held in soil by capillary action (attraction to soil particles) - Fine particle soils (silts, clay) have greater surface area volume and therefore higher field capacities - High field capacity: hold larger volume, deeper and require less frequent watering

Runoff

Water which is not absorbed by the soil or landscape to which it is applied and flows from the area

What is a Mechanic's Lien?

When a subcontractor does work, makes stuff, on a site and is not paid for it they can have a mechanic's lien placed on the property. This amount is then held against the property. To avoid be sure to get them certified as having been payed before providing final payment to contractor, to be sure they have payed all subcontractors.

Where is the Invert Elevation located?

When applied to a catch basin, it refers to the bottom inside of the drain line at the point where it exits the catch basin structure.

What is a Change Order?

When changes appear that affect the contract amount, the time needed, or the deadline, this will be issued. A Change Order is a bilateral amendment to a construction contract. Each party to the contract must agree to the Change Order, usually by signing it. No one can unilaterally issue or impose a Change Order. Not the owner, not the contractor, not a subcontractor, and not the architect or any other designer. When accepted - signed by both the owner and the contractor it becomes part of the contract.

What does Matching Precipitation Rates (MPR) mean?

When designing an irrigation system, the landscape architect should ensure that the same amount of water is distributed throughout a given zone. However, landscape sizes vary, and it would not be economical to break each zone out by size, radius, or the sprinkler type used, so manufacturers have created sprinkler heads that vary in radius and in flow rate. All these heads distribute water by this amount to ensure MPR.

What must happen when a ramp meets and existing walk?

When meeting an existing walk a 1 foot level distance is included ramp length for extension of hand rail so it does not stick out into the walk

When is Plane surveying used?

When the land areas measured are so small compared to the earth circumference that any corrections for the Earth's curvature are negligible and maybe disregarded

What is Frost Heave?

When water freezes in soil foundations to the depth of the frost line it can cause Frost Heave on the surface. As freezing proceeds, more capillary water in the soil moves up to replace water already frozen. This process continues until capillary water is exhausted. The resulting heaving can life foundations and destroy vulnerable surfaces shortening a constructed elements life span.

What are the FIVE types of reinforcement used in masonry construction?

Wire reinforcement, wall ties, anchors, dowels and reinforcing bars

What is Plywood?

Wood sheeting that consists of thin plys of wood laminated together to form 4' x 8' sheets, the thickness is as stated, 3/4" being 3/4". Grades range from A through D, A being the best. Those used for exterior use should be exterior or marine grade plywood with waterproof glue.

What are the 5 primary groups of wood connectors?

Wood to Concrete Caps and bases Hangers Straps and ties Miscellaneous and options

What are Ceiling Joist

Wooden member from which ceiling boards, plaster, dry wall or etc. are hung, normally horizontal but may be otherwise - spaced 12" - 24" o.c.

What are Floor Joists?

Wooden member upon which flooring planks or boards are placed, normally horizontal - spaced 12" to 24" o.c.

What is a Force Account?

Work ordered on a construction project without an existing agreement on its cost, and performed with the understanding that the contractor will bill the owner according to the cost of labor, materials, and equipment, plus a certain percentage for overhead and profit.

What FOUR plastic properties does mortar possess?

Workability, water retention, initial flow, flow after suction

What is a Site Analysis

Working in the field and in the office, the site designer, verifies the survey and notes site design determinants with regards to site programming.

Are trees considered a visual obstruction for drivers?

Yes

What is a Closed contour line? Is that possible?

Yes, often times seen on hills, it is a Contour that reconects only to itself

Are Oil based products, or polyurethane appropriate for exterior painting?

Yes, they are appropriate for exterior exposed conditions.

What is a Lag Screw how is it different from a Lag Bolt?

a bolt having a hex head and a coarse pitched thread. Tightened with the use of a wrench or socket drive. Used for connecting wood members where both ends of the bolt are not accessible. Similar to wood screws in that the connection is made by the friction created by the threads of the lag screw in the wood. Also called a lag bolt.

Rowlock

a brick laid on it's face edge, bullhead

What is Gravel?

a coarse granular aggregate, larger than sand, formed either by the flow of water in streams or man-made by crushing larger stones. Used to provide drainage (behind retaining walls), prevent capillary movement of water (beneath footings or pavements), or to add bearing capacity strength in low bearing capacity soils.

Wrought Iron

a commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and ductility. Used for decorative fencing and gates. True __ is shaped by hammering.

lockset

a complete set of door hardware used for the entrance door or some other door requiring keyed entry includes a lock mechanism some type of knob, lever, pull, or latchgrip handle; and other accessories

What determines the strength of Concrete?

a composite material which consists essentially of a binding medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate; in Portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of Portland cement and water. The three basic types of aggregates found in most standard concrete design mixes are sand, crushed stone, and gravel. Crushed stone can be made from gravel or from quarried rock. The strength of concrete comes from a direct relation of the cement and the aggregate found in the product. The amount of cement and the hardness of the aggregate combine to create the relative strength of that product. Reinforcing will help the product carry a load, or not fail, but will not strengthen the mix. Too much water can actually weaken the mix. The strength of concrete comes from a chemical process, and concrete gets harder as it ages. Concrete is considered to have reached full strength 28 days after mixing and placing.

What is a Common Nail good for?

a cut or wire low-carbon steel nail, having a slender plain shank, a large circular head and a medium diamond point. Suitable for most landscape applications, particularly where appearance is not a concern, as in framing.

Waterstop

a diaphragm used across a joint to prevent the passage of water. Commonly used where pipes extend through pool walls or floors.

What is a Butt Hinge?

a door or window hinge consisting of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin, fastened to butting surfaces such as the face of a jamb and the edge of a door. When the door is closed the two halves are folded tightly. Usually, one half is mortised into the doorframe while the other is recessed in the stile. While ordinary steel ones are cheap and durable ball bearing ones move more smoothly and quietly

What is a Metal Post Anchor?

a fastener used at the base of posts to secure the post to the footing.

What are Metal Pins and Hollow Sleeve fasteners?

a fastener used in combination with hollow sleeve for expansion or as a pin to keep a post bollard beam from moving horizontally.

What is a Masonry Tie?

a fastener used to attach veneer to brick.

What is a Wood Screws?

a fastener used to secure wooden structures. No thread in upper end of screw.

What is a Floor Drain?

a fixture providing an opening in a floor to drain water into a plumbing system.

What is Flagstone?

a flat stone, usually 1 to 4 inches thick, used as a stepping stone or for terrace or outdoor paving; usually either naturally thin or split from rock that cleaves readily; though sometimes produced by sawing as well.

Torque

a force acting on an object which tends to twist the object.

Tension

a force that acts on an object and tends to lengthen the object.

Explain tension force.

a force that acts on an object and tends to lengthen the object. <-0->

Base (Base Course)

a layer or layers of specified or selected granular material of designed thickness, constructed on the subgrade or subbase for the purpose of supporting the pavement by distributing load, providing drainage, and/or minimizing frost action May be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, crushed or uncrushed gravel and sand, or combination of these materials May be bound with asphalt

How does a Machine Bolt with Expansion Shield work?

a machine bolt used in combination with an anchoring device that swells as a bolt is tightened.

Vibrating screed

a machine designed to act as a vibrator while leveling freshly placed concrete

What is a lis pendens?

a mark on property that a law suit is pending that concerns the title of the property. has been filed with the county clerk so the public and the owner know that the title may change hands.

Flatness

a measure of a cut length steel sheet's ability to conform to a flat horizontal surface. Maximum deviation from that surface is the degree to which the sheet is out of flat. Flatness is often expressed quantitatively in either Steepness or 1-Units.

Self-Adhering Membrane

a membrane that can adhere to a substrate and to itself at overlaps without the use of an additional adhesive

What is a Joist Hanger?

a metal angle or strap used to fix a joist to a beam or girder. A pre-manufactured metal piece typically attached to a ledger or beam to support a joist. They should be galvanized.

Surface drainage

a minimum slope or crown of 1.5% per foot is recommended The roadway shoulder or adjacent ground should be graded so that surface drainage runs away from the pavement and does not stand on the pavement's edge

structural soil

a mix of gap-graded angular crushed stone, clay loam soil, and hydrogel as a binding agent

Soil Cement

a mixture of mineral soil, Portland cement, and water used to make a hard surface. Used to strengthen the bearing capacity of a soil for paving or retaining walls. It is also sometimes used as a simple pavement by itself for trails. Usually processed in a tumble and mixed to a specific consistency, then placed in lifts and rolled to compact to provide slope protection.

What is a Beam?

a piece of lumber or timber spaced more than 36" o.c. which accepts the main loads occurring in the ceiling, roof, or floor of a post and beam system of construction.

When is Copper Piping best used?

a pipe constructed of a lustrous reddish material that is highly ductile, malleable, and resistant to corrosion. The pipe has a high tensile strength. It is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely used for down spouts, interior water lines and weep holes in retaining walls.

What is Galvanic Corrosion? How is it controlled?

a reaction that occurs when two different metals come in contact with each other in the presence of moisture. A flow of electrons develop from one metal (anode) to the other (cathode). One of the metals (anode) will disintegrate while the other metal will remain intact. It is controlled by (1) using similar metals or (2) providing some type of surface barrier or coating to separate the two metals.

What is Caulk?

a resilient mastic compound, often containing silicone, bituminous, or rubber base; used to seal cracks and fill joints, in order to prevent leakage and provide waterproofing.

What is a lien?

a right to keep possession of property belonging to another person until a debt owed by that person is discharged.

Explain torque force.

a rotational force acting on an object which tends to twist the object.

What is a Lewis Bolt or Stone Anchor?

a round threaded metal device with a bell-shaped end that inserted into a hole and then fastened therein by pouring melted lead or concrete into the unfilled part of the hole.

WWM, Welded Wire Mesh

a series of longitudinal and transverse wires, arranged at right angles to each other, and welded together at each intersection. Used as reinforcement in concrete paving to hold cracks tightly together. Specified by the spacing of the wires (in inches) and the gauge (wire diameter). Common sizes are 6x6 #10, 6x6 #8, 4x4 #10, and 4x4 #8. It is used to reinforce concrete flatwork, for increased slab tensile strength.

What is a Finish Nail?

a slender nail made from finer wire than the common nail; has a brad type head which permits it to be set below the surface of the wood, leaving only a small hole which can be puttied easily; used primarily in finishing work. Use for finish carpentry, surfaces that show. For non-bearing joinery.

Soil Tests

a soil test by a competent laboratory is the major factor in determining what nutrients should be added to the soil. What you spend for such a test is more than offset by the savings that result from purchasing the right quantity of the right fertilizer for your project. The following should be noted in any soil test: a. Variation in topography b. Soil drainage. c. Soil variations. d. Clay, sand, etc. e. Disease in the soil f. Preventative chemicals retained in the soil g. Past poor plant performance in a particular area. h. High water table i. Arid soil conditions.

How is an L-Shaped Anchor Bolt Assembly used?

a steel bolt in the shape of an L, usually fixed in a building structure with its threaded portion projecting; used to secure frameworks, timber, machinery bases, etc. Also used in exterior lighting posts to attach the metal post to a concrete footing.

Strap Hanger

a strap attached to an overhead structure, used to support a pipe, conduit, the framework of a suspended ceiling, or the like.

Base Crossdrain

a subsurface drain generally perpendicular to the roadway alignment , designed to drain infiltrated water. often needed at bridge abutments and across the road on long downgrades

Strap Hinge

a surface mounted hinge with long flaps of metal on each side by which it is secured to a door and adjacent post, frame or wall.

What classifies as Timber?

a term applied to wood pieces 5 inches or more in thickness

What is Flashing?

a thin impervious sheet metal placed in construction to prevent water penetration and/or provide water drainage, especially between a roof and a wall, and over exterior door openings and windows. Typically composed of aluminum or stainless steel.

What is aCeramic Tile?

a thin precast product composed primarily of clay that has been fired to a high degree to prevent moisture absorption. It is available in both an unglazed (natural) finish or with a colored finish baked onto its surface. Tile are always used with mortar or grout, and are available in a variety of sizes and shapes. Common applications include paving and pool walls.

What is a Machine Bolt assembly?

a threaded bolt having a straight shank and a conventional head such as a square or hexagonal. Requires the use of a nut and two wrenches or socket drives to tighten. Used when access is available to both ends of bolt. These are primarily used for the fastening of wood members when metal connectors are involved. And when structural requirements are not satisfied by the use of nails or lag bolts. Used with washers.

Wood Screw

a threaded metal fastener with a pointed end that connects wood members by the friction created between the threads and the wood. Attached with a screw driver. Never used where bearing strength is an issue. Should extend a minimum of 3/4 length into 2nd piece of wood. Is used to attach decking or wood products in applications such as arbors or gazebos. Small ones will shear in a lateral direction, so the use of wood screws is prohibited by code in many situations.

Perpetual pavement

a three-layer, flexible pavement design and construction concept Produces a deep-strength asphalt pavement that can resist structural fatigue distress indefinitely Can be economically maintained by replacing just the surface

What is a Dry Creep?

a type of erosion which occurs on steep slopes lacking vegetative cover. It involves the movement of dry soil and/or debris as a reaction to the forces of gravity rather than water.

Spike

a very heavy nail, over 6 inches in length usually having a rectangular cross section. A long, galvanized metal nail that is driven down through a timber and into the timber or timbers below, to strengthen a structure and fasten the timber in place.

What is an addendum?

additional documents with clarification or parts of the contract added in negotiation after the initial contract was written, and attached to end of contract...It is also signed.

Utility Merchantable Wood

adequate strength, low appearance, much waste

What is unique about Paraline Isometric drawing?

all planes receive equal emphasis

Hydraulics: Flow Rate

amount of water discharged from nozzle in gallons per minute (gpm) as pressure increases, flow rate increases

What is a Plate Anchor?

an anchor bolt used to fasten a sill to its foundation.

What is a Post Anchor?

an anchor used to attach masonry work or timbers to a load supporting post.

Prefabricated geocomposite edgedrain

an edgedrain consisting of a drainage core covered with geotextile Usually 1-2" thick by 1-3' high, placed in a narrow trench May include drainage aggregate or sand

What is a Level Spreader?

an erosion control device used to reduce surface water pressure by mitigating the high velocity stormwater surface runoff

What does it mean to be Galvanized?

any metal that is coated with zinc for protection from rust. A galvanized pipe will contain and protect electrical wiring.

Steel Bars and plates

are available in the ASTM specifications shown for hot-rolled shapes and minimum yields. Bars 6" or less in width are generally classified .203" and over in thickness. Bars 6" to 8" wide are classified .230" and over in thickness. Plates 8" to 48" in width are normally defined as over .203" thick and plates over 48" wide are defined as over .18" thick.

Runoff Coefficients

are based on the hydraulic properties of a drainage area. Typically, as an area becomes saturated, more water is likely to run off than during initial stages of rainfall.

Walk Behind Tampers

are for small trench work.

Rough-stone pavers, (cobblestones)

are the oldest and perhaps most durable unit pavers in general use. They are split to size from granite, in roughly rectangular shapes, and may be tumbled after splitting to give them a worn appearance. These pavers are generally laid in mortar with medium to wide joints

Asphalt-block pavers

are units made from asphalt cement, crushed-stone aggregate, and inorganic dust or filler, which are compacted under hydraulic pressure. They are available in many shapes, sizes, thicknesses, colors, and finish textures.

Structural Fill Soils

are used under floor slabs and building foundations, or in other situations where movement or settling of a subsoil must not occur. Structural fill is also used to bridge over poor soil conditions (that is to transition or transfer weight or water) below any site components or elements.

What is a Common Brick?

brick which has a natural surface left by the impression of the mold. 3" wide by 2-1/4" high by 8" long

What is a Face Brick?

brick which has been treated to show texture

Retaining Wall Design

can be designed up to 3 feet by a landscape architect, without the aid of a structural engineer in most states and provinces. When a wall exceeds a height of 3 feet, consulting a structural or civil engineer will ensure the health and safety of the site's users, avoiding the potential for a wall collapse.

Aggregate

coarse material, such as gravel, broken stone or sand, with which cement or water are mixed to form concrete, surfacing or ballasting Sand+cement paste=mortar Mortar + gravel=concrete

An asphalt concrete mixture that may be spread and compacted at normal air temperature is called?

cold-mix asphalt

Hot Mix Asphalt

combination of approximately 95% stone, sand, or gravel bound together by asphalt cement, a product of crude oil Must arrive at the proper temperature; too hot (blue smoke) will cause some surface raveling and premature hardening, too cold will not compact, for best results pave when warm and dry Should not lay down more than 2" in a single lift and avoid hand placement Start as soon as it can be compacted without displacement, continue until the mix is thoroughly compacted and all roller markers have disappeared

wire mesh

comes in rolls and can be rolled out to cover a large area quickly and easily The most common wire mesh is #10 with wire spacing of 6" Most commonly used reinforcement for all backyard projects Serves as a means of increasing tensile strength

Cast-in-place concrete (sitecast)

concrete that is poured into forms that are erected at the job site Most common type of concrete placement

Controllers

consists of two systems: timer and valve operator most irrigation clocks based on even 14-day watering period and 24-hour clock graduated in minutes

Wall Tie

corrosion resistant metal strip, used to secure facing masonry to a backup wall or to connect two wythes of a cavity wall. Placed at regular intervals, and mortared into joints during setting. Wall ties are installed between masonry units to hold them in place. But wall ties also have tabs that extend perpendicularly to the masonry units can be used for installing veneered clay brick units.

Vertical Grain Wood

cut from tree section with grain lying parallel with the face of board.

No cut-no fill line

d1/L= c/c+f D2=L-d1 d1=distance to the point of no c.f. line in cut L=distance between grid corners C=depth of cut F= fill height d2= distance to the point of no c.f. line from the grid corner in fill

Retractable awning

design and construct to withstand wind or lateral loads and live loads with due allowance for shape, open construction and similar features that relieve the pressures or loads Protect structural members to prevent deterioration Have frames of noncombustible material, fire-retardant wood, wood of type IV size or 1-hour construction with combustible or noncombustible covers and shall be fixed, retractable, folding or collapsible Flame resistant framework

Architectural pre-cast concrete

designed for function, appearance, and durability Plant cast, architecturally finished, pre-cast concrete units Includes panels, concrete countertops, benches, balustrade, pier caps, copings, sills, tables, fireplaces, flooring, and accent pieces

Retaining Wall

designed to stabilize and control erosion of steeply sloped areas. In some cases, they are used in conjunction with terracing to provide a level area for recreational purposes. They should be designed to withstand the lateral pressures being exerted on them by the soil and the hydrostatic pressures from behind the wall.

What is arbitration?

disagreeing parties agree to abide by the judgement of an arbitrator

Sprinkler (Spray) Heads

distribute water in uniform pattern, usually fixed as full or part of a circle commonly used for small turf areas, planting beds in residential and small commercial projects useful in low-pressure situations

What is a standard Termination clause?

either party can terminate contract without cause, with notice of 5 or 10 days. also for reasons like breach of contract, fraud, non-payment of professional fees, extreme changes in scope, discovery of hazardous site conditions that the client is unwilling to rectify, or a client who is unwilling to pay for recommended special consulting services or additional services not covered under terms. Clause should require client to pay for services up to that point and notice of termination and costs of termination and archiving project. Landscape Architect would then owe client a full set of drawings.

According to ADA, on routes less than 60" wide when must a passing spaces be provided?

every 200 ft, space must be 60"x60"

What are the standard Lumber Length?

expressed as linear feet. Standard lengths are 8,10,12,14,16,18, and so forth up to about 20 feet. Lengths longer than 20 feet are usually special.

Surface runoff

factors that influence the amount or volume of: The amount of runoff is determined by the size (area) of the watershed and the amount of water entering and leaving the watershed. The watershed influences the amount of runoff, in that the smaller the watershed is, the less water will be collected. The amount of rainfall is also influential. More water entering the watershed will account for larger volumes of water being collected. The existing storm drainage system is also influential because it allows water to be released. If there is an increase to the water volume and no increase in storm drainage capacity, the resulting imbalance may cause flooding. Site slope does not influence the amount of runoff but does influence the rate of runoff.

What is an Axonometric Trimetric drawing?

foreshortens all 3 of the principal axes

Sediment

form a construction site will cause a variety of problems; a decline in water quality, aquatic vegetation, recreation and navigation, unwanted biological growth, algal blooms, and increased turbidity; decreased flow capacity; and frequent flooding in areas that never or rarely flooded in the past. Sediment does not decrease the capacity of storm drainage systems.

What are Knots in Wood?

formed when part of a branch or limb is embedded in a tree, reduces bending strength of beams when occurring top or bottom of beam near center of span. Sound knots are firmly embedded in the wood fiber while lose knots are not firmly embedded and may create a hole if missing.

Low voltage lighting systems

frequently used in the landscape setting and consist of the following: • A power pack (or transformer) supplies the electricity which plugs into a standard outlet and reduces the regular household current (120 volts) to a safe 12 volts. Power packs have an automatic timer allowing lights to go on and off at preset times. • A low voltage lamp is the source of light. Lamps are available in a variety of brightness levels ranging from 4 watts up to 50 watts halogen. • The low voltage cable transmits the electricity. Low voltage cable is a weather-resistant, self-sealing, insulated stranded copper wire that is available in 12-, 14- and 16-gauge sizes. The gauge required for your lighting is determined by the amount of watts required to operate your system: 16-gauge cable can carry 150 watts 14-gauge cable can carry 200 watts 12-gauge cable can carry 300 watts

Light-traffic paving brick

generally supports pedestrian and light vehicular traffic in applications such as patios, walkways, floors, plazas, and driveways

Single walk gates

generally used for people to pass through (up to 12') same height as the fence single panel that is hinged form one terminal post and latched to another

What are Rafters?

horizontal or sloped wooden members supporting roof boards, or planks, or sheathing.

Selvage

how the top and bottom of fence is finished less than 72" must knuckle both ends by industry standard HEights of 72" and higher are generally twisted or barbed at one end and knuckled on the other For high security enclosures, chain link can be obtained with both ends twisted or barbed

Retardant

if extended time is required to transport, work, place, or finish concrete, this should be added to the mix. This is an admixture that slows down the hydration process in the concrete, allowing for additional time to work the product.

When is it appropriate to use a Box Scraper?

in a mass earthwork project, the most cost-effective and fastest method of moving materials. It can remove materials, store them, transport them to another location, and the re-spread them in small lifts, allowing for proper compaction of the materials as they are moved.

Separation Barrier

in applications that have poor soil conditions in the subgrade, it is important to install a separation barrier, to separate the soils and keep them from migrating upward, and to keep the base materials from migrating or being lost into the subgrade. The most common and cost effective means of achieving this is to install a geotextile fabric between the subgrade and the base course material.

Riprap

in heavily eroded areas, it is the most appropriate erosion control method. It is rock that has been crushed or broken to from sharp-angled edges that help with interlocking and maintaining better connectivity when sheer forces are applied. It also has the ability to protect against sheer forces such as ice and quickly flowing water. In areas where erosion is prevalent and rills or channels are developing, it is the most appropriate erosion control method.

When are Jute Rolls used?

in sloped areas where erosion and soil runoff are prevalent, jute rolls are a common solution for controlling sediment runoff. The addition of an erosion control mat allows for vegetation establishment.

What are Irrigation Sleeves? How do they impact subcontractors coordinating?

irrigation system installation is typically one of the last sitework tasks to occur. It will be done after the completion of mass earthwork, asphalt paving, concrete work, building installation, and installation of site utilities. However, in order for the system to reach many locations on the site, sleeves must be installed so that irrigation pipes and electrical wires can be added later without introducing the need to remove other items. This work is done after the mass earthwork, but prior to installation of any permanent components. Close coordination of multiple contractors is required to ensure proper and timely installation of both the sleeves and the irrigation system.

Sandstone

is a good masonry selection for a patio project that is exposed to the elements. It is fairly smooth yet has a nonslip surface. And it comes in large pieces, yet small joints can be created between pieces.

What is Mastic?

is a very strong bonding agent used in many commercial and industrial settings, but is perhaps most popular for setting tiles and sealing windows, walls, and ceilings in building construction. Depending on the application it is generally available in thin liquid, thick glue, or paste form. It can quickly and permanently bind many different materials together, though in most cases it works best on hard, non-porous surfaces.

Where is a Double Drum Vibrating Roller used?

is appropriate for asphalt work.

Soil Fertility Analysis

is determined by pH, salinity, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, potassium, calcium and magnesium analysis. It is utilized to evaluate fertility and plan fertilizer programs and commonly used for field and greenhouse fertility control.

Steel Pipe

is generally available in standard, extra strong, and double extra strong weights with a minimum yield stress value of 36 ksi.

Square and rectangular tubing

is generally available in various sizes and wall thicknesses of cold formed steel with a minimum yield stress value of 46 ksi.

Internal friction

is the resistance to sliding between soil particles

Sieve Analysis

is used for soils, in determination of footing size.

Tack Coat

is used in asphalt paving to adhere two lifts of asphalt together.

What are checks (on timber)?

lengthwise separations of wood across the annual rings, caused by uneven or rapid shrinkage during the seasoning process.

cast-in-place (limited applications)

limited to small, simple, structurally noncritical concrete projects Used for residential, light-commercial, and light-retail building projects Includes footings, grade beams, slabs-on-grade, and basement or foundation walls without special structural requirements or finish treatments

Retaining Wall Heights

measured from the bottom of the footing, including rocks and concrete units buried below the lower finish grade of the soil, to the top of the wall. Running design calculations on measurements that are not based on this starting point could cause a failure. Secondarily, measuring only from the lower finish grade will result in inaccurate cost estimates, because even the buried portions of the wall and footings represent a contractor's expense that should be passed on to the owner.

Soil Moisture Content

moisture serves to assist in the compactive effort. Excessive moisture however, occupies the pore space of the soil and inhibits compaction. Optimum moisture content varies for different soils, but ranges between 6 to 25 percent. The lower moisture value for poorly grades sandy soil and the upper limit for poorly graded clay soil. The average content of +/- 12 would be for a well graded sandy loam soil.

Describe Rapid soil permeability in inches per hour

more than 2 inches per hour, often loose sandy soils with little defined structure

What is Grout? Is high or low in tensile and compressive strength?

mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be poured or pumped into cracks, joints and cores within masonry walls. They are high in tensile strength, but low in compressive strength.

Construction, C grade wood

most widely used grade with better than average appearance and strength.

Geogrids

net-shaped synthetic polymer-coated fibers that are used to reinforce earth-fill slope, wall and base layer construction Used for slope reinforcement, base reinforcement, wall reinforcement, berm reinforcement

What is a Nanometer?

nm, A unit of wavelength equal to 10 (one one-billionth) meter-millimicron

How do you calculate Board Foot Measurement?

number of pieces x thickness in inches x width in inches x length in feet, all divided by 12.

Yard of concrete

one cubic yard of concrete is 3'X3'X3' in volume, or 27 cubic feet. One cubic yard of concrete will pour 80 square feet of 3 1/2" sidewalk or basement/garage floor

Remote Control Valves

operated hydraulically or electrically available with plastic or brass bodies, with or without pressure reg devices. plastic good for valves up to 2 in. and water pressure up to 100 psi

Describe commercial general liability:

personal injury on office equipment, office theft etc

What are excluded or additional services?

possible add-ons for additional money, should parties agree to add them, the excluded of which were discussed with the client and rejected. Both must be included in the contract to show due diligence in proposing them.

Required live loads are specified in what units?

psf

What is live load of a deck is measured in?

psf (pounds per square foot)

What is the rational method formula and what is it used for?

q=CiA [q=Cia/360] --------------------------' q = Quantity of runoff in cubic feet per second C = Runoff coefficient i = Intensity of rainfall in inches per hour A = Area in acres -------------------------- Sizing site drainage systems

Hydraulics: Velocity

rate of low measured in feet per second (fps) critical in determining pipe size as velocity increases, friction inside pipe increases, and pressure drops at high velocity, water scours pipes, erodes the seats in valves, and can break pipes due to surge pressure (water column meeting resistance in line due to change in direction obstacle end of line)

Rebar mat

rebar is tied in a mat with bars being placed 90 degrees to each other. Spacing is usually called out as O.C. or each way

Which 5 common wood species are naturally resistant to decay causing fungi?

redwood, cedar, bald cypress, black locust, and black walnut

What 3 common wood species are insect resistant?

redwood, eastern red cedar and bald cypress.

With regards to fire safety, what is Convection?

relative to fire safety, it is the transfer of heat by atmospheric currents. In windy conditions or steep terrain the effects of this greatly influence flammability and fire behavior.

What zoning would be considered the least compatible with commercial zoning in a highly urban area

residential townhomes

Decorative aggregate

richly colored natural stones, such as basalts, granite, quartz, or limestone, used to enhance exposed-aggregate concrete or decorative toppings

What are typical riser and tread dimensions for wood steps?

risers typ 4-6"h and treads 12-18" length. -steps supported by stringers (notched or continuous) typ at same spacing as joists of deck. Stringers must be anchored at both ends. -Notched stringers are typ req'd for steps greater than 3' in width.

Rolling gates

roll on a pipe track that is attached by track brackets to the gate post and line posts and is on a ground carrier that is attached to the front of the gate

What are wood checks?

separation of wood fibers across annual ring-splits, shakes, and checks do not greatly reduce bending or longitudinal compression.

Shakes, Wood

separations of wood fibers along the grain between annual growth rings.

Whare are Axonometric drawings?

set of three or more views in which the object appears to be rotated at an angle, so that more than one side is seen three-dimensional. They can be used for the exact measurement of the object.

Soil Compaction

soil is compacted by increasing the soil density. Proper compaction is required to have a solid subgrade under constructed elements. The extent to which soil can be compacted is dependant on three factors: 1. The type of soil 2. The moisture content of the soil 3. The type of compaction effort exerted on the soil. When soil is compacted the density and unit weight of the soil increases. Air is forced out of the soil, the moisture present in the soil serves as a lubricant to assist in the compaction process. Soil can be divided into three groups: 1. Granular soils, sand, gravel, consisting of a grain size down to .002 inches 2. Clay soils, very fine particles, the particle shape being flat or scaled 3. Organic soils, loam and peat, these soils high in organic matter are not suitable for subgrade use.

What are Concrete Pavers?

solid concrete block, in a variety of colors and shapes, used to create a paved surface. They are commonly used in a flexible system without the use of mortar or grout. -small, "hand-size," solid units of high compressive strength

What are the approximate safe loads for the 8 differing soil types?

solid rock - no limit shale or hardpan - 20,000 psi coarse gravel - 8,000 psi compacted coarse sand - 6,000 psi firm dry sand - 4,000 psi firm clay - 4,000 psi soft clay - 2,000 psi loam - 2,000 psi The key is that coarse sand/ granules lock together (which creates for more load holding capacity), round sand or smaller clay particles do not.

What are Rough vs Standard Lumber Sizing for 1-12 inches?

standard dressed lumber, S4S, surfaced on four sides Standard Lumber Sizes Dressed Dimensions 1" - 3/4' 2" - 1 ½" 4" - 3 ½" 6" - 5 ½" (change from a 1/2"loss to a 3/4"loss happens here) 8' - 7 1/4" 10" - 9 1/4" 12" - 11 1/4" Rough sawn lumber is dimensioned as called out: a 2" x 4" is 2" x 4"

What should a Planting Hole look like?

the best way to prepare this is to make the hole shallow and wide. This allows sufficient air and moisture to get to the roots of a newly planted tree or shrub, promoting growth. Avoid preparing deep, narrow pits for plants, as this compacts the soil and does not allow for free, unrestricted root growth.

Silt

the intermediate-sized mineral particle of the soil separates. Is often found in streams and is distinguished from clay by the amount of humus-producing material it often contains. Caution: wet silt or clay soil should not be worked, walked on repeatedly, or handled with heavy equipment. These compact the soil still further and reduce its usefulness.

Metal Fabrication

the interpretation of technical drawings and layout of metal components, cutting and shaping of those components, through to assembly and welding or fastening to create the finished product Among the many fabricated items include cast iron and wrought iron fencing, home and garden accessories, indoor and outdoor furniture, fountains, driveway gates, cast iron urns, wrought iron furniture, iron and steel fence

What is the Lateral Load of a retaining wall?

the lateral load of a retaining wall is the force of the soil being retained against the wall. Only soil that exceeds the angle of repose exerts pressure on a wall. This pressure can be calculated from the types of soil and the amounts of moisture the soils will retain.

Curing

the maintenance of a satisfactory moisture content and temperature in concrete during the early stages so that desired properties may develop. These properties include strength and durability New concrete must be kept moist for 5-7 days after placement to cure properly Concrete takes approximately four weeks to cure to full strength

What are Beams?

the major load carrying members in a floor and deck design are these. The joists are either attached to them with joist hangers or set atop them, and their load is transferred to them. Decking, the surface material, transfers the load to the joists. In wood framing, beams typically measure 4 x 6 and are usually made by nailing two 2 x 6 pieces back to back. Wood member should be sized according to wood span tables. e.g. Size Max. Span Allowed when Laid on Edge 4x4 or two 2x4s -- 4ft (1m) 4x6 or two 2x6s -- 6ft (l.Sm) 4x8 or two 2x8s -- 8ft (2m) 4x10 or two 2x10s -- 10ft (2.Sm)

Waterproofing

the process by which objects are made impervious to water, usually with an application of asphalt. Below grade portions of solid masonry retaining walls and pools are examples of applications that may need to be waterproofed.

What is a Post?

the vertical component of the post and beam system of construction. The lumber is usually greater than a nominal 2" x 4" member. A post transfers the load from the beam to the footing or foundation of the structure.

Stonework

there are three classes of stonework in landscape construction: Rubble (or rubblework), Ashlar (or cut stonework), and Trimmings.

What is Pleaching?

training of shrub or tree branching structure in an interwoven pattern. Can result in a vertical hedge-type form or, in the case of trees, an overhead natural arbor.

What is an assignment?

transfer of benefits or rights

What are the FIVE fundamental land surveying techniques?

triangulation, trilateration, traverse, leveling, radiation

Explain shear force.

two opposing forces acting on an object in different locations. >- 0 ->

Shear

two opposing forces acting on an object.

Heads

uniform coverage over areas to be watered with minimal over-spray onto streets & walks

sliding gates

used where there is no room to swing the panel of a single or double gate

What is calculated in Irrigation Wiring Design and how?

valve wire sizing, sizing the control wires is a key factor in irrigation design. To properly determine control wire size, the voltage drop must be calculated using Ohm's law. Ohm's law finds the voltage drop by multiplying the current (listed in the manufacturer's catalog for each valve) times the resistance for the type of wire used.

What does a Backflow Prevention Device do?

when installing an irrigation system, the landscape architect is required by local codes to use a backflow prevention device, also know as a double-check device. It will keep any water within the system from entering a potable water supply, should a break and back-siphon situation occur.

What is Crushing?

when the load on a wooden deck is exceeded, the deck's posts will be subjected to too much downward force, resulting in the crushing of the support posts.

What classifies as Strips?

wood pieces less than 2 inches thick and less than 8 inches wide.

Planking behind piles Retaining Wall

wood steel, to 10'

Casing Nail

• Attaching case molding or rough trim where strength and concealment are required • Similar to finishing nail, but thicker and heavier • Has a small head like a finishing nail

AWG-UF

• Classification of the direct burial wire used for automatic sprinkler systems. Example: #14-1 AWG-UF means a 14 gauge wire, single wire cable, designed for direct burial (no conduit) in the ground. • Should be at least 18" deep for safety (in most areas this requirement is written into local law).

What to corrugated heads do on nails? What do deformations do on nails?

• Corrugated heads and Large framing nails Reduce the danger of a hammer slipping Deformations • Strengthens nails Deformations such as rings, spirals or barbs drive into wood fibers to hold fast.

Blind Fastening Systems

• Create a fastener-free deck surface • Employ metal clips and/ or joist top brackets that fasten the sides or bottom of the deck board to the joists so that no fasteners are visible.

Semigloss

• Creates a slightly shiny appearance • Has a less sheen than gloss • Usually washable • Tend to show surface defects

Rammers

• Deliver high impact force ( high amplitude) • Excellent choice for cohesive and semi-cohesive soils. • Frequency range is 500 to 750 blows per minute. • Inclined at a forward angle to allow forward travel as the machine jumps. • Covers three types of compaction: impact, vibration and kneading.

Describe how best Decking should be laid.

• Face boards are 2 x 2, 2 x 4, or 2 x 6. • Can be laid flat or positioned on edge • Position the board so its end rings curve up. (bark side up) This orientation allows for cupping, or warping of the decking materials as they shrink and swell over time, without creating a tripping hazard. • Normally 2" x 4" or 2" x 6" lumber • Can nail decking pieces in contact or spaced no farther apart than a nail diameter where pressure preservative treated lumber or unseasoned naturally durable lumber species are used • Must use good quality hot-dipped galvanized, aluminum or stainless steel decking nails • Drive two 16d nails at slight angles to each other at each joist position, • Use three nails for butt joints in 2" x 6" decking

Sinker Nail

• Framing • Thick-bodied nail with low-profile head • Sometimes called a cooler nail

Maximizing Water Conservation and Efficiency

• Group plants with similar watering needs together. • Avoid odd shapes and narrow strips for turf areas. • Prepare and amend the soil by tilling, aerating, and enriching the soil with compost or fertilizer • Add mulch to all planting beds to help control weeds, retain moisture, provide nutrients and prevent runoff. • Water early in the morning when temperatures and winds are low and humidity is high. • During the summer, occasionally water 10 to 15% more than is usually required. The extra water carries the dissolved salts safely below the active root zone and prevents harmful salt accumulations.

Satin

• Has a dull luster • Some washability

Reversible Vibratory Plates

• Have two eccentric weights that allow smooth transition for forward or reverse travel, plus increased compaction force as the result of dual weights. • Ideal for semi-cohesive soils due to their weight and force • May be stopped and the machine will maintain its force for "spot" compaction.

What three types of Corrosion-resistant Nails are there?

• Hot-dipped galvanized Most widely used and economical Recommended for outdoor applications For use with treated wood • Aluminum • Stainless steel nails

Revetment Walls

• Large earth retaining systems that stabilize slopes and are often used as alternatives to an embankment fill slope • May be constructed of facines, wood, sandbags, gabions, sod, or masonry to protect a wall or bank of earth • Wall inclinations are typically 70degrees to 90degrees with respect to the horizontal

Vibratory Plates

• Low amplitude and high frequency • Designed to compact granular soils and asphalt. • Drives weights at a high speed to develop compaction force. • The heavier the plate, the more compaction force • Frequency range is usually 2500 vpm to 6000 vpm. • Plates used for asphalt have a water tank and sprinkler system to prevent asphalt from sticking to the bottom of the base plate.

Waterproofing Masonry

• Mortar Joints Concave and V type mortar joints are more weather resistant. Well-tooled joints compact the mortar, filling voids and cracks • Drainage cavity behind veneer wythe • Flashing system at base of veneer • Seals for the cavity at fenestrations (window, door, louver frames, etc.) • Lateral tie system to anchor veneer to the structural back-up • Vertical support system to support weight of veneer • Provisions for expansion/contraction of the wall system Movement Joints Shrinkage and temperature cracks can develop without these joints, which allow passage of moisture to pass through the masonry.

Railings

• Must be securely anchored to the deck, preferably including an extension of the posts. • Limit openings in the railing to 6", or as the code requires. • Must be designed and constructed to withstand a concentrated load of 200 pounds applied at any point and any direction. • Must design intermediate rails, balusters and panel fillers to withstand a horizontally applied load of 50 pounds on a one-square-foot area • Must design the top of a guardrail at least 36" from the floor • Must not allow the spacing in the guardrail ornamental pattern, balustrade or pickets to be more than a 4" diameter sphere • Three categories: Decorative Grade (for installation less than 30" off the ground) Residential Grade (for installation more than 30" off the ground) Commercial Grade (a railing height equal to or greater than 42" high)

Cut Flooring Nail

• Nailing flooring through edges without splitting the wood • Has a rectangular body • Has a blunt tip that won't split wood easily

Common Nail

• Performing construction framing and other rough work • Thick, heavy-duty, general-purpose nail • Has a large, flat head

Outdoor recreational area

• Provide a luminous environment that contributes to the contrast of the playing object (ball), the competitors, and the surrounding backgrounds. • Provide uniform visibility to the players • Minimize spill light, or light trespass

Carriage bolts

• Require washers under their nuts • Pilot holes for bolts should be the same diameter as the bolt shank.

Spiral Nail

• Securing flooring for tight, squeak-free joining • Spiral shank nail that somewhat resembles a screw • Tends to turn in like a screw as it's driven

Gutter Spikes

• Securing guttering • Long (7-8") galvanized nail

Masonry or Concrete Nail

• Securing materials such as wood to brick or concrete • Made of thick, hardened steel with grooved or fluted shank • Shank can be round, flat or square

Lag screws

• Should be installed with a washer • Pilot holes for lag screws should be the diameter of the solid portion of the screw between the threads. • Requires flat washers at both their head and nut ends to keep from crushing the wood when tightened.

Screws

• Should penetrate the receiving member by at least the thickness of the thinner member, but never less than 1" (25mm) • Penetration of 1 1/2" (38mm) is required for structural components. • Pilot holes for screws should be the diameter of the solid portion of the screw between the threads. • Range from %.''to 6" long. • Gauge is the diameter of the screw shaft (not including threads), rated by numbers 2-24. A larger gauge number indicates a larger screw. • The longer a screw is, the harder it is to turn with a screwdriver. • Consider a lag screw when you need something over 4" in length. Lag screws are turned with a wrench. Material and Finish Chrome, brass, brass plated, stainless steel, galvanized • Galvanized (plated with zinc for rust-resistance) is recommended where wood will be attached to metal • Exterior screws such as deck screws can react to certain types of wood. Specially treated screws are available for specific applications such as pine, cedar, birch or oak. • Stainless steel can also react to the tannins in certain woods (oak for example) • Bluing is a finishing (actually black in color) that prevents rust

Steel tubing

• Similar to steel pipe, but available in a range of wall thickness and shapes, including round, square, and rectangular. • Available in diameter sizes ranging from 5/8" to 2 1/2" • Easily welded or bolted • Can be obtained in higher strengths than steel pipe

Greywater Reclamation System

• Used to convert building wastewater into usable irrigation water • Typically employs mechanical filters to remove larger contaminants called "floaters" and organic biofilters often referred to as "constructed wetlands", which further decontaminate the water on site.

Lateral tiebacks

• Usually geogrids that are buried in the stable area of the backfill. In addition to supporting the wall • Stabilize the soil behind the wall which allows higher and steeper walls to be constructed.

Nails

•Should penetrate the thicker back piece by twice the thickness of the thinner piece, but no more than 1 1/2" (38mm) • Use 3" (10d) nails to fasten decking with a nominal thickness of 2" (51mm) and 2 1/2" (64mm), (8d) nails on decking with nominal thickness of 1 1/4" (32mm). • Deck boards 2" 51lmm) wide need one nail per joist while 4" (102mm) and wider decking requires two per joist. • To prevent wood from splitting, use thin shanked nails with blunt points. • Note: Always nail through thinner members into thicker stock.

Unit Masonry Assemblies

•Usually used for the interior wythe of a cavity wall in combination with a brick masonry exterior •May also be used as accent bands in the exterior brick wythe. •Usually specify non load-bearing concrete masonry units for the interior wythe when the brick and block cavity wall is used as infill walls for concrete or steel frame structural systems if shear loads are not transmitted to that wythe. • Consists of the following Concrete masonry units (CMUs) Mortar and grout Reinforcing steel Masonry joint reinforcement Ties and anchors Embedded flashing Miscellaneous masonry accessories

What is an acceptable range for longitudinal swale slope?

2-4%

What shape will a concrete road create topographically?

A chevron

How do you determine the correct height for berm visual measurements?

Add eye height to ground elevation, then add 6inches to final calc of height for safety

What is an Angle Iron?

An Angle Iron is an L shaped iron, steel bar or structural steel member used to make a frame rigid

What are Epoxy Sealers?

Epoxy Sealers are a class of synthetic, thermosetting resins which produce tough, hard, waterproof, chemically resistant coatings, seals, and adhesive

Above what % slope in the existing topography will stairs/ramps be needed?

Equal or Above 5%

Difference between proposed and existing contours

Existing are thin and dashed proposed are thicker and solid

What should be added to indicated direction of surface runoff?

Flow arrows

What are INV IN and INV OUT?

INV IN: the spot elevation at the base of a pipe that is flowing to a catch basin.INV OUT: the spot elevation at the base of a pipe that is flowing AWAY from a catch basin

What will RIM EL represent for a drain inlet on a warped plane?

The lowest point for the warped plane

What are the typical tread lengths and riser heights?

Tread: 10-18inches long Riser: usually 6inches high

What are the common units for earthworks?

cu. yards or cu. meters

List methods of fastening or connecting Masonry to 1. Concrete 2. Masonry

1. Mortar, masonry anchors, grout 2. Mortar, masonry ties and/or anchors

What is the required height of handrail of a ramp?

34-38inches above riser

What is the typical height of a riser?

4inches min, 7inches inches average

What amount is typically added to cut and fill calculations to compensate for shrinkage factor?

5-10% of total

What must a cheek wall include at the top?

A safety railing in addition to the hand rails required for the entire length of the ramp on BOTH sides. Hand rail may be attached to safety railing, cheek wall or ramp

What is Asphalt?

Asphalt is dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or semisolid, in which the predominating constituents are bitumens which is often mixed with aggregate to create paving surfaces. (2) A similar material used in roofing systems as a waterproofing agent

Below what % grade is a slope considered accessible?

Below 5%

1 acre =__sq ft

43,560 sf

Describe the GRID cell or borrow pit method for earthwork volume calks.

1.Divides site into grid cells. Calculate change in elevation caused by grading plan at each corner of the grid.2. Cal the avg depth of cut and fill for each cell. 3. multiply the avg depth of cut and fill by area of each cell volume

Describe the Average End Area Method of calculating earthwork volume. Usually used for linear objects (roads or golf holes)

1.Draw cross sections at regular intervals showing both existing and proposed elevations. 2. Measure the areas of cut and fill shown at each cross section in square inches and convert to sf. 3. average the areas of cut and fill shown between two successive cross sections. 4. Multiply the average areas of cut and fill shown b/n two successive cross sections by the distance between the cross sections on the plan to convert to cu ft. 5. First and last sections are usually cone shaped and are more accurately calculated with V=A/3 x L, where A = base of cone

What information is contained in a finished grading plan?

1.Ex and Prop. contour info, bldgs, structures, utilities. 2. Proposed walks, roads, parking lots. 3. Property lines with bearing and dimensions. 4. Location and extent of tree protection. 5. ALL spot elevations. 6. Max and min slopes with downhill arrows. 7. storm water drainage inlets and manhole,with designation for rim and invert elevations. 8. Stormwater piping with designation for material, diameter length and slope. 9. Subsurface drainage systems

What height must a hand rail maintain above a ramp?

34-38inches and must extend past the ramp 1 foot at top and 1 plus treat at bottom

What amount must be added to a spot elevation to determine the FFE of a building when calculating from a point outside the building?

1 inch (0.0833feet )

What are the three main features that need to be considered when designing a retention basin?

1. Maximize flow length between inlet and outlet. With a minimum width to length ration of 3:1. 2. The pond should expand gradually in the direction of flow.3. Pool depth should be between 4-8feet deep, with a level safety bench provided at least 10feet wide by 1 deepTerm

List methods of fastening or connecting metal to 1. Masonry 2. Concrete and 3. MetalDefinition

1. grout and galvanized surface 2. grout and galvanized surface 3. make sure of galvanized surfaces to prevent corrosion

What are the three considerations for detention basin design?

1. maximize flow length from inlet to outlet. 2. side slopes of basin should be LESS than 3:1, with the floor having a min slope of of 2% (like swales.) 3. An access way of at least 10feet wide with a slope of 5:1 or less should be provided for maintenance equipment

List methods of fastening or connecting asphalt to 1. Concrete 2. Aggregate and 3. Asphalt

1. tack coat of emulsified asphalt 2. prime coat of cutback asphalt 3. tack coat of emulsified asphalt

What is a Brass Pipe?

Any pipe constructed from any copper alloy containing zinc as its principal alloying element. Often used in plumbing where rust is a factor

What other elements must be accounted for in cut and fill calculations other than proposed and existing grades?

Calculations must account for the amount of existing surface material that is removed and the amount of new surface material constructed. i.e. the finished grade of a road is not the final depth of excavation, you must also account for all sub grade depths as well. Also, when topsoil will need to be stripped prior to new construction fill

What is Caulk?

Caulk is resilient mastic compound, often containing silicone, bituminous, or rubber base used to seal cracks and fill joints, in order to prevent leakage and provide waterproofing

What are the 3 parts of a retention pond?

Collection basin, dam/embankment, and a swale connection opposite the dam

What is Concrete?

Concrete is a composite material which consists essentially of a binding medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate. In Portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of Portland cement and water

What three variables are needed for pipe calculations?

INV IN, pipe diameter and slope

What is and what are the 2 main objectives of SWM?

It is Surface Water Management. Used to 1. reduce downstream flooding and 2. reduce flooding damage by restricting floodplain development

What are the min and max allowable longitudinal slopes for a ramp?

min 5% (20:1), max 8.33% (rise: run 1:12)