latest one!!!!!!
Typical human cells, if normal, have ______ chromosomes during anaphase. (Enter the number as digits, not text: for example, 2 not two).
92
photorespiration: -the effect of photorespiration is __________ in C4 and CAM plants because they keep ______ high for RUBISCO.
-minimal; CO2
citric acid cycle: -still in ____________ of eukaryotes. -series of how many enzyme-catalyzed steps? -one ______ __________ where GTP + ADP --> GDP + ATP
-mitochondria -8 -side reaction
formation of acetyl coenzyme A: -pyruvate is sent to the ______________ in eukaryotes. -stays in the __________ of prokaryotes.
-mitochondria -cytosol
Concentration Gradient
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance
Chlorophyll b
Accessory pigment that absorbs all wavelengths of light except for yellow-green and green
differences in gene expression
Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to
Phosphorylated Intermediate
Recipient molecule that receives a phosphate from ATP; Less stable than original molecule
Protein Secretion Process
Ribosome --> Rough ER --> ER vesicle --> Golgi body cis/trans --> Golgi vesicles --> Destination
When during the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate? phase G2 anaphase metaphase prophase
anaphase
hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to ________ __________-another _______ reaction.
carbon dioxide; redox
organic cofactors are called ___________. -typically __________ by the catalyzed reaction. -ex: ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2
coenzymes -changed -ex: ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2
most vitamins are ____________, part of them, or are used for making them.
coenzymes;
what does CAM pathway stand for?
crassulacean acid metabolism
when do homologous chromosomes separate?
during meiosis I
__________ are a large part of how organisms manage their energy needs.
enzymes
what state will be reached given enough time for diffusion?
equilibrium
Membrane Potential
Voltage across a membrane and ranges from -50 to -200 mV; Inside of the cell is negative compared to the outside
Aquaporins
Water channel proteins
all pigments have an ______________ __________.
absorption spectrum
what used in making alcoholic beverages and baking?
alcohol fermentation
what is the first stage of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis
An enzyme that joins two molecules with covalent bonds would be considered a/an: lyase transferase isomerase ligase oxidoreductase
ligase
photosynthesis is usually divided into what two things?
light reactions and the C3 cycle
photosynthesis converts energy from _______ into stored energy in ____________ _________.
light; chemical bonds
__________ is the process that distributes a complete copy of the duplicated genetic information to each daughter cell.
mitosis
female gametogenesis are called...
oogenesis
biological membranes resist having _______ _____.
open ends
reaction center has a chl a absorption peak at 680 nm (P680).
photosystem II
these can get energy directly from light or can chemical compounds
phototrophs
reaction center has a chl a absorption peak at 700 nm (P700)
photsystem I
cell membranes are ___________ ____________. -some substances readily ______ _________, others ____ ________. -mostly __________ to _______ molecules and _______ ___________ substances
selectively permeable -pass through; do not -permeable; small; lipid soluble
spherical tendency can be modified with structural elements, such as ____________ _________.
structural proteins
desmosome
structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, strong bonds, materials can still pass through
what are the four types of reactions in aerobic respiration?
substrate-level phosphorylation dehydrogenation reactions decarboxylation reactions preparation reactions
in aerobic respiration, what is consumed in some reactions and generated in others?
water
what is the typical solvent in biology?
water
what small molecules may readily pass through cell membranes?
water, CO2, O2
the amount of energy carried is inversely proportional to ______________.
wavelength
non competitive inhibitor
"adding more citrate does nothing to overcome"
In total how much net ATP is made
36-38
Where does substrate bind to an enzyme?
Allosteric site
carbon fixation is also known as...
CO2 uptake
Pinocytosis
Cell brings in smaller particles; "Cell drinking"
Thylakoids
Disklike membranous sacs found in stroma
HEY
HEY
Haploid
Has one set (n)
Enzyme
Molecule that acts as a catalyst
Pinocytosis
Smaller regions of dissolved materials are ingested
required for binding to a ribosome in eukaryotes
The cap on an mRNA is
Osmoregulation
The control of water balance
H2O, O2
The molecule _____ is reduced relative to _______ .
Metabolism
The sum total of an organism's chemical reactions; An emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the orderly environment of the cell
what are also found in the thylakoid membrane?
accessory pigments
What does PEP carboxylase do?
fixes CO2 into a 4-carbon compound
each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of ________.
genes
what reduces chromosome number? -this produces up to how many haploid cells from one diploid cell?
meiosis -4
in many ways this is the reverse of aerobic respiration.
photosynthesis
G2 phase
preparing for cell division
This figure shows various bonds. Click or touch on a line that represents a polar covalent bond.
"Covalent bonds are represented by solid lines. In a polar covalent bond the electron pair is unequally shared between the two atoms, and significant partial charges occur."
This figure shows various bonds. Click or touch on a line that represents a hydrogen bond.
"Hydrogen bonds are represented by dotted lines. They are relatively weak bonds the form between opposite partial charges."
C
"Induced fit" refers to the fact that an enzyme typically changes its shape when _______ binds to it. A. an allosteric activator B. an allosteric inhibitor C. a substrate D. a coenzyme E. a reversible inhibitor
a substrate
"Induced fit" refers to the fact that an enzyme typically changes its shape when _____________ binds to it.
there may be no single hypothesis that explains what for all sexually reproducing organisms?
"Why sex?"
competitive inhibitor
"adding more citrate partially over come"
Touch or click on a phosphodiester linkage.
(top left) *bottom left area around all the O's & P's*
This figure shows various bonds. Click or touch on a line that represents a nonpolar covalent bond.
*anywhere on the lines connecting hydrogens* "Covalent bonds are represented by solid lines. In a nonpolar covalent bond the electron pair is essentially equally shared between the two atoms; no significant partial charges occur."
Which arrow is pointing to a glycosidic linkage? A B C D E
-E.
What is the structure shown in the figure below? a starch molecule a protein molecule a phospholipid molecule a cellulose molecule a steroid molecule
-a steroid molecule
The two molecules shown above provide an example of chemical isotopes. enantiomers. radioactive isotopes. structural isomers. cis-trans isomers.
-cis-trans isomers.
formation of acetyl coenzyme A: -remaining 2-carbon fragment is ___________, losing 2 electrons. -________ is produced.
-oxidized; electrons -NADH
prophase: -each chromosome (duplicated during S phase) forms a pair of _________ _____________. -sister chromatids are joined at a _____________ by protein tethers.
-sister chromatids -centromere
noncyclic electron transport: -P680+ can accept electrons from water in the ____________ _________. -nothing else in living systems can readily take _____________ from water. -this consumes __________ and releases _____.
-thylakoid lumen -electrons -water; O2
How many molecules of NADH would be produced by five turns of the Krebs cycle?
15
Cotransport
2 substances are transported across a membrane in the same direction at the same time
** check all words ** Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag from was graphed. (Percent change was from the mass of the bag at time 0, the start of the experiment.) Which line or lines represent(s) bags that contain a solution that was HYPERTONICcompared to the solution in the beaker at the BEGINNING of the experiment (time=0 minutes)?
A & B
C
A mutation in which of the following of a gene is most likely to be damaging to a cell? A. 3' UTR B. 5' UTR C. exon D. intron E. All would be equally damaging.
The Plasma Membrane
A selective barrier around the cell
Metabolic Pathway
Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product
Which of the following are considered lipids? A. glucose B. DNA C. steroid D. phospholipid E. cellulose F. chitin G. RNA H. glycogen I. cholesterol J. polypeptide K. starch L. triacylglycerol M. sucrose
C, D, I, and L
Which of the following terms describes where an inhibitor could bind to an enzyme? A. apoenzyme B. reduction site C. allosteric site D. helix site E. active site
C, E
Which of the following statements are true given the reaction below? C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy A. C6H12O6 gets reduced. B. Compared to C6H12O6, CO2 is reduced. C. C6H12O6 gets oxidized. D. O2 gets oxidized. E. Compared to O2, H2O is reduced. F. O2 gets reduced
C, E, F
in photosynthesis, _______ is fixed and used in synthesizing carbohydrates.
CO2
Amyloplasts
Colorless plastids; Starch storage
Substrate level Phosphorylation
Coupled reactions that directly phosphorylate ADP or GDP
chromatin: a long _______ molecule with associated proteins.
DNA
many species reproduce sexually only during times of stress; some types of DNA repair (such as fixing double-strand breaks) can only take place with a diploid cell, and that type of repair is most likely needed in times of stress (also, this allows these species to overcome Miller's Ratchet by simple recombination).
DNA Repair
S phase
DNA is replicated
Which of the following terms describes where substrate(s) binds to an enzyme? A. apoenzyme B. reduction site C. allosteric site D. helix site E. active site
E
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Catabolic reactions are ______?
Exergonic
Desmosomes
Fasten cells together into strong sheets
Secondary Cell Wall
In plants, between the primary wall and the plasma
When is the first time we see FADH2
Krebs cycle
Proton Pump
Major electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, and bacteria
Unsaturated
More fluid
Autophagy
Natural, regulated mechanism where a cell removes unnecessary components and allows for the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components
In eukaryotes, what is the final electron acceptor?
O2
Photosystem II
One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; It uses the P680 reaction-center chlorophyll
Basal Body
Organelle that develops from a centriole
In which phase of aerobic respiration is oxygen required?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Granum
Stack of thylakoids
Tonicity
The ability of a surrounding solution to gain or lose water
Genetically identical
The daughter cells of binary fission are:
Spontaneous Process
The time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state
Krebs Cycle
Third stage of aerobic respiration; Results in 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 2 CO2, and 2 ATP
Mesophyll
Tissue in the interior of the leaf where there are chloroplasts
Heat
Transfer of thermal energy
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all life as we know it on Earth? ability for sexual reproduction ability to grow or develop ability to control metabolism being composed of cells ability to respond to stimuli
ability for sexual reproduction
_____________ is from pyruvate.
acetyl-CoA
what kind of fermentation produces ethanol, CO2, and NAD+?
alcohol fermentation
what are processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones?
anabolic reactions
____________ membranes are lipid bilayers with associated proteins and glycoproteins.
biological
prophase I: -typically, enzymes cause breaks in the ____________, and genetic material may be exchanged between chromatids. what is this called?
chromatids crossing-over or genetic recombination
each chromosome is made of ___________.
chromatin
Telophase
chromosomes are decondensed
What is denaturation?
due to changes in temp, pH, exposure
In metaphase of mitosis you should find that sister chromatids:
have their kinetochores on opposite sides.
genes are the functional units of __________.
heredity
amphipathic molecules have distinct ______________ and _____________ regions
hydrophobic; hydrophilic
specialized contacts between cells are called...
junctions
the assortment of chromosomes for an individual is the ___________.
karyotype
extend from a pole to a kinetochore
kinetochore microtubules
Neutron?
neutron would be blank circle
a particular organism shows more variety in enzyme ______ optima than in _______________ optima -most of its enzymes will still be optimal at the pH normally found where?
pH; temperature -in the cytosol of its cells
Active site
region on an enzyme that binds to a protein.
detergents can __________ lipids to varying degrees.
solubilize
Which molecule has a shaded functional group that is a hydroxyl group? 2 6 1 4 5
-6.
The molecule depicted above is: NADH glycerol ATP cyclic AMP cytosine
-ATP
oxidative phosphorylation: -chemiosmosis produces _____. -protons are __________ and do not __________ ________ a cell membrane.
-ATP -charged; readily cross
The structure shown in the figure below is considered to be which of the following? carbohydrate a nucleic acid a polypeptide a lipid
-a lipid.
what do most enzyme names end in? what do some end in?
-ase; -zyme
enzyme optimal pH: -most ____________ at the optimum; drop-off ________. -____________ of pH tend to denature enzymes.
-effective; varies -extremes
interphase: -the DNA is completely ____________ during the synthesis phase or S phase. -the period before the S phase is a "gap" phase called __________.
-replicated -G1 phase
In the picture, Rubisco would mostly be found
A
Which kingdom is characterized by its members being multicellular eukaryotes with no cell walls? Protista Animalia Eubacteria Fungi Plantae
Animalia
Gap Junctions
Between animal cells act as selective pores
Enzyme Substrate Complex
Binding of enzyme and substrate
Exocytosis
Cells move material out
Refer to the representation of DNA replication in Figure 16-1 above. The structure labeled "C" is:
DNA helicase (MAKE SURE THESE ARE THE RIGHT "" LETTERS PLEASE :)
Wavelength
Distance between crests of waves
Diploid
Has two complete sets (2n)
23
How many chromosomes does one human sperm cell have?
B
In eukaryotes the replication of chromosomal DNA occurs during: A. prophase. B. S phase. C. G1 phase. D. G2 phase. E. metaphase
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Inhibitors that impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the molecule
Crossing over for genetic recombination occurs in what phase of meiosis ?
Prophase I
What adds CO2 to ribulose diphosphate?
Rubisco
A
The line on the above graph labeled A represents the: A. activation energy without an enzyme. B. net energy consumed by the reaction. C. activation energy with an enzyme. D. net change in free energy. E. activation energy with or without an enzyme.
b. C6H12O6
Which of the following is least likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? a. CO2 b. C6H12O6 c. O2 d. N2 e. H2O
endocytosis
bring materials into the cell
organisms can be classified based on how they obtain what?
energy and carbon
An enzyme that would catalyze the breaking of a bond using water (or the equivalent of water) would be considered a/an:
hydrolase
_________ is diffusion of a solvent across a membrane
osmosis
extend from a pole to the midplane area, often overlapping with polar microtubules from the other pole
polar microtubules
cells need membranes to be within a reasonable range of fluidity - too fluid and they are too _______, too viscous and they are more like _________ ______.
weak; solid gels
infrared light
what electromagnetic radiation has the least energy?
ultraviolet light
what electromagnetic radiation has the most energy?
when are contents of two separate membrane-bound lumens mixed?
when fusion occurs
Change in Free Energy
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Click or touch inside of a box where the shaded region is a hydroxyl group.
*bottom left*
Click or touch inside of a box that has a pair of enantiomers.
*bottom middle*
Click or touch inside of a box that has a pair of cis-trans isomers.
*bottom right*
This figure shows various bonds. Click or touch a region where there is an ionic bond.
*circle around the bottom 2* (green and tan). ''Ionic bonds are between ions of opposite charges.''
Click or touch inside of a box where the shaded region is an amino group.
*left 1*
Click or touch inside of a box where the shaded region is a carbonyl group.
*left 2 or/and right 4*
Click or touch inside of a box where the shaded region is a carboxyl group.
*left 3*
Click or touch inside of a box where the shaded region is a methyl group.
*right 1*
Click or touch inside of a box where the shaded region is a phosphate group.
*right 2*
Click or touch inside of a box where the shaded region is a sulfhydryl group.
*right 3*
Touch or click on a glycosidic linkage.
*the O in the very middle* (bottom right)
Touch or click on a peptide bond.
*the bond between the C and the N in the middle* (toward the left side) (top right)
Click or touch inside of a box that has a pair of structural isomers. Be sure your selection is well inside of the box. (There may be more than one correct answer; any correct selection will be scored as correct.)
*top right and or bottom left*
What is the charge of the atom modeled here? Answer both with a charge and number (-7, 0, or +7).
+1 Atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom, each of which is essentially 1 Dalton or 1 atomic mass unit. Technically, electrons do contribute to the mass of an atom; however, the mass of an electron is less than 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit - a negligible amount.
oxidative phosphorylation: -energy from oxidation of NADH yields __________. -energy from oxidation of FADH2 yields _________. -only ____ of the electrons from the NADH from _____________ wind up on FADH2 after being shuttled across the ________________ _____________.
- ~3 ATP - ~2 ATP - ~2; glycolysis; mitochondrial membrane
how much net FADH2 is made in oxidative phosphorylation?
-2
Which molecule has a shaded functional group that is a methyl group? 2 1 4 3 6
-2.
Why does ice float in liquid water? The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water. The liquid water molecules have more kinetic energy and thus support the ice. Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat. The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking. Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.
-Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.
prophase: -in animals and some other eukaryotes, centrioles are found in the ________.
-MTOC -
photorespiration: -rubisco sometimes adds _____ to RuBP rather than a CO2- the oxygenase function of RUBISCO. -this is most likely under conditions of conditions of low ______ and high _____.
-O2 -CO2; O2
anaphase: -motor proteins on the polar microtubules slide them past each other, pushing them _______. -this pushes the MTOCs away from each other, and thus has the effect of pushing kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles ________ from each other.
-apart -away
membrane proteins perform several functions, including: -acting as ___________. -regulating ___________ across the membrane. -in ______ ___________.
-enzymes -transport -cell signaling
prophase: -centromeres contain a _____________ where microtubules will bind. -each sister chromatid has its own ____________.
-kinetochore -kinetochore
After a solution containing lysed cells is subjected to relatively low-speed centrifugation: the lightest cell components will be found in the pellet the lightest cell components will be found in the supernatant the entire cell will be trapped under the pellet the entire cell will reform spontaneously in the supernatant the plasma membrane and any cell wall will be in the pellet, leaving the organelles in the supernatant
-the lightest cell components will be found in the supernatant
citric acid cycle: -also known as: (3)
-tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, or Krebs cycle
carbon fixation: -the resulting 6-carbon compound is __________ and immediately splits into how many molecules of what?
-unstable; 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
noncyclic electron transport: -does this chain differ from the one that P700 uses? -eventually, the electron winds up on ______________. -the ultimate electron acceptor for this chain is _________.
-yes -plastocyanin -P700
how many carbons comes out of the citric acid cycle?
0
how much net ATP is produced in Acetyl CoA?
0
how much net FADH2 is made in Acetyl CoA?
0
how much net FADH2 is made in glycolysis?
0
oogenesis typically produces what for each germ cell that undergoes meiosis?
1 haploid egg cell (ovum)
Considering only glycolysis, the oxidation of pyruvate molecules to acetyl-CoA molecules, and the citric acid cycle, how many net NADH molecules will be produced using one glucose molecule as an energy source? (This means that you are NOT including oxidative phosphorylation). Enter a whole number, with no decimal (for example, 5 not 5. or five).
10
what is the atomic number here?
2 Atomic number is determined only by the number of protons in an atom. It is the same as the number of protons.
Above is a model of a neutral oxygen atom. How many covalent bonds will it tend to form?
2 Atoms tend to react chemically to fill their valence shell. They do this by gaining electrons, losing electrons, or forming covalent bonds. Oxygen has 6 electrons in its valence shell, and needs 2 more to fill it.
Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields:
2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields: 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. 2 G3P. 1 acetyl CoA + 1 ATP. 2 ATP + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. 1 ATP + 1 CO2 + 1 NADH.
2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH.
Electrochemical Gradient
2 forces that drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane
for humans, the 46 chromosomes are in how many pairs?
23
what compound goes into citric acid cycle?
2Acetyl CoA
what comes out of Acetyl CoA?
2Acetyl CoA + 2CO2
How many carbons are in the molecule represented here? (Type the actual number, for example 30 not thirty).
6
how many carbons come out of glycolysis?
6
how many carbons go into Acetyl CoA?
6
how many carbons go into glycolysis?
6
how much NADH id made in the citric acid cycle?
6
Feedback Inhibition
A cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme's activity is inhibited by the enzyme's end product
Nuclear Envelope
A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
In glycolysis what is another notable item? A. energy investment payoff B. 2 cycle turns per glucose C. energy payoff phase G3P D. phosphofructokinase E. ATP Synthesis F. all of the above
A, C, D
The molecule depicted above is: NADH glycerol ATP cyclic AMP cytosine
ATP
The line on the above graph labeled A represents the:
Activation energy without an enzyme
Where can a substrate bind to an enzyme?
Active site
The process that allows proteins (H+) to move against their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel would be best termed as:
Active transport
The Cell Theory
All organisms are made of cells; Many organisms are single celled; Multicellular organisms are made of many cells; Cells are an organism's basic unit of structure and function; All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Fibronectin
An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix
Rough ER
Appears rough because ribosomes are attached; Abundant in cells that secrete protein
The ultimate electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation is: A. ATP B. O2 C. glucose D. CO2 E. NADH
B
Tight Junctions
Between some animal cells are used to seal off body cavities
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stage(s) of aerobic respiration?
Both the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
The function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to A. form NADH B. regenerate FADH2 C. regenerate NAD+ D. regenerate ADP. E. produce ATP from NADH
C
Phototrophs
Can get energy directly from light (these organisms can use chemical compounds as energy sources as well)
Chemotrophs
Can only get energy directly from chemical compounds
Heterotrophs
Cannot fix CO2; they use organic molecules from other organisms as a carbon source
Energy
Capacity to cause change
Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
Cellulose
Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls
Which of the following is a way organisms control fluidity?
Changing the fatty acid profile of their membranes
Plasmodesmata
Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
Catalyst
Chemical agent that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being consumed
Karyotype
Chromosomes for an individual
Anabolic Pathway
Consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds (ex: synthesis of amino acids)
Refer to the representation of DNA replication in figure 16-1 above. The structure labeled "A" is:
DNA ligase
Which of the following acts in DNA replication to build a new DNA strand onto the end of an existing strand, following basepairing rules with a template strand?
DNA polymerase
Linear Electron Flow
Drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH by energizing the two photosystems embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
the lagging strands contain more short DNA segments than the leading strand, and these short segments are joined together by DNA ligase
During DNA replication, DNA ligase is most active on the lagging strand because
lagging; opposite; discontinuous
During DNA replication, the _______________ strand is assembled in the _______________ direction that the DNA double helix unwinds and is produced by ________________ replication.
Where are protein hormones made, where do they go, and where do they end up?
ER; golgi; vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane.
NADPH
Electron carrier that provides high-energy electrons for photosynthesis
Kinetic Energy
Energy associated with the relative movement of objects
ATP
Energy molecule in our body
C
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? A. mitochondrial outer membrane B. mitochondrial inner membrane C. mitochondrial intermembrane space D. mitochondrial matrix E. cytosol
gaps left at the 5' end of the lagging strand because of the need for a 3' onto which nucleotides can attach
Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following?
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Every energy conversion increases the entropy of the universe
D
Feedback inhibition is typically ________, with the inhibitor binding to ________ on the enzyme. A. competitive; the active site B. noncompetitive; the active site C. irreversible; the active site D. noncompetitive; an allosteric site E. irreversible; an allosteric site
Alcohol Fermentation
Fermentation where pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Fermentation where pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate without the release of CO2
Oxidation Phosphorylation
Final stage of aerobic respiration; NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETC; Inner membrane of the mitochondria; Results in 28 ATP
Glycolysis
First stage of aerobic respiration; Glucose is transferred to pyruvate; Occurs in the cytosol; NAD+ is changed to NADH; Results in 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Cisternae
Flattened membranous sacs in the GA; Membrane of each separates its internal space from the cytosol
there are three major checkpoints in cell cycle regulation:
G1, G2 and mitosis
Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest amount of energy?
Gamma radiation
The first evidence of a connection between genes and metabolism came from studies of alkaptonuria (black urine disease) conducted by ________.
Garrod
other notable items in oxidative phosphorylation A. electron transport chain B. FMN C. Ubiquinone D. Fe-s proteins E. cytochromes F. O2 at the end G. ATP Synthesis H. All of the above
H. All of the above
What is your species name? (For your answer don't worry about underlining or italics rules, but do worry about capitalization rules and spelling.)
Homo sapiens
Which of the following does not happen in prophase of mitosis in animal cells?
Homologous chromosomes pair up
4
How many CO2 molecules are released in the citric acid cycle?
C
In C4 plants and CAM plants, the reaction that initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound is catalyzed by the enzyme: A. phosphofructokinase. B. pyridoxal kinase. C. PEP carboxylase. D. rubisco. E. ATP synthase.
Competitive
Inhibitor is similar in structure to a substrate; competes with substrate for binding to the active site
a solution in the beaker is considered what if the solution in the dialysis bag doesn't loss or gain weight while in a solution in a beaker hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Isotonic
Thermal Energy
Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
Which of the following processes typically occur during anaphase?
Kinetochore microtubules shorten behind the moving chromosomes
Dyenins
Large protruding motor proteins that are responsible for the bending movement of the organelle
Phagocytosis
Large solid particles are ingested
Saturated
Less fluid
Flaccid
Limp
Heterotrophs
Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms; Consumers of the biosphere
d
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics? A) Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time. B) Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism growsis balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe. C) Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics. D) As a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth. E) Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.
Receptor
Mediated endocytosis
Diploid cells give rise to haploid cells during...
Meiosis
What is involved in meiosis?
Meiosis I: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, interkinesis Meiosis II: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
Integrins
Membrane proteins; They transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules; Work best in acidic PH
asexual populations tend to accumulate harmful mutations by chance over time, with no good way to get rid of them- like turning a ratchet, you can't go back; recombination can overcome this.
Miller's Ratchet
leading hypotheses for why sex occurs include: (3)
Miller's Ratchet DNA repair the Red Queen
Fluid Mosaic Model
Model has some proteins imbedded in lipid bilayers that act as two-dimensional fluids
The molecule depicted above is: glycerol ATP NAD+ cyclic AMP cytosine
NAD+
2 Common Electron Carriers
NAD+ and FAD
in fermentation, ________ must be regenerated where NADH __________ an organic molecule. why?
NAD+; reduces; because there is only glycolysis
Which of these substances is likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? O2 ,H2O, C6H12O6, N2, H+, CO2
O2 ,H2O, N2, CO2
Diffusion
O2 and CO2 enter and leave a plant cell by:
Which of the following statements are true given the reaction below
O2 gets reduced, and C6H12O6 gets oxidized.
what does anaerobic mean?
O2-deficient
Sexual Reproduction
Occurs when specialized sex cells called gametes fuse to form a single cell called a zygote
Photosystem I
One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; It uses the P700 reaction-center chlorophyll
Nucleus
Organelle that contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell
High concentration to low concentration
Osmosis moves water from a region of:
Photons
Packets of energy
When a sample is centrifuged, the material that is packed at the bottom of the test tube is the _____.
Pellet
Which of these are associated with membranes but are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all?
Peripheral proteins
e. nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds are the typical bonds between: a. phospholipids b. amino acids c. steroids d. monosaccharides e. nucleotides
C
Phospholipids can spontaneously form bilayer structures in water because of their: A. single hydrophobic tail. B. overall cone shape. C. amphipathic nature. D. mostly hydrophilic nature. E. terpene subunits.
E
Pinocytosis: A. always requires the specific binding of molecules to receptors on the cell surface. B. is movement of molecules with their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane. C. is engulfment of large solid particles by the cell. D. results in secretion of materials outside the cell. E. is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell.
CAM Plants
Plants that open their stomata only at night; Succulents, cacti, pineapples
Gap Junctions
Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
what goes into Acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate + 2CoA
sex allows for populations to "store" genetic diversity so that it is available for each generation; this only provides an advantage if the environment provides ever-changing physical and/or biological constraints; an 'evolutionary arms race' between parasites and their hosts may be a key factor in producing such 'treadmill evolution'.
Red Queen
Dehydrogenation Reactions
Redox reactions that transfer hydrogens to NAD+ or FAD
Inhibitors
Reduce or eliminate catalytic activity
net change in free energy
Refer to Figure 06-2. The line on the graph labeled C represents the:
Enzymes
Regulate chemical reactions in living organisms
Competitive Inhibitors
Reversible inhibitors that resemble the substrate and compete for binding to the active site
Free Ribosomes
Ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration
Homeoviscous Adaptation
States an increase in unsaturated fatty acids at lower grown temperatures and an increase in saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures
Endosymbiont Theory
States that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell and over the course of evolution, the host cell and its endosymbiont merged into a eukaryotic cell within a mitochondrion
Endomembrane System
System of membranes that regulate protein traffic and performs metabolic functions; Includes the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane
Which of the following lists eukaryotic cell cycle phases in a correct chromosomes?
Telophase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase
Fluidity
Temperature, fatty acid profile, and fluidity modifiers or stabilizers
Extracellular Matrix
The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells
Osmosis
The diffusion of a solvent across a membrane
nucleosomes; DNA
The electron micrograph above shows chromatin organized like "beads on a string." At this level of DNA compaction the "beads" are __________________ and the "string" is __________.
D
The electron micrograph shows chromatin organized like "bead on a string." At this level of DNA compaction the "beads" are ____________ and the "string" is _________. A. 30-nm chromatin fibers; 10-nm chromatin fiber B. DNA; 10-nm chromatin fiber C. nucleosomes; histone H1 D. nucleosomes; DNA E. DNA; histone H1
B
The figure above depicts which of the following processes? A. fermentation B. citric acid cycle C. pyruvate oxidation D. glycolysis E. oxidative phosphorylation
A
The figure above depicts which of the following processes? A) citric acid cycle D) glycolysis B) pyruvate oxidation E) fermentation C) oxidative phosphorylation
Cytoplasm
The fluid interior of a cell where a cell's metabolic reactions occur; Contains the organelles
Cytosol
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that contains water, salts, and organic molecules
Concentration gradient ; ATP
The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is ______.
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area with a high concentration to an area with a low concentration
Making sugar
The overall function of the calvin cycle is:
D
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to A. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. B. catalyze the reactions of glycolysis. C. combine with carbon, forming . D. act as a the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain. E. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
a. fermentation; NAD+; NADH
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during _ occurs as a means of regenerating _ from _. a. fermentation; NAD+; NADH b. aerobic respiration; NAD+; NADH c. aerobic respiration; ATP; ADP d. aerobic respiration; ADP; ATP e. fermentation; NADH; NAD+
B
This site where substrate(s) bind to an enzyme is called a/an: A. reduction site B. active site C. apoenzyme D. allosteric site E. helix site
rRNA
This type of RNA forms the main structural and catalytic elements of ribosomes
E
This type of RNA forms the main structural and catalytic elements of ribosomes. A. pre-mRNA B. tRNA C. mRNA D. snRNA E. rRNA
Intermediate Filaments
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments; Reinforce cell shape and fix organelle location
Which of the following types of cell-cell contacts are adjacent to each other and held together by a tight seal?
Tight junctions
transcription factors to help it bind to a promoter
To start transcription in eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase needs
Isotonic
Two solutions have the same osmotic pressure
What do proteins and glycoproteins embedded in membranes do?
Used for chemical recognition and signaling.
Food Vacuoles
Vacuoles formed by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes
Contractile Vacuoles
Vacuoles found in freshwater protists; Pump excess water out of the cell to maintain the appropriate concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell`
Endocytosis
Vesicles or vacuoles bud into the cell from the plasma membrane, bringing materials into the cell; several types
The structure of DNA was worked out by whom?
Watson and Crick
Produce organic molecules using light energy and CO2
What is the main reason plants perform photosynthesis?
d. infrared light
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the least energy per photon? a. x rays b. red light c. green light d. infrared light e. ultraviolet light
where do the hydrophilic heads of phospholipids come from?
a polar organic molecule linked via a phosphate group to the glycerol backbone
energy is transferred here, where electrons are actually moved into here.
a reaction center; electron transport chains
what is the site where the substrate(s) binds to the enzyme called?
active site
site where noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called an
active site or allosteric site
Which of the following could describe a process that allows protons (H+) to move AGAINST their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel?
active transport
Consider a situation in which an enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and HAS BEEN saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?
add more enzyme
deamination is when...
an amino group is removed
what does anaerobic respiration still use?
an electron transport chain
ligase
an enzyme that joins two molecules with covalent bonds _________
metabolic reactions include ___________ and __________, and involve __________ _________.
anabolism; catabolism; energy transfers
bacteria that live in environments where O2 is not abundant perform...
anaerobic respiration
the shape of phospholipid molecules favor the formation of lipid ___________ over lipid __________.
bilayers; spheres
typically, a prokaryotic cell divides by __________ _________, splitting into two nearly equal halves.
binary fission
allosteric inhibition
bind to an enzyme at a site other than the active site
energy of activation is the energy required to...
break existing bonds
typically, interkinesis is _________. -some cells skip it altogether.
brief
Which one of these substrates is NOT likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? a.) N2 b.) O2 c.) C6H12O6 d.) H2 e.) CO2
c.) C6H12O6 *do not pass through easily*; C6H12O6 (glucose-sugar), amino acids, ions *pass through easily*; H2O, O2, N2.
Use the picture below to answer the following questions: What is labeled B?
c.) chlorophyll B
A glycosidic bond is typically found in polymers that are: carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are the monomer type found in: proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids lipids
carbohydrates
the remaining _________ _______ enters aerobic respiration at various points, depending on what?
carbon chain; chain length
decarboxylation reactions: ___________ groups are removed; _____ is released.
carboxyl; CO2
chemical reactions involve __________ in chemical bonds and substance concentrations, along with changes in _______ __________.
changes; free energy
organisms commonly use ____________ ________ for storage and transfer of potential energy.
chemical bonds
fermentation
chemical break down of substance, giving off heat produces: ethanol, CO2, NAD+
Metaphase
chromosomes line up on a midplane and are condensed
The figure above depicts which of the following processes? fermentation citric acid cycle pyruvate oxidation glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation
citric acid cycle
what does asexual reproduction create?
clones
first law of thermodynamics: the total amount of energy (+ matter) in a __________ system remains __________ (principle of ____________ ____ ________). -the universe is a _________ system. -living things are _______ systems.
closed; constant; conservation of energy -closed -open
The enzyme rubisco catalyzes the reaction that:
combines CO2 with ribulose bisphoshate
Organisms that obtain energy by breaking down waste products and dead bodies of other organisms are most specifically called: autotrophs. consumers. 'Bama fans. producers. decomposers.
decomposers
What is the fluid mosaic models function
describes the structure and properties of cell membranes
most eukaryotic cells are capable of _________.
dividing
what are the products have more free energy than the reactants?
endergonic reactions
what are vesicles or vacuoles that bud into the cell from the plasma membrane, bringing materials into the cell?
endocytosis
A mutation in which of the following parts of a gene is most likely to be damaging to a cell?
exon
sexual reproduction occurs when specialized sex cells called _________ fuse to form a single cell called a _________.
gametes; zygote
Which of the following is correct:
gamma rays>x-rays> radio waves *most energy to least* -- gamma, x-rays, uv, blue, green, red, infrared, radio.
Which of the following types of cell-cell contacts act as selective pores for exchange of materials between adjacent animal cells?
gap junctions
what for is the fproduct in when it comes out of Acetyl CoA?
gas
What are the four ways enzymes reduce activation energy?
holding reactants close in the right orientation; direct involvement during transition states; putting a strain on existing bonds; providing a microenvironment.
An ester linkage is found combining glycerol to other parts of many: carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
lipids
a mother chromosome is called a...
maternal homolog
interkinesis: the period between ____________ and ____________, varies in length and distinctiveness.
meiosis I and meiosis II
the two cell divisions in meiosis are called....
meiosis I and meiosis II
what produces specialized cells that undergo meiosis to produce spores?
multicellular diploid sporophyte
is anaerobic respiration as efficient as aerobic respiration?
no
Allosteric site
noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme.
feedback inhibition is typically ______ with the inhibitor binding to ____ on the enzyme.
noncompetitive; an allosteric site
this produces ATP and NADPH.
noncyclic electron transport
Phosphodiester bonds are bonds between _____
nucleotides
in biological membranes, most of the lipids involved are _______________, although others like _____________ and various ____________ are also present.
phospholipids; cholesterol; glycolipids
What does phosphofructokinase do?
phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate in glycolysis
what is embedded in membranes used for chemical recognition and signaling?
proteins and glycoproteins
peripheral proteins
proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilyar
when cells reach a certain _______, growth either stops or the cell must divide.
size
what cells of animals and higher plants are diploid cells?
somatic (body)
The two molecules shown above provide an example of structural isomers. cis-trans isomers. chemical isotopes. enantiomers. radioactive isotopes.
structural isomers.
these disklikes membranous sacs found in stroma that interconnected with each other and inner membrane
thylakoids
why must winding membrane surfaces be kept far apart and structurally supported?
to prevent them from self-sealing
Differentiate between: anabolism and catabolism exergonic and endergonic reactions -Anabolism are processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones. Catabolism are processes the break down complex molecules into simpler ones.Exergonic reactions that the products have less free energy that reactants, the difference in energy released and is available to do work.-Endergonic reactions - the products have more free energy that the reactants, the difference in the energy must be supplied and is stored in chemical bonds. true or false
true
What are Joules (J) and calories (cal)? Joules are the SI unit work of energy, and Calories are unit of the energy. true or false
true
what is hydrostatic pressure in cells with a cell wall?
turgor pressure
2 Which of the following could describe a process that allows protons (H+) to move AGAINST their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel? A) active transport B) facilitated diffusion C) simple diffusion D) pinocytosis E) exocytosis
A - active transport
Millers Ratchet
Asexual populations tend to accumulate harmful mutations
1 ATP, 3 NADH, & 1 FADH2
During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:
raise the temperature significantly
In absense of an enzyme, how do you make reaction faster?
Pi
Inorganic phosphate group
ATP Synthase
Protein complex from the cristae that makes ATP from ADP and Pi
B
Substitution of one base pair for another n a coding region of a gene can result in a _________ mutation that changes a codon that once coded for a an amino acid to code for a stop codon. A. chromosomal B. nonsense C. missense D. silent E. frameshift
C
The reaction in the C3 cycle that adds CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate, known as carbon fixation or CO2 uptake, is catalyzed by the enzyme A. phosphofructokinase. B. pyridoxal kinase. C. rubisco. D. ATP synthase. E. PEP carboxylase.
D
The reaction in the C3 cycle that adds CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate, known as carbon fixation or CO2 uptake, is catalyzed by the enzyme A) pyridoxal kinase. D) rubisco. B) phosphofructokinase. E) ATP synthase. C) PEP carboxylase.
Action Spectrum
The relative rate of photosynthesis for a given radiation wavelength range
D
The site where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called a/an: A. helix site B. active site C. apoenzyme D. allosteric site E. reduction site
D
The site where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called a/an: A. helix site B. active site C. apoenzyme D. allosteric site E. reduction site
C
Which of the following is least likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? ** keep hitting enter to see other version of q/answer(s) ** A) O2 D) H2O B) N2 E) CO2 C) ATP
catabolism
Which term most precisely describes the cellular processes that break down larger molecules into smaller molecules?
what must organisms get just to maintain their current state?
a constant influx of energy because of energy lost in conversions
what is the fluidity of a membrane?
a function of both temperature and the molecules in the membrane
yeast and many bacteria perform alcoholic fermentation in _____ __________ environments
low oxygen
Enzymes _______ the activation energy of a reaction
lower
metaphase II: -chromosomes line up along the __________ of the cell.
midplane
metaphase: chromosomes line up along the ___________ of the cell (the metaphase plate).
midplane
Where does Acetyl CoA occur?
mitochondria
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
mitochondria
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
mitochondria
In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that
mixing a heat- killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. ***** this one is right
NADPH, NADP+
molecule________ is reduced relative to _______
each chromosome in a diploid cell has a ____________ chromosome. what are those called?
partner; homologous chromosomes
a father chromosome is called a....
paternal homolog
facilitated diffusion
process that allows protons (H+) to move w/ their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel
the __________ of one reaction often serve as ______________ for the next reaction.
products; substrates
what provides roughly the same amount of energy per unit weight as glucose?
proteins/ amino acids
FADH2, FAD
the molecule _______ is reduced relative to ______. (different than the first one)
During which process(s) of aerobic respiration is CO2 released?
the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, and the citric acid cycle
fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane delivers the material in the ________ ________ to where?
vesicle lumen; outside of the cell
fusion is common between __________ and various _____________.
vesicles; organelles
See the genetic code table and the statement below it. The THIRD codon (counting the start codon as the first codon) directs incorporation of which amino acid in the polypeptide?
***valine!!!!! I GUESS. idk ugh either valine or tyrosine, I guess go with valine first and if it's not an answer go with tyrosine. ***** (there was some misconstrusion with this one, there is two for "THIRD"
carbon fixation by the C3 cycle: -how many enzymes are in the stroma? -how many of them are also enzymes that work in aerobic respiration?
-13 -10
Which molecule has a shaded functional group that is a carbonyl group? 2 1 4 3 6
-3.
photorespiration: -no ______ are produced, but some are consumed. -called photorespiration because....
-ATP -occurs in the light and consumes O2, while producing CO2 and H2O
According to the rules for normal basepairing, which of the following represents a correct DNA-DNA basepair? C-T T-T A-G C-G A-C
-C-G
supplemental carbon fixation pathways: -what are the supplemental carbon fixation pathways? -what pathway is used by all plants? -some plants have ____________ pathways that increase the efficiency of photosynthesis in either intense _______ or _______ conditions.
-C4 and CAM pathways -C3 -supplemental; light; arid
interphase: (G2) -the period between the S phase and cell division is the _____ phase. -the G2 phase is usually _________. -cells in this phase are committed to and preparing for _____ _________.
-G2 -short -cell division
ATP is a nucleotide with: -what base? -a chain of how many phosphate groups? -...
-adenine base -3 -ribose sugar
metaphase: -_______________ are most condensed, most visible, and most distinguishable during metaphase. -the mitotic spindle, now complete, has ______ types of microtubules:
-chromosomes -two; kinetochore microtubules and polar microtubules
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: Golgi apparatus synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
-cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations
cytokinesis: -in animals a ___________ ________ develops- usually close to where the metaphase plate was. -a _____________ (actin) ring contracts due to interactions with myosin molecules, forming a deepening furrow.
-cleavage furrow -microfilament
cytokinesis: -_____________, and with it most organelles, is usually distributed randomly but roughly equally between daughter cells. -sometimes cell division is a highly regulated ________ division that purposefully distributes some materials ___________.
-cytoplasm -polar; unequally
glycolysis: -occurs in the _________. -occurs under both _________ and _____________ conditions. - no _____ required.
-cytosol -aerobic; anaerobic -O2
A molecule with the chemical formula C14H28O4 is probably a carbohydrate. protein. hydrocarbon. lipid. nucleic acid.
-lipid
what two key predictions did the fluid mosaic model verify?
-materials can be moved along the membrane due to its fluid properties -digestion of certain transmembrane proteins applied to one side of a membrane will produce protein fragments that differ from those found if digestion is done only on the other side
oxidative phosphorylation: -in the end, electrons wind up on ___________ _________. -_________ is formed.
-molecular oxygen -water
by the end of prophase: -some call the later part of prophase ________________. -usually defined to include _______________ of the nuclear membrane and attachment of kinetochores to microtubules. -in some eukaryotes the nuclear membrane never _____________.
-prometaphase -vesicularization -vesicularizes
glycolysis: -glucose is converted to 2 _________ ____________. -released energy is stored in a net yield of ___ ______ and ___ ________ molecules.
-pyruvate molecules -2 ATP; 2 NADH
Microfilaments are _ than microtubules and are made of _ . thinner; α-tubulin and β-tubulin dimers thicker; kinesin and dynein motors thinner; actin monomers thicker; actin monomers thicker; α-tubulin and β-tubulin dimers
-thinner; actin monomers
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 6 RuBP molecules requires _____ G3P molecules and the use of ___ ATPs and ____ NADPHs.
10:6:0
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires _ 3-PGA molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs. 6; 6; 6 12; 12; 12 10; 6; 0 10; 12; 6 12; 18; 12
12; 12; 12
Suppose that a cell has 30 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each?
15
How many NADH is produced for acetyl CoA?
2
C
4 Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most animals, known as gametic meiosis? A. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → mitosis → fertilization B. zygote → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization C. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → production of gametes → fertilization D. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization E. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization
spermatogenesis typically produces what for each germ cell that undergoes meiosis?
4 haploid sperm
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; Multiple linear DNA
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
92
A human home marrow cell contains 46 chromosomes, how many chromatids does it have?
Central Vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes
C3 Plant
A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate; Rice, wheat, and soybeans
the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted
A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because
Sodium-Potassium Pump
A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients
other notable items in the citric acid cycle A. 2 cycle turns per glucose B. entry R x N C. ATP Synthesis D. energy payoff phase G3P E. pyruvate F. All of the above
A, B
Noncyclic electron transports produces
ATP and NADPH
What isn't a part of the electron transport chain?
ATP synthase
balance regulates much of oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP/ADP
In eukaryotes the replication of chromosomal DNA occurs during: A. G0 B. G1 C. S phase D. prophase E. G2 F. metaphase G. anaphase H. telophase
C
Which of the following represent correct RNA-RNA basepairing rules? C-T C-G A-T A-U U-T A-G
C-G & A-U
Which of the following is least likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? CO2 C6H12O6 O2 N2 H2O
C6H12O6
Which of these substances is NOT likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion?
C6H12O6
Aerobic Respiration
Cellular respiration
In which of the following phases of meiosis should your find sister chromatids attached to each other with their kinetochores on opposite sides? A. prophase I B. metaphase I C. anaphase I D. telophase I E. prophase II F. metaphase II G. anaphase I I H. telophase II
E, F
Irreversible Inhibition
Enzyme is permanently inactivated or destroyed; includes many drugs and toxins
Exocytosis
Fusion of vesicles or vacuoles with the plasma membrane that results in secretion outside the cell or discarding waste outside the cell
D
In most cases, an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 12 chromosomes will have ________ chromosomes in its diploid somatic (body) cells and _________ chromosomes in its gametes. A) 12; 24 D) 12; 6 B) 6; 24 E) 6; 12 C) 24; 12
C
In most cases, an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 24 chromosomes will have _ chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells and _ chromosomes in its gametes. A. 48; 96 B. 24; 48 C. 24; 12 D. 48; 24 E. 12; 24
Entropy
Measure of disorder or randomness
Homologous chromosomes separate during...
Meiosis I
Tight Junctions
Membranes of adjacent cells are fused and prevent the leakage of extracellular fluid
Cofactors
Nonprotein helpers; Bind permanently or reversibly to the enzyme
In which phase of aerobic respiration is oxygen used?
Oxidative phosphorylation
In C4 plants and CAM plants, the reaction that initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound is catalyzed by the enzyme: phosphofructokinase. pyridoxal kinase. PEP carboxylase. rubisco. ATP synthase.
PEP carboxylase.
Osmosis
Passive transport of water
Golgi Apparatus
Shipping/Receiving center for cell products
Cis Face
Side of the GA near the ER that receives material by fusing with the transport vesicles from the ER
Trans Face
Side of the GA that buds off of vesicles that travel to other sites; Products are modified before entering here
a competitive inhibitor
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more citrate does nothing to overcome the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme in a different location than citrate does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid (which is preferred at lower temperatures)?
The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form bends in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they would be with saturated fatty acids.
d. act as a the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to a. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. b. catalyze the reactions of glycolysis. c. combine with carbon, forming d. act as a the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain. e. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
Exergonic Reactions
The products have less free energy than reactants. Spontaneous
First Law of Thermodynamics
The total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant
Channel Proteins
Transport proteins with a hydrophilic channel
Movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient
What is active transport?
D
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the C3 cycle (Calvin cycle) take place? A. thylakoid space B. outer membrane of the chloroplast C. thylakoid membranes D. stroma of the chloroplast E. electron transport chain
A
Which term most precisely describes the cellular processes that build up larger molecules from smaller molecules? A. anabolism B. dehydration C. metabolism D. catabolism E. catalysis
prophase I: -what is the resulting structure called? what does it have?
bivalent or a tetrad; 4 total chromatids (two sisters from each homologous chromosome)
_______ and _____ light are most effective for photosynthesis.
blue; red
free energy changes depend on ________ __________ and concentrations of ____________ and ____________.
bond energies; reactants and products
what is the energy required to break a bond called? (value depends on the bond).
bond energy
what is the energy available to do work in a chemical reaction (such as: create a chemical bond) called?
free energy
Families are divided into as the next taxonomic level. orders domains phyla kingdoms genera species classes
genera
what is chiasmata?
the sites where crossing-over occurred
biological membranes are free to move in two dimensions, but not in the ________, the molecules of the membrane can __________ or move ____________.
third; rotate; laterally
What is the arrow pointing in the following picture?
thylakoid
this is a fluid-filled region inside a thylakoid
thylakoid lumen
Where is the chlorophyll found?
thylakoid membrane
photosynthetic prokaryotes have plasma membrane folds that act like...
thylakoid membranes
chromatids =
twice as many chromosomes
Plasmodesmata
type of cell-cell contacts, act as selective pores for exchange of materials b/w adjacent plant cells
when are enzymes are most active?
under optimal conditions
what are the two ways that energy can be expressed?
units of work (kJ) or heat energy (kcal)
B
** check all words ** Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag from was graphed. (Percent change was from the mass of the bag at time 0, the start of the experiment.) For which line or lines does the data indicate that the solution in the bag is HYPERTONIC compared to the solution in the beaker at the end of the experiment (60 minute timepoint)? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. A and B G. A, C, and E H. D and E
D
** check all words ** Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed. Which line or lines represent(s) bags that contain a solution that is HYPOTONIC compared to the solution in the beaker at the end of 60 minutes?
See the genetic code table and the statement below it. The SECOND codon (counting the start codon as the first codon) directs incorporation of which amino acid in the polypeptide?
********tyrosine!!!!!!!! (there was some misconstrusion with this one, there is two for "SECOND" but USE THIS ONE FOR ANSWER unless its not an answer choice- then use the "threonine" sum thing answer. one might not be an answer choice so then obviously go with the one that's on there but go with this one first I guess)
The substance N2 is held together by covalent bonds. Based on the definitions used in this course, ? N2 is neither a compound nor a molecule. N2 is a molecule but not a compound. N2 is a compound but not a molecule. N2 is both a compound and a molecule. N2 is a compound unless it is mixed with H, then it becomes a molecule.
-N2 is a molecule but not a compound.
redox reactions: -one common intermediate acceptor is ________. what does that stand for? -the reduced form is often just called ________. -the __________ state stores energy, which is partially released as _______ _________ when NADH is __________. -what does the free energy usually wind up being used for?
-NAD+; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide -NADH -reduced; free energy; oxidized -to make ATP
redox reactions: -other commonly used acceptors are: -what is important in photosynthesis? -flavin adenine dinucleotide is... -what are small iron-containing proteins? (iron serves as electron acceptor).
-NADP+, FAD, and cytochromes -NADP+ /NADPH -FAD/FADH2 -cytochromes
anaerobic respiration: -process similar to aerobic respiration but that do not use ____. -used mainly by ____________ that live in anaerobic environments.
-O2 -bacteria
aerobic respiration: -a generally efficient process that requires _____. -_______ organisms can use a form of this at least some of the time. -also called __________ ____________.
-O2 -most -cellular respiration
Cell theory states that: All cells have membrane-bound organelles. All living organisms have a cell wall. Presently living cells fall into several unrelated groups. On Earth today, new cells are only made from existing cells. Eukaryotic cells arose independently from prokaryotic cells.
-On Earth today, new cells are only made from existing cells.
Based on our current model of cells, which of the following is true of life on Earth? All living organisms have a cell wall. Presently living cells fall into several unrelated groups. All cells have membrane-bound organelles. Today new cells are only made from existing cells. Eukaryotic cells arose independently from prokaryotic cells. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
-Today new cells are only made from existing cells. -All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Consider a spherical cell that begins with a radius of 2 µm. As it grows so that its radius becomes 4 µm, what will happen to its volume and its surface area? Volume will become 4x larger, and surface area will also become 4x larger. Volume will become 8x larger, while surface area will become 4x larger. Volume will become 4x larger, while surface area will become 8x larger. Volume will become 8x larger, while surface area will not change. Volume will not change, while surface area will become 4x larger.
-Volume will become 8x larger, while surface area will become 4x larger.
Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes (free meaning not bound to the ER)? a cell that is secreting proteins a cell that is digesting food particles a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes a cell that is enlarging its vacuole a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix
-a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
A cell has at least the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, endoplamsmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria. It could be a cell from a plant or an animal. a bacterium. any kind of organism. an animal, but not a plant. a plant, but not an animal.
-a plant or an animal.
A cell has at least the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, large central vacuole, cell wall, and plasma membrane. It could be a cell from any kind of organism. a plant or an animal. an animal, but not a plant. a plant, but not an animal. a bacterium only.
-a plant, but not an animal.
A scientist wants to investigate the surface of bacterial cells. She decides to use 70,000x magnification. Which instrument would be best suited to that task? a transmission electron microscope a centrifuge a transmission light microscope a scanning light microscope a scanning electron microscope
-a scanning electron microscope
noncyclic electron transport: -what does the overall gradient difference wind up being in [H+ ]? -____________ provides an energy source for making ATP using ATP synthase (______________). -what is this process called?
-about a 1000-fold -gradient; chemiosmosis -photophosphorylation
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: lysosomes synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
-acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
When added to an aqueous solution at pH (7.0), an acid such as HCl will act as a proton donor, raising the pH of the aqueous solution. act as a proton donor, lowering the pH of the aqueous solution. act as a proton acceptor, lowering the pH of the aqueous solution. do nothing since the aqueous solution is neutral. act as a proton acceptor, raising the pH of the aqueous solution.
-act as a proton donor, lowering the pH of the aqueous solution.
enzymes: -enzymes ________ reaction rate. -___________________ still governs whether the reaction can occur. -enzymes only catalyze reactions that are ___________.
-alter -thermodynamics -occurring
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
-attachment site for ribosomes
anaphase: -the protein tethers at the centromere between the chromatids are __________. -each former sister chromatid can now be called a _______________.
-broken -chromosome
-a cell wall enables cells to take in extra amounts of water without __________. -the cells take in water and push against the cell wall, which _________ ______. -many cells use turgor pressure as part of maintaining _____________; thus, if they _______ turgor pressure, plants wilt.
-bursting -pushes back -structure; lose
enzymes: -how do enzymes lower activation energy? -the ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex is highly dependent on...
-by forming a complex with the substrate(s) -the shape of the enzyme
photorespiration: -the product ___________ be used in the C3 cycle, and photorespiration is a _________ on the overall efficiency of photosynthesis. -some ____________ are broken down into CO2 and H2O. -___________ ___________ is lost from the system, and no _________ is captured.
-cannot; drain -byproducts -organic material; energy
About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen carbon, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium
-carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
aerobic respiration: -nutrients are ____________ to water and CO2, and energy is _________ in ATP (36-38 molecules). -what is oxidized to what? -what is reduced to what?
-catabolized; CO2; stored -glucose to carbon dioxide -oxygen to water
carbon fixation by the C3 cycle: -enzymes can usually ___________ reactions in both directions (the intermediate ES complex looks the same in both cases). -what does the direction of the reaction depend on? -that^^^ is influenced by _____________ of all substances involved in the reaction.
-catalyze -thermodynamics -concentrations
cytokinesis: -in plants, a ______ _________ develops- usually close to where the metaphase plate was. -vesicles that originate from the Golgi line up in the _____________ region.
-cell plate -equatorial
prophase I: as in mitosis, sister chromatids are held together at ____________ and have kinetochores. -their kinetochores are ___________ and attach to spindle fibers from the same pole. -thus both _________ ____________ are later pulled to the same pole.
-centromeres -side-by-side -sister chromatids
redox reactions: -commonly occur as a ________ of redox reactions or ___________ __________. -what happens as the electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule? -a _________ is typically removed when an electron is removed from __________ ____________. -the equivalent of a ____________ atom is transferred.
-chain; electron transfers -it releases free energy that can be used for other chemical reactions -proton; covalent molecules -hydrogen
This is a double-membraned organelle with its own DNA, with membraned sacks called thylakoids, and with an interior lumen called the stroma. peroxisome mitochondrion Golgi apparatus vesicle chloroplast
-chloroplast
formation of acetyl coenzyme A: -remaining 2-carbon fragment, an acetyl group, is joined to ____________. -where is the coenzyme A from? -after this, __________ is formed.
-coenzyme A -a B-vitamin pantothenic acid -acetyl-CoA
If the pH of a solution changes from pH 4 to pH 8, it means that the concentration of H+ is 1/2 of what it was at pH 4. concentration of H+ is 10,000 times greater than what it was at pH 4. concentration of H+ is 2 times greater than what it was at pH 4. concentration of H+ is 1/10,000 of what it was at pH 4. concentration of H+ is 4 times greater than what it was at pH 4.
-concentration of H+ is 1/10,000 of what it was at pH 4.
cyclic electron transport: -what is possible for P700? -all it ^^^ can accomplish is to enhance the _________ _________ that can be used to make ATP. -overall ATP generation is ___________, depending on how much ________ ___________ _________ occurs
-cyclic electron transport -proton gradient -variable; cyclic electron transport
anaphase: -overall, this process assures that each ___________ ______ will receive one of the duplicate sets of genetic material carried by the chromosomes.
-daughter cell
endergonic reactions: -the ____________ in free energy must be __________ (stored in chemical bonds). -not thermodynamically favored. what does this mean? -_________ reactions are usually endergonic.
-difference; supplied -they are not spontaneous -anabolic
by the end of prophase: -the nuclear membrane has ________________. -nucleoli have _____________. -the _________ ____________ are attached by their kinetochores to microtubules from opposite poles.
-disappeared -disintegrated -sister chromatids
telophase: -the mitotic spindle is _____________. -the chromosomes ______________.
-disintegrated -decondense
enzyme optimal temperatures: -most ____________ as a catalyst at the optimal temperature. -rate of drop-off away from the optimal temperature _________. -high temperatures tend to ___________ enzymes. -human enzymes have temperature optima near _________ ____________.
-effective -varies -denature -body temperature (37°C)
noncyclic electron transport: -H+ is pumped into the lumen using energy released as ____________ moving along the electron transport chain between ________ and ________.
-electrons; P680; P700
This organelle is a winding membrane network with both smooth and rough regions; in the rough regions proteins are inserted into the lumen of this organelle as the proteins are made. mitochondrion Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum (ER) nucleus ribosome
-endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
glycolysis: -the first phase requires ________ ____________. -using two ______, phosphorylation _________ the sugar with two phosphates. -2 molecules of _______________ _____________ (G3P) are formed.
-energy investment -ATP; charges -glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
oxidative phosphorylation: -energy for the pumping comes from _________ _______ as electrons are transferred. -_________ allows opportunity for energy capture.
-energy lost -gradient
glycolysis: -the second phase is the ________ ________ phase. -yields __________ and _________ captured in ATP and NADH. -each G3P is converted to __________. -produces ____ ATP, net of ___ ATP. -produces ____ NADH + H+.
-energy payoff -pyruvate; energy -pyruvate (net 2) -4; 2 -2
noncyclic electron transport: -P700 absorbs _________ and sends an ___________ to an electron transport chain. -eventually, the electron winds up on ____________.
-energy; electron -ferredoxin
citric acid cycle: -________: acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate --> citrate + CoA -______ ____ ________: citrate + H2O --> 2 CO2 + oxaloacetate + energy
-entry -rest of cycle
formation of acetyl coenzyme A: -set of three __________ catalyze the reactions, grouped together in the ___________ _________________ complex. -a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate, and _______ is produced, this is called ____________ ________________.
-enzymes; pyruvate dehydrogenase -CO2; oxidative decarboxylation
noncyclic electron transport: -when 2 electrons have reached ____________, they can be used to make _______ from NADP+ + H+ ; the NADPH is released in the _________. -how are the electrons are passed down? -those electrons are _____________ in P700 by electrons donated from _______.
-ferredoxin; NADPH; stroma -one at a time -replaced; P680
Which of the following is most likely to gain an electron and become an anion? carbon (4 valence electrons) hydrogen (1 valence electron) argon (8 valence electrons) fluorine (7 valence electrons) magnesium (2 valence electrons)
-fluorine (7 valence electrons).
citric acid cycle: -there is no net _______ or _______ of what in the cycle? -where is energy stored for each cycle? plus one ATP.
-gain; loss; oxaloacetate -in three NADH and one FADH2
telophase I: -nuclear membranes may form around the _________ ___________. -______________ occurs.
-genetic material -cytokinesis
redox reactions: -the oxidized substance typically _________ energy with the electron. -the reduced substance typically _______ energy with the electron.
-gives -gains
citric acid cycle: -at this point, ___________ has been completely catabolized, yet only ______ ATP have been formed -the rest of the energy is stored in _________ and ___________.
-glucose; four -NADH and FADH2
supplemental carbon fixation pathways: (C4) -the C4 pathway is also known as... -after a series of reactions, ________ is sent to bundle sheath cells. -in bundle sheath cells, _____________ is sent back to the mesophyll cells.
-hatch-slack pathway -malate -pyruvate
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all life as we know it on Earth? ability for reproduction having mitochondria being composed of cells ability to grow or develop ability to control metabolism
-having mitochondria
What type of bond is a result of the attraction between a region with a partial positive charge (δ+) and a region with a partial negative charge (δ-)? ionic polar covalent hydrophobic nonpolar covalent hydrogen
-hydrogen
Which of the following is responsible for β-pleated sheet structures in proteins? nonpolar covalent bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone ionic interactions involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone hydrophobic interactions involving atoms of the variable groups polar covalent bonds involving atoms of the variable groups
-hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone
oxidative phosphorylation: -____________ ______ (protons) are pumped across the... -a concentration gradient with ________ _________ concentration in the ________________ space is created.
-hydrogen ions; inner mitochondrial membrane -high proton; intermembrane
ATP: breaking the unstable bonds involved in the phosphate chain is relatively easy and releases energy. this means that... -___________ of ATP to ADP releases energy. -___________ ______________ releases energy. -what does the amount of energy released depends on?what is generally?
-hydrolysis -inorganic phosphate (Pi) -concentrations of reactants and products; ~30 kJ/mol
photorespiration: -for C3 plants, photorespiration rate ____________ as the rate of ________________ increases. -especially if _________ are closed.
-increases; photosynthesis -stomata
fermentation: -generally ____________ processes used mainly when other pathways ____________ be used or when _______ is needed quickly. -do not use _____.
-inefficient; cannot; ATP -O2
These proteins are imbedded in the plasma membrane of animal cells and typically receive signals from the extracellular matrix. dyneins actins integrins fibronectins collagens
-integrins
by the end of prophase I: -homologous chromosomes are attached by their ______________ to spindle fibers from __________ poles. -homologous chromosomes are held together only at ____________.
-kinetochores; opposite -chiasmata
supplemental carbon fixation pathways: -intense light: CO2 becomes __________; C4 pathway gets around this by ____________ CO2 for the C3 pathway. -arid conditions: _______ is most limiting during the day; CAM pathway gets around this by allowing initial _________ __________ to occur at night.
-limiting; increasing -H2O; carbon fixation
supplemental carbon fixation pathways: (CAM) -during the day, the ___________ is released and cells perform reactions like the "bundle sheath cell C4 reactions". -this allows the ______ pathway to proceed during the day. -C3 pathway proceeds when stomata are ____________ to prevent excessive water loss, and thus _______ ___________ is not possible.
-malate -C3 -closed; gas exchange
anaphase I: -the initial __________ or ____________ chromosome sets are mixed and distributed _____________, crossing-over largely blurs such identity anyway.
-maternal or paternal -randomly
key differences between mitosis and meiosis: -_________ has one DNA replication but ______ divisions (reductive division), resulting in up to ______ genetically distinct daughter cells. -homologous chromosomes ______ (synapsis), ___________ (homologous recombination), and ____________ during meiosis.
-meiosis; two; four -pair; cross-over; segregate
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? cellulose fibers in the cell wall microtubules sites of energy production in cellular respiration plasma membrane proteins ribosomes
-microtubules
The cilia shown in cross-section above have a so-called 9+2 arrangement of: centrioles intermediate filaments microfilaments basal bodies microtubules
-microtubules
The cilia shown in cross-section below have a so-called 9+2 arrangement of: basal bodies microtubules intermediate filaments centrioles microfilaments
-microtubules
These organelles have their own DNA, ribosomes, and reproduction within the cell, which is explained by the endosymbiont theory that holds that these organelles were once free-living bacterial cells that came to reside in ancient eukaryotic cells. mitochondria Golgi apparatus vacuoles chloroplasts lysosomes vesicles peroxisomes
-mitochondria -chloroplasts
oxidative phosphorylation: -occurs in ____________ of eukaryotes, and on the ____________ __________ in prokaryotes. -electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to a chain of membrane-bound __________ _____________. -eventually passed to __________.
-mitochondria; membrane surface -electron acceptors -oxygen
This double-membraned organelle is the site in eukaryotic cells of most of their ATP production via aerobic respiration; its highly folded inner membrane forms cristae. nucleus mitochondrion Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ribosome
-mitochondrion
metaphase: -the _________ checkpoint appears to be here. -progress past metaphase is typically prevented until the kinetochores are all attached to ______________.
-mitosis -microtubules
key differences between mitosis and meiosis: -_________ has one DNA replication and one division, resulting in two genetically identical ___________ _______. -homologous chromosomes do not _______, do not ____________, and are not _____________.
-mitosis; daughter cells -pair; cross-over; segregated
asexual reproduction: -only _________ cell division, or something very similar, is required. -the parent may... -sometimes, that (^) involves mitotic cell division with unequal partitioning during ____________.
-mitotic -split, bud, or fragment -cytokinesis
prophase: -a system of microtubules, called the ________ _________, organizes between the two poles (opposite ends) of the cell. -each _______ has a microtubule organizing center (MTOC).
-mitotic spindle -pole
interphase: (G1) -_______ cellular growth occurs in this phase. -this phase is usually the most variable with respect to time, and is typically _________. -cells that do not divide become arrested in this phase, then called _____.
-most -longest -G0
The two amino acids depicted above both have R groups that are: polar and hydrophilic nonpolar and hydrophobic charged and hydrophobic nonpolar and hydrophilic charged and hydrophilic
-nonpolar and hydrophobic.
The chemical linkages that occur when atoms share electrons equally are called hydrophobic bonds. ionic bonds. hydrogen bonds. nonpolar covalent bonds. polar covalent bonds.
-nonpolar covalent bonds.
telophase: -__________ ____________ reform around the genetic material to form two nuclei, each with an identical copy of the genetic information. -nucleoli reappear, and ____________ cellular functions resume.
-nuclear membranes -interphase
telophase II: -__________ reappear, and ______________ cellular functions resume. -_______________ usually begins and ends shortly thereafter.
-nucleoli; interphase -cytokinesis
Phosphodiester bonds are the typical bonds between: phospholipids steroids nucleotides amino acids monosaccharides
-nucleotides
supplemental carbon fixation pathways: (CAM) -at night, when stomata are ________ and ______ ___________ can occur, cells ___________ ____________like the "mesophyll cell C4 reactions" -_________, or a similar organic acid, is stored in ___________.
-open; gas exchange; perform reactions -malate; vacuoles
oxidative phosphorylation: -lack of __________ or ______________ like cyanide stop the transport chain. -because energy cannot be obtained from NADH and FADH2, cells _______ and usually _____.
-oxygen; compounds -starve; die
sexual reproduction: -the offspring are not genetically identical to their __________. -this genetic recombination may render the offspring better adapted to the _______________ than either parent, or it may be more poorly adapted than either ________.
-parents -environment; parent
ATP: the last two _____________ groups are joined to their chain by ___________ ________. -breaking these bonds is relatively ________ and releases _________.
-phosphate; unstable bonds -easy; energy
Related classes are grouped into a/an ____ as the next taxonomic level. family phylum genus kingdom order
-phylum
cytokinesis: (cell plate) -the vesicles fuse and add more vesicles, growing outward until reaching the __________ ______________ and thus separating the cells. -the vesicles contain materials for making the primary _____ ______ and a ________ __________.
-plasma membrane -cell wall; middle lamella
cell division in prokaryotes: -new __________ ____________ and ______ ________ materials are laid down between the two DNA circles, eventually _____________ the cells. -prokaryotic cells can have a generation time as short as...
-plasma membrane; cell wall; separating -20 minutes
The two amino acids depicted above both have R groups that are: nonpolar and hydrophilic polar and hydrophobic polar and hydrophilic nonpolar and hydrophobic charged and hydrophilic
-polar and hydrophilic
anaphase: -model for the mechanism that moves chromosomes to the ________. -motor proteins move the chromosomes _________ the poles along the kinetochores microtubules. -____________ ______________ shorten behind the moving chromosomes. -________ microtubules lengthen the entire spindle.
-poles -towards -kinetochore microtubules -polar
-chlorophyll has a ___________ ring and ______________ side chain. -_______ _________ is absorbed by the ring. -chlorophyll-binding proteins associate with... -chlorophyll has several _________ -in plants, typically chlorophyll a (chl a) initiates _______________.
-porphyrin; hydrocarbon -light energy -chlorophyll in the membrane -forms -photosynthesis
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: ribosomes synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
-protein synthesis
noncyclic electron transport: -a __________ _________ is established, with high ______ in the thylakoid lumen. -what is produced in the lumen when water is split? -H + consumed in the _________ when ________ is made.
-proton gradient; [H+ ] -H+ -stroma; NADPH
the reduction in activation energy is often due to the enzyme holding _________/___________ close together, which also reduces the reliance on _________ ____________.
-reactants/ substrates; random collisions
What is the function of the nuclear pores in living eukaryotic cells? assembly of ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus communication with components of the endomembranal system production of transfer RNA synthesis and repair of DNA regulation of passage of materials into and out of the nucleus
-regulation of passage of materials into and out of the nucleus
Water is a very effective temperature buffer because of its: function as the principle solvent in living things. relatively high specific heat. lower density when frozen. cohesive and adhesive forces. tendency to be both a weak acid and a weak base.
-relatively high specific heat.
exergonic reactions: -the difference in energy is __________ and is _____________ to do work. -thermodynamically favored- meaning they are ______________, but not necessarily _______. -what type of reactions are usually exergonic? -ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi is...
-released; available -spontaneous; fast -catabolic -highly exergonic in cellular conditions
This organelle is a granular body that is the site of protein synthesis. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ribosome chloroplast nucleus Golgi apparatus
-ribosome
The nucleolus is the site in a cell where: DNA is condensed into chromosomes mRNAs are processed translation occurs ribosome subunits are made tRNAs are made
-ribosome subunits are made
carbon fixation: -what is one of the most abundant proteins on earth? -what function is used here?
-rubisco -the carboxylase function
cytokinesis: -eventually, the ring closes enough for spontaneous _____________ of the plasma membrane, resulting in...
-separation; two separate cells
sometimes, cells have extra ______. -_____ or more; polyploid cells- common in plants, rare and usually fatal in animals.
-sets -3n
-__________ ____________: special protein receptors in the cell membrane bind to signaling molecules outside the cell. -_________ _____________: the receptor, now activated, changes shape in some way and transfers information to the interior of the cells (often though a series of protein activations and eventual formation of cAMP on the cytosolic side of the cell membrane).
-signal reception -signal transduction
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: mitochondria synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
-site of most of cellular respiration
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: chloroplasts synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
-site of photosynthesis
telophase: -the _________ is disintegrated. -the ______________ decondense. -nuclear membranes reform around the genetic material to form _________.
-spindle -chromosomes -nuclei
by the end of prophase I: -the _________ has formed. -the ________ ___________ has vesicularized. -________ have disintegrated.
-spindle -nuclear membrane -nucleoli
telophase I: -the _________ _________ disintegrate. -the chromosomes partially ____________.
-spindle fibers -decondense
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
-synthesis of lipids
organisms control membrane fluidity by several means: -by regulating their ____________. -by changing the _________ _______ ________ of their membranes. -by adding ___________ _________ or ___________ like cholesterol.
-temperature -fatty acid profile -fluidity modifiers; stabilizers
glycolysis: -actually a series of _____ reactions, each catalyzed by what? -broken into _____ phases:
-ten; a different enzyme -two; energy investment and energy payoff
carbon fixation by the C3 cycle: -carbon fixation by the C3 cycle has 2 others names: -this consumes all of the products of the light reactions except ____. -regenerates much of the reactants for the ______ ________. -generates the overall result for _____________.
-the Calvin-Benson cycle or Calvin cycle -O2 -light reaction -photosynthesis
When there is a pH change from pH 2 to pH 4 this means that the amount of [H+] is 2x more than before. the amount of [H+] is 2x less than before. the amount of [H+] is 100x more than before. the amount of [H+] is 100x less than before. the amount of [H+] is 4x more than before. the amount of [H+] is 4x less than before. the amount of [OH-] is 2x more than before. the amount of [OH-] is 2x less than before. the amount of [OH-] is 100x more than before. the amount of [OH-] is 100x less than before. the amount of [OH-] is 4x more than before. the amount of [OH-] is 4x less than before.
-the amount of [H+] is 100x less than before. -the amount of [OH-] is 100x more than before. "pH is a logarithmic scale; it is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration. The OH-concentration is inversely tied to the H+ concentration."
Isotopes of the same element have: the same number of electrons but different atomic numbers and different atomic masses. the same number of electrons and the same atomic mass but different atomic numbers. different numbers of electrons and different atomic masses but the same atomic number. different numbers of electrons but the same atomic number and the same atomic mass. the same number of electrons and the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
-the same number of electrons and the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is the relative solubility of the component. the presence or absence of lipids in the component. the number of enzymes in the fraction. the size and weight of the component. the percentage of carbohydrates in the component.
-the size and weight of the component
The image above was produced using a: scanning electron microscope. compound light microscope. scanning light microscope. transmission electron microscope. transmission light microscope.
-transmission electron microscope.
carbon reduction: -3-PGA is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in how many steps? -in the process, ______ and _________ are used. -what do you get from 6 CO2?
-two -ATP; NADPH -12 G3P
cyclic electron transport: -what is the net amount of ATP needed for the rest of photosynthesis? -what can cyclic electron transport be used for? (2) -all of the ATP that is made is released in the _________.
-1.5 ATP per molecule of NADPH -to make up the difference in ATP needed for the rest of photosynthesis; produce extra ATP -stroma
how much net NADH is produced in oxidative phosphorylation?
-10
RuBP regeneration: -a series of ____ reactions rearrange the 10 G3P to make 6 __________ phosphate molecules. -a ____________ is added to make 6 RuBP. -what is consumed for each RuBP formed? is it the source of the phosphate?
-10; ribulose -phosphate -ATP; yes
supplemental carbon fixation pathways, (C4): -invests ____ more ATP per glucose or fructose than ______. -only worthwhile under _________ _______, but then it is very worthwhile. -examples of plants with a C4 pathway include:
-12; C3 -intense light -corn, sugar cane, crabgrass
carbon fixation by the C3 cycle: -how many reactions involved in this process? -who were the details of the reactions described by?
-13 -Calvin and Benson in the 1950s
What is the atomic mass of an atom with 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 10 electrons? 10 18 9 17 19 27 8
-17.
Water has a molecular mass of 18 g per mole, and glucose has a molecular mass of 180 g per mole. Which of the following would have approximately one glucose molecule for every water molecule? 1.8 g of water and 180 g of glucose 180 g of water and 180 g of glucose 18 g of water and 180 g of glucose 180 g of water and 18 g of glucose 180 g of water and 1.8 g of glucose
-18 g of water and 180 g of glucose
cyclic electron transport: -for every ____ electrons moved through the whole P680 - P700 noncyclic electron transport system, ____ NADPH is produced. -the proton gradient is enhanced enough for ____ or more ATP.
-2; 1 - ~1
carbon reduction: -how many G3P are removed and used to make what, thus having ____ carbons leave? -the remaining ____ G3P are used to regenerate ________.
-2; glucose or fructose; 6 -10; RuBP
oxidative phosphorylation: -a special protein channel called ______ ___________/______________ allows proton transport with the gradient. -_________ is captured and used to make ATP.
-ATP synthase/ synthetase -energy
carbon fixation: -what combines with the 5-carbon compound ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)? -catalyzed by the enzyme that is abbreviated rubisco:
-CO2 -ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
As a typical cell grows larger, which of the following occurs? Cell volume increases faster than cell surface area. Cell volume increases while cell surface area remains the same. Cell volume increases more slowly than cell surface area. Cell volume decreases while cell surface area increases. Cell volume remains the same while cell surface area increases.
-Cell volume increases faster than cell surface area.
cell division in prokaryotes: -the main circular ______ molecule of the cell is replicated. -replication begins at a _____________ origin and proceeds in ______ directions. -_____ complete, identical circles are present by the end; each is attached to the _________ ____________.
-DNA -replication; both -two -plasma membrane
Consider the scientific name for the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Which of the following is true? Drosophila is the genus name and Drosophila melanogaster is the species name. Drosophila melanogaster is the species name, and D. melanogaster is the genus name. Drosophila is the genus name and melanogaster is the species name. Drosophila melanogaster is both the genus and species name. Drosophila is the genus name and Drosophila melanogaster is the species name. Drosophila melanogaster is the genus name, and melanogaster is the species name.
-Drosophila is the genus name and Drosophila melanogaster is the species name.
Flagella and cilia bend or move, imparting mobility to cells. How do these structures move? Microtubules are structured such that movement of these structures is constant. The basal body on the cytoplasmic side of the structure uses ATP, causing a conformational change, and the stroke (movement) of the cilium or flagellum. Dynein is a motor protein that uses ATP and is responsible for movement of cilia and flagella. There are two microtubules at the core of the structure that serve as motor proteins. These structures have nine tubules containing myosin and two containing actin; myosin and actin work together to produce movement.
-Dynein is a motor protein that uses ATP and is responsible for movement of cilia and flagella.
Cells of the liver are given radioactively labeled amino acids that they will incorporate into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking a digestive enzyme that stays within the cell. What is its most likely order of where these proteins will be found over time (in other words, where are they made, where do they go, and where do they end up)? Golgi → ER → nucleus ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane nucleus → ER → Golgi ER → Golgi → lysosome
-ER → Golgi → lysosome
This organelle has cis, medial, and trans regions and is a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae where proteins are processed, modified, and sorted. nucleus endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mitochondrion Golgi apparatus chloroplast
-Golgi apparatus.
Select below each property of water that is primarily due to hydrogen bonding. Ice floats on liquid water. Nonionic polar substances tend to dissolve in water. The atomic mass of a water molecule is 18. Water can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas. Water moderates temperature more than most substances. Water exhibits highly cohesive behavior. Water has a chemical formula of H2O.
-Ice floats on liquid water. -Nonionic polar substances tend to dissolve in water. -Water moderates temperature more than most substances. -Water exhibits highly cohesive behavior.
why does aerobic respiration only yield 30 ATP? 1. ____________ doesn't actually give round figures. 2. some of the energy from the _________ ___________ is used for other things. 3. the overall efficiency is about _______. 4. the rest of the energy from combustion of glucose is released as _______.
1. chemiosmosis 2. proton gradient 3. 32% 4. heat
four things involving the reduction in activation energy: 1. an enzyme holds _________/___________ close together in the right orientation for the reaction, which __________ the reliance on _________ ____________. 2. an enzyme may put a _______ on existing bonds, making them _________ to break. 3. an enzyme provides a _______________ that is more chemically suited to the reaction. 4. sometimes the ________ ______ of the enzyme is directly involved in the reaction during the ___________ _______.
1. reactants/ substrates; reduces; random collisions 2. strain; easier 3. microenvironment 4. active site; transition states
Suppose that a cell has 20 chromatids at G1 and winds up going through meiosis. After meiosis ends, each of the four resulting cells should have how many chromosomes each? (Enter the number as digits, not text: for example, 2 not two).
10
Suppose that a cell has 20 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each? (Enter the number as digits, not text: for example, 2 not two).
10
How many hydrogens are in the molecule represented here? (Type the actual number, for example 30 not thirty).
12
Suppose that a cell has 24 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the resulting daughter cells should have how many chromsomes each?
12
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires _ 3-PGA molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs.
12; 12; 12
An unspecified animal with a diploid number 2n= 16 chromosomes will have _____ chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells and _____ chromosomes in its gametes.
16; 8
A 12-carbon fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 6 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of NADH would be produced by these six turns of the citric acid cycle?
18
A 12-carbon fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 6 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of NADH would be produced by these six turns of the citric acid cycle? none 3 6 12 18
18
What is the net ATP per glucose in fermentation?
2
how much FADH2 is made in the citric acid cycle?
2
how much net ATP is made in glycolysis?
2
how much net ATP is produced in the citric acid cycle?
2
how much net NADH is made in Acetyl CoA?
2
how much net NADH is made in glycolysis?
2
what compound comes out of the citric acid cycle?
2CoA + 4CO2
Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces ____ NADH
3
how many terms describe the ways in which cells generate ATP?
3
What is the atomic mass (in Daltons or atomic mass units) for the atom modeled here? Answer just with a whole number (for example, 7 not 7.0005).
3 Atomic mass is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom, each of which is essentially 1 Dalton or 1 atomic mass unit. Technically, electrons do contribute to the mass of an atom; however, the mass of an electron is less than 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit - a negligible amount.
the C3 cycle is broken into how many phases? what are they?
3 carbon fixation, carbon reduction, and RuBP regeneration
how much net ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation?
32-34
How many ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation?
32-34 - if it asks anything about the total @ end of aerobic respiration its 36-38-
aerobic respiration theoretically yields ______ or _______ ATP molecules from one glucose molecule, but the actual yield is _____.
36 or 38; 30
Suppose that a cell has 8 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each?
4
Suppose that a cell has 8 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each? 2 32 4 16 8
4
how many carbons come out of Acetyl CoA?
4
how many carbons go into the citric acid cycle?
4
A cell with 2n = 46 chromosomes goes through meiosis, including two rounds of cytokinesis. The result is __ cells that each have __ chromosomes.
4,23
1 kcal = ______ kJ
4.184
Typical human cells, if normal, have ______ chromosomes during anaphase I. (Enter the number as digits, not text: for example, 2 not two).
46
In most cases, an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 46 chromosomes will have _ chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells and _ chromosomes in its gametes. 46; 92 23; 46 92; 46 23; 92 46; 23
46; 23
how many chromosomes do humans have?
46; 23 pairs
B
5 What is the structure shown in the figure below? A. a nucleic acid molecule B. a lipid molecule C. a carbohydrate molecule D. a protein molecule
Photosynthesis reaction
6 CO2 + 12 H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
what compound goes into oxidative phosphorylation?
6CO2
what compound comes out of oxidative phosphorylation?
6CO2 + 12H2O
the generation time for eukaryotic cells varies widely, but is usually ____________.
8-20 hours
How many molecules of NADH would be produced by three turns of the citric acid cycle? Enter a whole number, with no decimal (for example, 5 not 5. or five).
9
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is A. retained in the pyruvate. B. transferred to ADP, forming ATP. C. transferred directly to ATP. D. stored in the NADH produced. E. used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose-6-phosphate.
A
During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields: A. 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. B. 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 3 FADH2. C. 3 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2. D. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. E. 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 4 FADH2.
A
E
A 12-carbon fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 6 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of NADH would be produced by these six turns of the citric acid cycle? A. none B. 3 C. 6 D. 12 E. 18
e. 18
A 12-carbon fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 6 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of NADH would be produced by these six turns of the citric acid cycle? a. none b. 3 c. 6 d. 12 e. 18
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy
Proteoglycans
A glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells
B
A membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to a hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. After the shape change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. Then cAMP activates several enzymes inside the cell's cytosol. This is an example of: A. allosteric inhibition B. signal transduction C. active transport D. pinocytosis E. endocytosis
E
A membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to a hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. After the shape change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. Then cAMP activates several enzymes inside the cell's cytosol. This is an example of: A) allosteric inhibition D) endocytosis B) active transport E) signal transduction C) pinocytosis
b. signal transduction
A membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to a hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. After the shape change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. Then cAMP activates several enzymes inside the cell's cytosol. This is an example of: a. allosteric inhibition b. signal transduction c. active transport d. pinocytosis e. endocytosis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane; Usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis
Nuclear Lamina
A network of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus located on the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope
Photon
A particle of light
C4 Plant
A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle; Thrive in regions with intense heat and sunlight
B
A process that allows protons (H+) to move with their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel would be best termed as: A. simple diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport D. exocytosis E. pinocytosis
b. facilitated diffusion
A process that allows protons (H+) to move with their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel would be best termed as: a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. exocytosis e. pinocytosis
an allosteric inhibitor
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X->Y->Z->A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. In this scenario, substrate A functions as
C
A typical reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme in the human body occurs at a very slow rate without the enzyme. In the absence of an enzyme, what would generally be required to make any reaction happen at a faster rate? A. adjust the pH to near 7.0 B. raise the pH significantly C. raise the temperature significantly D. lower the pH significantly E.lower the temperature below freezing
c. raise the temperature significantly
A typical reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme in the human body occurs at a very slow rate without the enzyme. In the absence of an enzyme, what would generally be required to make any reaction happen at a faster rate? a. adjust the pH to near 7.0 b. raise the pH significantly c. raise the temperature significantly d. lower the pH significantly e. lower the temperature below freezing
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; Archae or bacteria; Single circular DNA
what three events occur in Acetyl CoA? A. pyruvate B. dehydrogenase C. complex D. ATP synthesis E. energy investment payoff F. all of the above
A, B, C
Which of the following processes typically occur during prophase I of meiosis in animal cells? A. homologous chromosomes pair up B. nucleoli disintegrate C. nuclear membrane reforms D. nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles E. cytokinesis F. a system of microtubules organizes between the two poles of the cell G. spindle apparatus disassembles H. kinetochore microtubules connect to chromosome kinetochores I. sister chromatids segregate J. crossing over between homologous chromosomes K. homologous chromosomes segregate L. chromatin of the chromosomes decondenses M. chromatin of the chromosomes condenses
A, B, D, F, H, J, and M
Select all of the statements that are TRUE statements according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A. Energy can be transferred or change forms. B. Energy can be created and destroyed. C. Living things must increase the net entropy of their surroundings. D.Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe. E.Life cannot create ordered (lower entropy) structures from less organized (higher entropy) starting structures.
A, C, D
Select all of the choices where the shaded functional group in the box is hydrophilic. A B C D E F G H
A, C, D, E, F, G, and H
Energy captured from light for photosynthesis is brought into the Calvin cycle (C3 cycle) via A. ATP B. glucose C. CO2 D. NADPH E. O2 F. G3P G. H2O
A, D
Select all of the TRUE statements about membrane phospholipids, assuming that the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes is true. A - They rarely flip from one side of the membrane to the other. B- They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane. C-They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution. D-They often move laterally along the plane of the membrane. E- They have hydrophobic tails at the exterior and interior surface of the membrane.
A, D
Select all of the TRUE statements A. Exergonic reactions are spontaneous. B. Exergonic reactions are not spontaneous. C. Exergonic reactions have a net requirement for energy. D. Exergonic reactions have a net release of energy. E. Endergonic reactions are spontaneous. F. Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous. G. Endergonic reactions have a net requirement for energy. H. Endergonic reactions have a net release of energy.
A, D, F, G
Models of two atoms are shown in the figure. Select all of the true statements about these atoms. These atoms both have the same net charge. These atoms both have the same atomic mass. These atoms represent different elements. These atoms represent different isotopes of the same element. These atoms both have an unfilled valence shell. These atoms both have the same number of protons. These atoms both have the same number of neutrons. These atoms both have the same atomic number.
A, D, F, and H Isotopes are different versions of the same element; they have the same atomic number (same number of protons), but differ in atomic mass because their number of neutrons differs. The valence shell is the outermost shell of electrons, which are the electrons that participate in chemical reactions. The first shell is filled when it has 2 electrons. The atoms shown here only have the first shell. If an atom is large enough to have a second shell, that shell is filled when it has 8 electrons.
Which of the following are considered carbohydrates? A. glucose B. DNA C. steroid D. phospholipid E. cellulose F. chitin G. RNA H. glycogen I. cholesterol J. polypeptide K. starch L.triacylglycerol M. sucrose
A, E, F, H, K, and M
E
A/an ___________ is a protein that typically binds to a promoter and helps regulate gene expression (directly or indirectly affecting gene expression in a positive or negative manner). A. activator B. repressor C. enhancer D. inhibitor E. transcription factor
D
AT the start of translation the initiator tRNA is base paired with the start codon at __________ in the ribosome. A. the E site (exit site) B. first the A site (aminoacyl site) and then the P site (peptidyl site) C. the A site (aminoacyl site) D. the P site (peptidyl site) E. first the A site (aminoacyl site) and then the E site (exit site)
one way that organisms manage their energy needs is to use _______ as a ready energy source for many reactions.
ATP
what is the main energy currency in cells?
ATP
ATP Hydrolysis
ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + energy
Energy captured from light for photosynthesis is brought into the C3 cycle via
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation? iron-sulfur proteins cytochromes ubiquinone ATP synthase flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
ATP synthase
cells maintain high levels of _____ relative to _____. -____________ energy available from ___________ of ATP. -ratio typically __________ than 10 ATP: 1 ADP.
ATP; ADP -maximizes; hydrolysis -greater
Carotenoids
Accessory pigment that absorbs blue and green light, but reflects yellow, orange, or red
E
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by: A. reacting with pyruvate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. B. reacting with citric acid, forming pyruvate and freeing CoA. C. reacting with citrate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. D. reacting with pyruvate, forming citric acid and freeing CoA. E. reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA.
B
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by: A. reacting with pyruvate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. B. reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA. C. reacting with citric acid, forming pyruvate and freeing CoA. D. reacting with pyruvate, forming citric acid and freeing CoA. E. reacting with citrate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA.
C
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by: A) reacting with citric acid, forming pyruvate and freeing CoA. B) reacting with pyruvate, forming citric acid and freeing CoA. C) reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA. D) reacting with citrate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. E) reacting with pyruvate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA.
e. reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA.
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by: a. reacting with pyruvate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. b. reacting with citric acid, forming pyruvate and freeing CoA. c. reacting with citrate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. d. reacting with pyruvate, forming citric acid and freeing CoA. e. reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA.
C
All of the following occur during prophase of mitosis in animal cells except A. the chromatin of the chromosomes condenses. B. the nucleoli disintegrate. C. the homologous chromosomes pair up. D. the nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles. E. a system of microtubules organizes between the two poles of the cell.
c. the homologous chromosomes pair up
All of the following occur during prophase of mitosis in animal cells except a. the chromatin of the chromosomes condenses. b. the nucleoli disintegrate. c. the homologous chromosomes pair up. d. the nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles. e. a system of microtubules organizes between the two poles of the cell.
What term describes where a noncompetitive inhibitor would bind to an enzyme?
Allosteric site
Which of the following terms describes where an inhibitor could bind to an enzyme?
Allosteric site
Activators
Allow or enhance catalytic activity
Selectively Permeable
Allowing some substances to cross more easily than others
lyase
An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of a bond by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation would be considered a:
D
An enzyme that joins two molecules with covalent bonds would be considered a/an: A. lyase B. transferase C. isomerase D. ligase E. oxidoreductase
d. ligase
An enzyme that joins two molecules with covalent bonds would be considered a/an: a. lyase b. transferase c. isomerase d. ligase e. oxidoreductase
C
An enzyme that moves a functional group (such as a methyl group) from one substance to another would be considered a/an: A) ligase D) isomerase B) oxidoreductase E) lyase C) transferase
A
An enzyme that would convert a molecule from a cis- form to a trans- form, or that would convert one enantiomer into another, would be considered a/an: A. isomerase B. transferase C. ligase D. oxidoreductase E. lyase
An organism is a multicellular eukaryote with cells organized into tissues but with no cell walls. It could belong to which of the following kingdoms? Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria
Animalia
Smooth ER
Appears smooth because it lacks ribosomes; Stores calcium ions; Rich in enzymes that play a role in metabolic processes
C
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to: A. pump electrons across a membrane with their concentration gradient B. pump electrons across a membrane against their concentration gradient C. pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient D. pump water molecules across a membrane with their concentration gradient E. pump protons across a membrane with their concentration gradient
A
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to: A) pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient B) pump electrons across a membrane with their concentration gradient C) pump water molecules across a membrane with their concentration gradient D) pump electrons across a membrane against their concentration gradient E) pump protons across a membrane with their concentration gradient
c. pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to: a. pump electrons across a membrane with their concentration gradient b. pump electrons across a membrane against their concentration gradient c. pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient d. pump water molecules across a membrane with their concentration gradient e. pump protons across a membrane with their concentration gradient
** check all words ** Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag from was graphed. (Percent change was from the mass of the bag at time 0, the start of the experiment.) For which line or lines does the data indicate that the solution in the bag is HYPERTONIC compared to the solution in the beaker at the end of the experiment (60 minute timepoint)?
B
During which phase of the cell cycle in eukaryotes is there a checkpoint that determines whether or not the cell is ready to duplicate its DNA and commit to starting the process that will lead to cell division? A. G0 B. G1 C. S phase D. prophase E. G2 F. metaphase G. anaphase H. telophase
B
In the picture, the outer membrane is?
B
When Zn+2 is introduced to a solution containing a specific enzyme the rate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme dramatically increases. Further studies reveal that the enzyme does not function as a catalyst at all if Zn+2 is absent, and that Zn+2 associates with the enzyme in the active site. In this situation Zn+2 is acting as A. an noncompetitive inhibitor. B. a cofactor. C. a competitive inhibitor. D. a buffer. E. an allosteric activator.
B
When a triacylglycerol fat is used as an energy source, glycerol is converted to a compound that enters aerobic respiration: A. as acetyls in acetyl CoA. B. in glycolysis. C. in the electron transport chain. D. in the citric acid cycle. E. as pyruvate.
B
Which of the following best matches the life cycle known as sporic meiosis (or alternation of generations), which is found in plants and is also common in algae as well as many other organisms? A. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → mitosis → fertilization B. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization C. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization D. zygote → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization E. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → production of gametes → fertilization F. zygote → meiosis → production of gametes → fertilization
B
CO2 is released during which stage(s) of aerobic respiration? A .glycolysis B. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C. the citric acid cycle D. oxidative phosphorylation
B, C
Cytokinesis in animal cells involves: A. alignment of the spindle along the equatorial plane. B. formation of a cleavage furrow. C. pinching in the original cell wall to produce a new cell wall D. between daughter cells. E. contraction of a ring of actin microfilaments. F. development of a cell plate that grows out until it reaches the G. plasma membrane.
B, D
Which of the following processes typically occur during prophase of mitosis in animal cells? A. homologous chromosomes pair up B. nucleoli disintegrate C. nuclear membrane reforms D. nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles E. cytokinesis F. a system of microtubules organizes between the two poles of the cell G. spindle apparatus disassembles H. kinetochore microtubules connect to chromosome kinetochores I. sister chromatids segregate J. crossing over between homologous chromosomes K. homologous chromosomes segregate L. chromatin of the chromosomes decondenses M. chromatin of the chromosomes condenses
B, D, F, H, and M
When ATP hydrolysis is used in a coupled reaction to provide energy: A. the overall reaction has a net endergonic nature B. a phosphorylated intermediate is often produced C. ADP is typically found only as an intermediate D. the ratio of ATP to ADP increases E. the other reaction usually produces an oxidized compound F. the overall reaction has a net exergonic nature G. there is no net change in free energy from the overall reaction
B, F
Select all of the statements that are NOT TRUE statements according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics. A.) energy can be transferred or change forms. B.) energy can be created and destroyed. C.) living things must increase the net entropy of their surroundings. D.) every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe. E.) life -can or cannot- **idk this person has cannot marked out and can written beside it** create ordered (lower entropy) structures from less organized (higher entropy) starting structures.
B.) Energy can be created and destroyed E.) Life can/cannot created ordered (lower entropy) structures from less organized (tiger entropy) starting structures.
Noncompetitive
Binds at allosteric site, alters enzyme shape to make active site unavailable
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to: A. pump water molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient. B. pump electrons across a membrane against their concentration C. gradient. C. pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient. D. pump water molecules across a membrane with their concentration gradient. E. pump electrons across a membrane with their concentration gradient. F. pump protons across a membrane with their concentration gradient.
C
Which of the following mechanisms do enzymes Not use to reduce activation energy requirements and thus speed up a reaction? A. holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction B. putting a strain on existing bonds C. providing a net input of energy to the reactants D. providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction E. direct involvement in the reaction during transition states
C
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? --C6H12O6+6O2>6CO2+6H20+ENERGY C6H12O6 gets reduced and CO2 gets oxidized. O2 gets reduced and CO2 gets oxidized. O2 gets oxidized and H2O gets reduced. C6H12O6 gets oxidized and O2 gets reduced. CO2 gets reduced and O2 gets oxidized.
C6H12O6 gets oxidized and O2 gets reduced.
Autotrophs
Can fix carbon dioxide, thus they can use CO2 as a carbon source
D
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of aerobic respiration? A. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation B. glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C. oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation D. oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle E. fermentation and glycolysis
E
Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of aerobic respiration? A) glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA B) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation C) fermentation and glycolysis D) oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation E) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
Decarboxylation Reactions
Carboxyl groups are removed and releases as CO2
Fermentation
Catabolic process that leads to the partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen
As a typical cell grows larger, which of the following occurs?
Cell volume increases faster than a cell surface area
an ATP concentration 10 times greater than their ADP concentration
Cells Maintain:
Endocytosis
Cells import large particles of substances
A
Cells maintain: A. an ATP concentration typically around 10 times greater than their ADP concentration B. a relatively low rate of ATP production compared to their rate of ATP consumption C. an ADP concentration typically around 10 times greater than their ATP concentration D. a relatively high rate of ATP production compared to their rate of ATP consumption E. a large stockpile of ATP, enough for several days
C
Cells of the pancreas are given radioactively labeled amino acids that they will incorporate into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking a protein hormone that is exported from the cell to the bloodstream. What is its most likely order of where these proteins will be found over time (in other words, where are they made, where do they go, and where do they end up)? A. Golgi → ER → nucleus B. ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane C. ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane D. nucleus → ER → Golgi E. ER → Golgi → lysosome
Psuedopedia
Cellular extensions that extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments
Inhibitors
Certain chemicals that selectively inhibit the action of specific enzymes
a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are only used in a metabolic pathway that is completely inactive
Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. Which of the following could be an example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell?
Nopolar covalent bonds; Polar covalent
Chemical linkages that occur when atoms share electrons equally are called ______, unequal sharing is called _____.
Photosystem
Composed of a reaction-center complex surrounded by several light harvesting complexes
Peroxisomes
Contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen and produces H2O2 as a by product
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
Converts energy from light into stored energy in chemical bonds
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Coupled reactions that directly phosphorylate ADP or GDP
Asexual Reproduction
Creates offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
The Calvin Cycle
Cycle that uses energy from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 from the atmosphere to sugar (glucose); Occurs in the stroma
Centrioles
Cylindrical organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin
B
Cytokinesis in plant cells involves A. alignment of the spindle along the equatorial plane. B. development of a cell plate that grows out until it reaches the plasma membrane. C. pinching in the original cell wall to produce a new cell wall between daughter cells. D. formation of a cleavage furrow. E. contraction of a ring of actin microfilaments.
E
Cytokinesis in plant cells involves A) pinching in the original cell wall to produce a new cell wall between daughter cells. B) alignment of the spindle along the equatorial plane. C) formation of a cleavage furrow. D) contraction of a ring of actin microfilaments. E) development of a cell plate that grows out until it reaches the plasma membrane.
After glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose catabolized there are a net: A. 6 CO2, 4 ATP, and 6 NADH produced B. 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 produced C. 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2 produced D. 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH produced E. 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 produced
D
In the RuBP regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle (C3 cycle), the production of 6 RuBP molecules requires _ G3P molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs A. 6; 6; 6 B. 10; 12; 6 C. 12; 18; 12 D. 10; 6; 0 E. 12; 12; 12
D
Meselson and Stahl found evidence supporting the theory that DNA replication is semiconservative when they grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure above matches the results that they found after **ONE** round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N?
D
Refer to the diagram of a chloroplast above. If photosynthesis is occurring, then the production of O2 is occurring at the location labeled as: A B C D E
D
Where is the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation found in eukaryotic cells? A. mitochondrial matrix B. mitochondrial outer membrane C. cytosol D. mitochondrial inner membrane E. mitochondrial inter-membrane space
D
Which of the following lists eukaryotic cell cycle phases in a correct chronological order? A. interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase B. prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase C. anaphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, interphase D. anaphase, telophase, interphase, prophase, metaphase F. metaphase, telophase, interphase, prophase, anaphase
D
** check all words **Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag from was graphed. (Percent change was from the mass of the bag at time 0, the start of the experiment.) Which line or lines represent(s) bags that contain a solution that was HYPOTONIC compared to the solution in the beaker at the BEGINNING of the experiment (time 0)? There may be more than one answer.
D and E
chromosomes protects the _____ and helps assure proper _____________ of DNA during cell division.
DNA; distribution
E
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of _ initial concentration to an area of _ initial concentration. A. low; high B. any; any other C. one; equal D. high; any E. high; low
e. high; low
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of _ initial concentration to an area of _ initial concentration. a. low; high b. any; any other c. one; equal d. high; any e. high; low
D
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of ____ initial concentration to an area of ___ initial concentration. A) high; any D) high; low B) any; any other E) one; equal C) low; high
Passive Transport
Diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
Wavelength
Distance from one wave peak to another
Amphipathic
Distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
B
During DNA replication, DNA ligase is most active on the lagging strand. This is because: A. The lagging strand requires DNA ligase to couple the RNA primer to the Okazaki fragments B. The lagging strands contain more short DNA segments than the leading strand, and these short segments are joined together by DNA ligase. C. The lagging strand is synthesized more slowly, and DNA ligase speeds up the DNA polymerase. D. The lagging strand has no RNA primase activity; it is replaced by DNA ligase. E. The lagging strand synthesizes DNA in the 3' -> 5' direction.
Transported to the mitochondria, broken down to CO2 and water, the source of electrons for NADH and FADH2, converted to Acetyl CoA.
During cell respiration, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is:
B
During the process of translation, mRNA is read in the _______ direction and polypeptide is built in the _______ direction. A. 3' -> 5'; N -> C B. 5' -> 3'; N -> C C. 3' -> 5'; C -> N D. 5' -> 3'; C -> N
5'>3'; N>C
During the process of translation, the mRNA is read in the ______ direction and a polypeptide is built in the ________ direction.
B
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair and have crossing-over occur between them? A. anaphase II B. prophase I C. metaphase II D. anaphase I E. prophase II
E
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair and have crossing-over occur between them? A. interphase B. metaphase II C. anaphase I D. prophase II E. prophase I
D
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair and have crossing-over occur between them? A) metaphase II D) prophase I B) prophase II E) interphase C) anaphase I
b. prophase I
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair and have crossing-over occur between them? a. anaphase II b. prophase I c. metaphase II d. anaphase I e. prophase II
B
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of one chromatid each? A. telophase, prophase, anaphase, and metaphase B. telophase and anaphase C. prophase and metaphase D. prophase only E. metaphase, anaphase, and prophase
B
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids each? A. metaphase, anaphase, and prophase B. prophase and metaphase C. prophase only D. telophase and anaphase E. telophase, prophase, anaphase, and metaphase
A
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids each? A) prophase and metaphase B) metaphase, anaphase, and prophase C) telophase and anaphase D) telophase, prophase, anaphase, and metaphase E) prophase only
b. prophase and metaphase
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids each? a. metaphase, anaphase, and prophase b. prophase and metaphase c. prophase only d. telophase and anaphase e. telophase, prophase, anaphase, and metaphase
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by: A. reacting with pyruvate, forming citric acid and freeing CoA. B. reacting with citrate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. C. reacting with pyruvate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. D. reacting with citric acid, forming pyruvate and freeing CoA. E. reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA.
E
Cytochromes, iron-sulfur proteins, and ubiquinone are all part of: A. fermentation B. glycolysis C. the citric acid cycle D. pyruvate dehydrogenase E. an electron transport chain
E
In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through A. the outer mitochondrial membrane. B. ATP decarboxylase. C. ATP dehydrogenase. D. a series of electron carriers. E. ATP synthase.
E
Potential Energy
Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
Active Transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Rubisco
Enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle
Which statement below is true? Both exergonic and endergonic reactions have a net release of energy, but only exergonic reactions are spontaneous. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. Exergonic reactions are not spontaneous and have a net release of energy, while endergonic reactions are spontaneous and have an net requirement for energy. Catalysts slow down chemical reactions. Anabolic reactions in cells, such as glucose combining with fructose to make sucrose, happen quickly at body temperature with no need for enzymes.
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
Which statement below is true?
Exergonic reactions are spontaneous and have a net release of energy, while endergonic reactions are not spontaneous and have an net requirement for energy. **** there's two versions of this question,, different answer choices I guess just look and be careful of which. or which is spontaneous or not spontaneous look for different wording of the answer I guess*********
B
Exocytosis: A) is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell. B) results in secretion of materials outside the cell. C) is engulfment of large solid particles by the cell. D) is movement of molecules with their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane. E) always requires the specific binding of molecules to receptors on the cell surface.
Polar Microtubules
Extend from a pole to the midplane area, often overlapping with polar microtubules from the other pole
In which of the following should you find the chromosomes all lined up along the midplane of the cell, with sister chromatids for each chromosome having their kinetochores on opposite sides (and attached to kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles)? A. G0 B. G1 C. S phase D. prophase E. G2 F. metaphase G. anaphase H. telophase
F
Mitochondrial Matrix
Fluid filled space with mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
Stroma
Fluid portion of the chloroplast; Outside of the thylakoids
Thylakoid Lumen
Fluid-filled region inside a thylakoid
Stroma
Fluid-filled region inside the inner membrane
Cristae
Foldings in the mitochondria
b. B
For which line or lines does the data indicate that the solution in the bag is hypertonic compared to the solution in the beaker at the end of the experiment (60 minute timepoint)? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. A and B g. A, C, and E h. D and E
What is involved in interphase?
G1 phase; G2 phase, S phase; Cytokenesis/mitosis
The molecule _____ is reduced relative to ______.
H20; O2 ****** THERE WILL BE TWO OF THESE GO WITH THIS ONE!!!!!! UNLESS ITS NOT AN ANSWER CHOICE!!!!
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
In anaphase II of meiosis you should find that sister chromatids:
Have broken apart at the centromere
Antenna Complexes
Highly organized arrangements of pigments, proteins, and other molecules that capture light energy
packed nucleosomes (30nm fiber)
Histone HI interacts with linker DNA to form the
Anchoring Junctions
Hold cells tightly together; one common type in animals is the desmosome
Microtubles
Hollow rods that shape and support the cell and serve as tracks to guide motor proteins
Consist of 2 chromosomes the same size and with the same genes
Homologous pairs of chromosomes:
cells use catabolic pathways to provide the energy to make ATP
How do cells typically get the ATP they need?
A
How many molecules of NADH would be produced by four turns of the citric acid cycle? A) 12 D) 4 B) 3 E) 24 C) 6
alternative splicing
Human cells produce perhaps as many as 100,000 different proteins, and yet the human genome has only about 25,000 genes. This is best explained by
B
Human cells produce perhaps as many as 100,000 different proteins, and yet the human genome has only about 25,000 genes. This is best explained by A. aminoacylation. B. alternative splicing. C. exon shuffling. D. degeneracy. E. the wobble hypothesis.
In the phospholipid bilayer, the heads (which are on the outside) are ?
Hydrophilic
Turgor Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure in cells with a cell wall
Investigations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the past have shown that the amount of CO2 found in a gas mixture is inversely correlated with the rate of cooling of that gas mixture - that is, when there is more CO2 present gas mixtures have been found to cool more slowly (and thus be warmer). Average levels of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere has been rising steadily for decades, and continue to rise. Human activities, particularly most means used for energy production, release CO2 and are clearly causing global atmospheric levels of CO2 to rise. The vast majority of scientists who study the Earth's climate have made or agreed with the following statements: I. Higher amounts of CO2 will cause a gas mixture (such as the atmosphere) to retain more heat than it otherwise would. II. Human activities are causing average global temperatures to increase. What type of reasoning was used for each of these statements? I - deductive; II - deductive I - inductive; II - deductive I - inductive; II - inductive I - deductive; II - inductive
I - inductive; II - deductive
Prophase I/ Prophase II
I: homologous chromosomes pair crossing over for genetic recombination II: similar to mitosis, but very short.
Anaphase I/ Anaphase II
I: homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles II: sister chromatids separate towards opposite poles
Telophase I/ Telophase II
I: spindle fibers disintegrate II: spindle fibers disintegrate and the chromosome condenses while cytokinesis begins
Metaphase I/ Metaphase II
I: tetrads line up along mid plane of the cell II: line up in middle, sister chromosomes are connected
A
If a cell is placed in a solution that is HYPOTONIC relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will: A. overall wind up taking water from the solution B. overall wind up losing water to the solution C. only allow water molecules to pass out into the solution D. have no net exchange of water with the solution E. only allow water molecules to pass in from the solution
C
If a cell is placed in a solution that is ISOTONIC relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will: A. overall wind up taking water from the solution B. only allow water molecules to pass out into the solution C. have no net exchange of water with the solution D. overall wind up losing water to the solution E. only allow water molecules to pass in from the solution
D
If a cell is placed in a solution that is ISOTONIC relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will: A) overall wind up taking water from the solution B) only allow water molecules to pass out into the solution C) overall wind up losing water to the solution D) have no net exchange of water with the solution E) only allow water molecules to pass in from the solution
c. have no net exchange of water with the solution
If a cell is placed in a solution that is ISOTONIC relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will: a. overall wind up taking water from the solution b. only allow water molecules to pass out into the solution c. have no net exchange of water with the solution d. overall wind up losing water to the solution e. only allow water molecules to pass in from the solution
Reversible Inhibition
If inhibitor is removed, the enzyme activity can be recovered
Carotenoids
Important yellow and orange accessory pigments
C
In C4 plants and CAM plants, the reaction that initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound is catalyzed by the enzyme: A) pyridoxal kinase. D) rubisco. B) phosphofructokinase. E) ATP synthase. C) PEP carboxylase.
c. PEP carboxylase
In C4 plants and CAM plants, the reaction that initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound is catalyzed by the enzyme: a. phosphofructokinase. b. pyridoxal kinase. c. PEP carboxylase. d. rubisco. e. ATP synthase.
C
In a cell, breaking down glucose and other carbohydrates as an energy source is a/an _________ process and is ________. A. catabolic; endergonic B. redox; endergonic C. catabolic; exergonic D. anabolic; exergonic E. anabolic; endergonic
A
In anaphase I of meiosis you should find that sister chromatids: A. have their kinetochores side-by-side. B. have their kinetochores on opposite sides. C. are connected to each other by chiasmata. D. have broken apart at the centromere. E. are completing DNA replication.
E
In anaphase I of meiosis you should find that sister chromatids: A) are completing DNA replication. B) have their kinetochores on opposite sides. C) are connected to each other by chiasmata. D) have broken apart at the centromere. E) have their kinetochores side-by-side.
E
In anaphase I of meiosis: A. sister chromatids separate from each other. B. sister chromatids have their kinetochores on opposite sides. C. homologous chromosomes are connected to each other by chiasmata. D. DNA replication occurs. E. homologous chromosomes separate from each other.
e. homologous chromosomes separate from each other.
In anaphase I of meiosis: a. sister chromatids separate from each other. b. sister chromatids have their kinetochores on opposite sides. c. homologous chromosomes are connected to each other by chiasmata. d. DNA replication occurs. e. homologous chromosomes separate from each other.
B
In eukaryotes the replication of chromosomal DNA occurs during: A) G2 phase. D) anaphase B) S phase. E) G1 phase. C) prophase.
b. S phase
In eukaryotes the replication of chromosomal DNA occurs during: a. prophase. b. S phase. c. G1 phase. d. G2 phase. e. metaphase
E
In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that A. mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic. B. mutant mice were resistant to material infections. C. infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains. D. Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other mice. E. mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living cells into the pathogenic form.
46:23
In most cases, an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 46 chromosomes will have _ chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells and _ chromosomes in its gametes.
E
In most cases, an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 46 chromosomes will have _ chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells and _ chromosomes in its gametes. A. 46; 92 B. 23; 46 C. 92; 46 D. 23; 92 E. 46; 23
e. 46; 23
In most cases, an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 46 chromosomes will have _ chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells and _ chromosomes in its gametes. a. 46; 92 b. 23; 46 c. 92; 46 d. 23; 92 e. 46; 23
Primary Cell Wall
In plants, relatively thin and flexible wall
a. proteins associated with a membrane move around on the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid
In the "fluid mosaic model": a. proteins associated with a membrane move around on the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. b. proteins associated with a membrane frequently flip membrane sides in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. c. proteins associated with a membrane are fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a three-dimensional fluid. d. proteins associated with a membrane are fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. e. proteins associated with a membrane frequently move from one membrane side to the other in a lipid bilayer that acts as a three-dimensional fluid.
D
In the Hershey and Chase experiment, the pellet was radioactive after bacteria had been infected with 32P-labeled viruses and centrifuged. Why? A. Viruses were centrifuged B. Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins into their cell membranes. C. Viruses were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins from the bacterial DNA. D. Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive DNA. E. Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins into their DNA.
bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive DNA
In the Hershey and Chase experiment, the pellet was radioactive after bacteria had been infected with 34P-labeled viruses and centrifuged. Why?
10, 6, 0
In the RuBP regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle (C3 cycle), the production of 6 RuBP molecules requires _ G3P molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs.
B
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires _ 3-PGA molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs. A. 6; 6; 6 B. 12; 12; 12 C. 10; 6; 0 D. 10; 12; 6 E. 12; 18; 12
b. 12; 12; 12
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires _ 3-PGA molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs. a. 6; 6; 6 b. 12; 12; 12 c. 10; 6; 0 d. 10; 12; 6 e. 12; 18; 12
E
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires __ 3-PGA molecules and the use of __ ATPs and __ NADPHs. A) 12; 18; 12 D) 10; 6; 0 B) 6; 6; 6 E) 12; 12; 12 C) 10; 12; 6
Only A and C are correct (proteins have greater variety, made of twenty different amino acids)
In the early 1900s biologists knew the nucleus contained DNA and proteins. The prevailing opinion then was that the genetic material was proteins, and not DNA. The reason for this belief was that proteins are more complex than DNA. This is because
D
In the early 1900s biologists knew the nucleus contained DNA and proteins. The prevailing opinion then was that the genetic material was proteins, and not DNA. The reason for this belief was that proteins are more complex than DNA. This is because A. proteins have a greater variety of three-dimensional forms than does DNA. B. proteins have four different levels of structural organization; DNA is only two-dimensional. C. proteins are made of twenty different amino acids, while DNA is made of only four different nucleotides. D. Only A and C are correct. E. A, B, and C are correct.
an accumulation of B and no production of C
In the metabolic pathway indicated above, a mutation results in a defective enzyme B. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?
C6H12O6, O2
In the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, ___ gets oxidized, and ___ gets reduced.
the various domains of the polypeptide product
In the structural organization of many eukaryotic genes, individual exons may be related to which of the following?
A
In the"fluid mosaic model": A. proteins associated with a membrane move around on the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. B. proteins associated with a membrane frequently flip membrane sides in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. C. proteins associated with a membrane are fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a three-dimensional fluid. D. proteins associated with a membrane are fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. E. proteins associated with a membrane frequently move from one membrane side to the other in a lipid bilayer that acts as a three-dimensional fluid.
A
In the"fluid mosaic model": ** different versions of answers of this question, if not right set of answers and answer, keep clicking enter to find more all 4 options ** A) integral proteins are imbedded and typically move laterally in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. B) integral proteins are imbedded and typically flip membrane sides in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. C) integral proteins are imbedded and typically flip membrane sides in a lipid bilayer that acts as a one-dimensional fluid. D) integral proteins are imbedded and typically fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. E) integral proteins are imbedded and typically fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a three-dimensional fluid.
Fluid Mosaic Model
In this model, the membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer of phospholipids
Carbon Fixation
Incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules
Catalyst
Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction
E
Isotopes of the same element have: A. the same number of electrons but different atomic numbers and different atomic masses. B. the same number of electrons and the same atomic mass but different atomic numbers. C. different numbers of electrons and different atomic masses but the same atomic number. D. different numbers of electrons but the same atomic number and the same atomic mass. E. the same number of electrons and the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
e. the same number of electrons and the same atomic number but different atomic masses
Isotopes of the same element have: a. the same number of electrons but different atomic numbers and different atomic masses. b. the same number of electrons and the same atomic mass but different atomic numbers. c. different numbers of electrons and different atomic masses but the same atomic number. d. different numbers of electrons but the same atomic number and the same atomic mass. e. the same number of electrons and the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
Turgidity
Main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant and bacteria cells; Healthy feature to keep cells strong
DNA Repair
Many species reproduce sexually only during times of stress
E; both lines at the top
Meselson and Stahl found evidence supporting the theory that DNA replication is semiconservative when they grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure above matches the results that they found after ***TWO*** rounds of DNA replication in the presence of 14N?
E; both lines at the top
Meselson and Stahl found evidence supporting the theory that DNA replication is semiconservative when they grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure above matches the results that they found after two rounds of DNA replication in the presence of 14N?
D
Meselson and Stahl found evidence supporting the theory that DNA replication is semiconservative when they grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure matches the results that they found after ***ONE*** round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E
Stomata
Microscopic pores in the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: one DNA replication; one division; 2 identical daughter cells; do no pair, cross over, or segregate Meiosis: one DNA replication; 2 divisions; 4 distinct daughter cells, do pair, cross over, and segregate
Preparation Reactions
Molecules are rearranged to prepare for other reactions
Amphipathic Molecules
Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Transport Vesicles
Move molecules between locations inside the cell
Motor Proteins
Move the chromosomes towards the poles along the kinetochores microtubules
Chemiosmosis
Movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane where energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion
What is the electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis?
NADP+
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis? ADP ATP NADP+ CO2 O2
NADP+
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic transport?
NADP+
Energy captured from light for photosynthesis ia brought into the Calvin cycle (C3 Cycle) via _______ and _______.
NADPH and ATP.
the overall equation of photosynthesis takes into account the amount of what needed to create one molecule of __________?
NADPH and ATP; glucose
The molecule _ is reduced relative to _ . ADP; ATP NADPH; NADP+ O2; H2O FAD; FADH2 NAD+; NADH
NADPH; NADP+
what are some compounds that serve as the ultimate electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
NO3 - , SO4 2- or CO2
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
Vacuole
Organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food, or enzymes, that are needed by the cell
Ribosome
Organelle that makes proteins
Centrosome
Organelle where microtubles are organized
Plastids
Organelles of plants and algae that produce and store food
Coenzymes
Organic cofactors (ex: vitamins)
Genome
Organism's complete DNA sequence
A
Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields: A. 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. B. 2 G3P. C. 1 acetyl CoA + 1 ATP. D. 2 ATP + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. E. 1 ATP + 1 CO2 + 1 NADH.
B
Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields: A) 2 ATP + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. D) 1 ATP + 1 CO2 + 1 NADH. B) 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. E) 2 G3P. C) 1 acetyl CoA + 1 ATP.
a. 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields: a. 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. b. 2 G3P. c. 1 acetyl CoA + 1 ATP. d. 2 ATP + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH. e. 1 ATP + 1 CO2 + 1 NADH.
In C4 plants and CAM plants, the reaction that initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound is catalyzed by the enzyme:
PEP carboxylase
E
Phosphodiester bonds are the typical bonds between: A. phospholipids B. amino acids C. steroids D. monosaccharides E. nucleotides
E////// overall and amphipathic**
Phospholipids can spontaneously form bilayer structures in water because of their: A) single hydrophobic tail. D) Both A and B B) overall cylindrical structure. E) Both B and C C) amphipathic nature.
c. amphipathic nature
Phospholipids can spontaneously form bilayer structures in water because of their: a. single hydrophobic tail. b. overall cone shape. c. amphipathic nature. d. mostly hydrophilic nature. e. terpene subunits.
Chlorophyll a
Pigment that participates directly in light reactions; Absorbs best in red and blue wavelengths; Absorbs all wavelengths of light except for yellow-green and green
e. is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell.
Pinocytosis: a. always requires the specific binding of molecules to receptors on the cell surface. b. is movement of molecules with their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane. c. is engulfment of large solid particles by the cell. d. results in secretion of materials outside the cell. e. is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell.
Chromoplasts
Plastids who have pigment storage in petals and fruit
A
Plastocyanin passes electrons directly to: A. photosystem I/P700 B. NADPH C. ferrodoxin D. oxygen E. photosystem II/P680
B
Plastocyanin passes electrons directly to: A) photosystem II/P680 D) oxygen B) photosystem I/P700 E) ferrodoxin C) NADPH
a. photosystem I/P700
Plastocyanin passes electrons directly to: a. photosystem I/P700 b. NADPH c. ferrodoxin d. oxygen e. photosystem II/P680
Active Site
Pocket or groove on the surface of an enzyme
Free Energy
Portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
Chemical Energy
Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
Active transport
Process that allows protons to move against their concentration gradient across a biological membrane.
Catabolic Reactions
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones
Anabolic Reactions
Processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones
Autotrophs
Produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment; Producers of the biosphere; Almost all plants
cytoplasm, cytoplasm
Prokaryotes perform transcription in the __________________ and translation in the ____________________.
Cell Wall
Protects the cell; Maintains its shape; Prevents excessive uptake of water
Pore Complex
Protein structure that lines each pore of the nuclear envelope and regulates the passage of certain large macromolecules and particles
Peripheral Proteins
Proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane
Carrier Proteins
Proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
Electrogenic Pumps
Proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane
Integral Proteins
Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
Transport Proteins
Proteins that transport substances across a membrane
Glycoproteins
Proteins with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to them
An organism is a eukaryote with no cell walls. It could belong to which of the following kingdoms? Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria
Protista and Animalia
3' to 5'; 3'
RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA in the ____ direction of the template strand, and adds nucleotides to the _____ end of the growing transcript
C
RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA in the ________ direction of the template strand, and adds nucleotides to the ________ end of the growing transcript. A. 5' to 3'; 5' B. 5' to 5'; 3' C. 3' to 5'; 3' D. 3' to 5'; 5'
mRNA
RNA that directs protein synthesis; Transported to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores; Once in the cytoplasm, ribosomes translate __________'s genetic message into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide
Diffusion
Random movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration
Substrate
Reactant an enzyme acts on
Aceytl-CoA enter the citric acid cycle by:
Reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA.
Endergonic Reaction
Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings; ΔG is positive
Exergonic Reaction
Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy; ΔG is negative
Decarboxylation Reaction
Reaction where carboxyl groups are removed and released as CO2
Preparation Reactions
Reactions where molecules are rearranged to prepare for other reactions
A
Refer to Figure 06-2. The line on the graph labeled A represents the: A) activation energy without an enzyme. B) activation energy with or without an enzyme. C) net change in free energy. D) activation energy with an enzyme. E) net energy consumed by the reaction.
D
Refer to Figure 08-4, a diagram of a chloroplast. If photosynthesis is occurring, then the highest concentration of H+ ions (free protons) would mostly be found at the location labeled as:
A
Refer to figure 06-2. The line on the graph labeled A represents the: A. activation energy without an enzyme. B. net change in free energy. C. activation energy with or without an enzyme. D. activation energy with an enzyme. E. net energy consumes by the reaction.
D
Refer to the diagram of a chloroplast above. If photosynthesis is occurring, then the production of O2 is occurring at the location labeled as: A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E
b. Lumen
Refer to the diagram of a chloroplast above. If photosynthesis is occurring, then the production of O2 is occurring at the location labeled as: a. Granum b. Lumen c. Stroma d. Thylakoids e. Inner Membrane
D
Refer to the diagram of a chloroplast above. If photosythesis is occuring, then the highest concentration of H+ ions (free protons) would mostly be found at the location labeled as: A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E
A
Refer to the representation of DNA replication Figure 16-1. The structure labeled "C" is: A. DNA helicase. B. single-strand DNA binding protein. C. DNA polymerase. D. primase. E. single-strand DNA binding protein.
DNA ligase
Refer to the representation of DNA replication in Figure 16-1 above. The structure labeled "A" is:
DNA polymerase
Refer to the representation of DNA replication in Figure 16-1 above. The structure labeled "B" is:
single-stranded DNA binding protein
Refer to the representation of DNA replication in Figure 16-1 above. The structure labeled "D" is:
B
Refer to the representation of DNA replication in Figure 16-1. The structure labeled "A" is: A. DNA helicase. B. DNA ligase. C. DNA polymerase. D. primase. E. single-strand DNA binding protein.
Nucleolus
Region of densely strained fibers and granules adjoining the chromatin; rRNA is assembled here and passed through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where they form ribosomes
Catabolic Pathways
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds (ex: cellular respiration)
Active Transport
Requires energy to work against a concentration gradient
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
Bound Ribosomes
Ribosomes that are attached to the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum or nuclear envelope
In eukaryotes, the replication of chromosomal DNA occurs in:
S phase
In eukaryotes the replication of chromosomal DNA occurs during: prophase. S phase. G1 phase. G2 phase. metaphase
S phase.
Pyruvate Oxidation
Second stage of aerobic respiration; Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is converted to Acetyl CoA; Carboxyl is removed as CO2; Results in 2 NADH and 2 ATP
Red Queen
Sex allows for populations to "store" genetic diversity so that it is available for each generation
A
Small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs, or "snurps") are involved in _______. A. mRNA splicing B. aminoacylation of tRNA C. initiation of transcription D. initiation of translation E. termination of translation
Microfilaments
Solid rods that are present in all eukaryotic cells; Important for cell motility
Hypertonic Solution
Solution with a greater concentration of solutes outside the cell
Hypotonic Solution
Solution with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell
Carrier Mediated Transport
Special integral membrane proteins assist in transport across membranes
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
1st Law of Thermodynamics
States that the energy of the universe is constant -- It can be transferred or transformed, but never destroyed
generation of a poly-A tail
Stopping transcription in eukaryotes requires:
B
Stopping transcription in eukaryotes requires: A. generation of stop codon. B. generation of a poly-A tail. C. splicing introns out and eons together. D. copying a terminator sequences in mRNA. E. activation of gene repressors.
Collagen
Structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue
Chromosomes
Structures that carry genetic information; Humans have 23 pairs
Thermodynamics
Study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
Myosin
Super family of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle contraction
A
Suppose that a cell has 40 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each? A. 20 B. 80 C. 40 D. 5 E. 10
C
Suppose that a cell has 8 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each? A. 2 B. 32 C. 4 D. 16 E. 8
B
Suppose that a cell has 8 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each? A) 8 D) 16 B) 4 E) 2 C) 32
c. 4
Suppose that a cell has 8 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each? a. 2 b. 32 c. 4 d. 16 e. 8
Plasma membrane
Surrounds cell; allows things to go in and out of cell.
Plasma Membrane
Surrounds the cell and separates the interior of the cell from the external environment
36; 14
The DNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 36% cytosine. This organism should have ____% guanine and ___% adenine in its DNA
A
The DNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 36% cytosine. This organism should have ____% guanine and _____% adenine in its DNA. A. 36; 14 B. 86; 14 C. 36; 36 D. 14; 36 E. 14; 14
DNA > RNA > protein
The central dogma describes the flow of information of gene expression as
C
The central dogma describes the flow of the information of gene expression as A. RNA -> DNA. B. protein -> DNA -> RNA. C. DNA -> RNA -> protein. D. RNA -> DNA -> protein. E. DNA -> protein -> RNA.
B
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more citrate does nothing to overcome the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme in a different location than citrate does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as A) an allosteric activator. D) a competitive inhibitor. B) a noncompetitive inhibitor. E) a buffer. C) a cofactor.
D
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more citrate partially overcomes the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme at the same location that citrate does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as A. buffer. B. a noncompetitive inhibitor. C. a cofactor. D. a competitive inhibitor. E. an allosteric activator.
d. a competitive inhibitor
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more citrate partially overcomes the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme at the same location that citrate does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as a. buffer. b. a noncompetitive inhibitor. c. a cofactor. d. a competitive inhibitor. e. an allosteric activator.
C
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is A) oxidation of glucose to mc027-1.jpg and water. B) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. C) the difference in Hmc027-2.jpg concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. D) the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. E) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers.
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid (which is preferred at lower temperatures)? Unsaturated fatty acids permit less water in the interior of the membrane. The lack of carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids allows phospholipids to pack closer together than they would be with saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have shorter fatty acid tails. Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content. The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form bends in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they would be with saturated fatty acids.
The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form bends in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they would be with saturated fatty acids.
E
The energy source that most directly drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis is A. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. B. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. C. oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. D. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. E. the flow of H+ ions with their gradient through ATP synthase.
e. the flow of H+ ions with their gradient through ATP synthase
The energy source that most directly drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis is a. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. b. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. c. oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. d. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. e. the flow of H+ ions with their gradient through ATP synthase.
b. citric acid cycle
The figure below depicts which of the following processes? a. fermentation b. citric acid cycle c. pyruvate oxidation d. glycolysis e. oxidative phosphorylation
D
The first evidence of a connection between genes and metabolism cane from studies of alkaptonuria (black urine disease) conducted by __________. A. Nirenberg and Leder B. Watson and Crick C. Beadle and Tatum D. Garrod E. Griffith
Produce ATP
The main reason cells perform aerobic respiration is to:
B
The molecule _ is reduced relative to _ . A. ADP; ATP B. NADPH; NADP+ C. O2; H2O D. FAD; FADH2 E. NAD+; NADH
D
The molecule _ is reduced relative to _ . A. NADP+ ; NADPH B. NAD+; NADH C. ADP; ATP D. H2O; O2 E. FAD; FADH2
b. NADPH; NADP+
The molecule _ is reduced relative to _ . a. ADP; ATP b. NADPH; NADP+ c. O2; H2O d. FAD; FADH2 e. NAD+; NADH
E
The molecule _____ is reduced relative to _______ . A) ADP; ATP D) NAD+; NADH B) FAD; FADH2 E) NADPH; NADP+ C) O2; H2O
NADPH; NADP+
The molecule _____________ is reduced relative to ___________.
C
The molecule depicted above is: A. NADH B. glycerol C. ATP D. cyclic AMP E. cytosine
c. ATP
The molecule depicted below is: a. NADH b. glycerol c. ATP d. cyclic AMP e. cytosine
ATP
The most common energy carrier molecule of living organisms is _____?
C
The place where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin is called the _________ and is located __________ of the transcribed region. A. intron; downstream B. initiator; downstream C. promoter; upstream D. initiator; upstream E. promoter; downstream
two of the above (missense mutation, frameshift mutation)
The polypeptide SJK has 68 amino acids. The mutated version of SJK polypeptide has only the first 32 amino acids. What kind of mutation could have caused this?
Proton-Motive Force
The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis
A
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to A) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. B) combine with lactate, forming pyruvate. C) combine with carbon, forming mc030-1.jpg. D) catalyze the reactions of glycolysis. E) yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.
Phagocytosis
The process in which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle; "Cell eating"
B
The process of adding the correct amino acid onto a tRNA molecule is catalyzed by _________. A. the ribosome B. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase C. an mRNA D. RNA polymerase E. the tRNA itself
an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
The process of adding the correct amino acid onto a tRNA molecule is catalyzed by __________________.
DNA; an RNA strand
The process of transcription refers to the direct use of information encoded in ________ to make _______________.
A
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during _ occurs as a means of regenerating _ from _. A. fermentation; NAD+; NADH B. aerobic respiration; NAD+; NADH C. aerobic respiration; ATP; ADP D. aerobic respiration; ADP; ATP E. fermentation; NADH; NAD+
D
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during ____________ occurs as a means of regenerating ____________ from ____________. A) aerobic respiration; NAD+; NADH D) fermentation; NAD+; NADH B) fermentation; NADH; NAD+ E) aerobic respiration; ATP; ADP C) aerobic respiration; ADP; ATP
Endergonic Reactions
The products have more free energy than the reactants
C
The site where a competitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called a/an: A) apoenzyme D) allosteric site B) helix site E) reduction site C) active site
d. allosteric site
The site where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called a/an: a. helix site b. active site c. apoenzyme d. allosteric site e. reduction site
A
The site where substrate(s) bind to an enzyme is called a/an: A) active site D) reduction site B) apoenzyme E) helix site C) allosteric site
active site
The site where substrate(s) bind to an enzyme is called an:
D
The structure of DNA was woken out by whom? A. Beadle and Tatum B. Meselson and Stahl C. Wilkins and Franklin D. Watson and Crick E. Hershey and Chase
the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and the tRNA are flexible
There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This best explained by the fact that
A
Translation ends when a stop codon is at the _____ site, allowing a/an ______ to enter there and then cause the translation machinery to fall apart and release the new polypeptide. A. A; termination factor B. P; termination factor C. A; terminator tRNA D. E; terminator tRNA E. P; terminator tRNA
A, termination factor
Translation ends when a stop codon is at the ______ site, allowing a _________________ to enter there and then cause the translation machinery to fall apart and release the new polypeptide.
Steroid Cholesterol
Wedged between phospholipid molecules; Stabilizes membrane fluidity to make the bilayer strong and flexible
ATP and NADPH
What are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle?
The free energy released by ATP hydrolysis may be coupled to an endergonic process via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.
What best characterizes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?
the flow of H+ ions w/ their gradient through ATP synthase
What energy source that most directly drives ATP synthesis during chemosmosis is?
The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly.
What is a reasonable explanation to why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at a lower temperature?
Nuclear membrane
What is not a characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?
DNA is completely replicated
What is the cell doing in the 'S' portion of interphase?
Binary fission
What is the cell reproductive type of bacteria?
it introduces a stop codon into the mRNA
What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?
C
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis? A. ADP B. ATP C. NADP+ D. CO2 E. O2
E
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis? A. ADP B. ATP C. CO2 D. O2 E. NADP+
B
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis? A) ATP D) O2 B) NADP+ E) ADP C) CO2
c. NADP+
What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis? a. ADP b. ATP c. NADP+ d. CO2 e. O2
Small and hydrophobic
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
b. polar covalent
What type of bond in a region with a partial positive charge (δ+) and a region with a partial negative charge (δ-)? a. ionic b. polar covalent c. hydrophobic d. non polar covalent e. hydrogen
B
What type of bond results in a region with a partial positive charge (δ+) and a region with a partial negative charge (δ-)? A. ionic B. polar covalent C. hydrophobic D. nonpolar covalent E. hydrogen
a phosphorylated intermediate
When ATP hydrolysis is used in a coupled reaction to provide energy what is often produced?
C
When ATP hydrolysis is used in a coupled reaction to provide energy: A) the ratio of ATP to ADP increases B) the other reaction usually produces an oxidized compound C) a phosphorylated intermediate is often produced D) the overall reaction has a net endergonic nature E) ADP is typically found only as an intermediate
a cofactor
When Zn+2 is introduced to a solution containing a specific enzyme the rate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme dramatically increases. Further studies reveal that the enzyme does not function as a catalyst at all if Zn+2 is absent, and that Zn+2 associates with the enzyme in the active site. In this situation Zn+2 is acting as
A
When Zn+2 is introduced to a solution containing a specific enzyme the rate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme dramatically increases. Further studies revel that the enzyme does not function as a catalyst at all if Zn+2 is absent, and that Zn+2 associates with the enzyme in the active site. In this situation Zn+2 is acting as A. a cofactor B. an allosteric activator C. an noncompetitive inhibitor D. a competitive inhibitor E. a buffer
Ground State
When all electrons in a atom fill only the lowest possible energy levels
Fluorescence
When an electron returns to a lower energy level, emitting a photon
C
When during the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate? A. phase B. G2 C. anaphase D. metaphase E. prophase
E
When during the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate? A) metaphase D) prophase B) S phase E) anaphase C) G2
c. anaphase
When during the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate? a. phase b. G2 c. anaphase d. metaphase e. prophase
no energy conversion is 100% efficient
When living systems couple exergonic with endergonic reactions, the overall reaction has a net exergonic nature because
D
When living systems couple exergonic with endergonic reactions, the overall reaction has a net exergonic nature because A. the total amount of energy + matter in a closed system changes. B. matter is converted to energy via E=mc2 C. energy cannot change forms. D. no energy conversion is 100% efficient. E. endergonic reactions must be in dynamic equilibrium.
Facilitated Diffusion
When net transport follows a concentration gradient, but proteins are needed to assist in transport
Photorespiration
When rubisco oxygenates RUBP, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis; Consumes ATP instead of making it
E
When used as an energy source proteins will provide a cell with _________ . A. half as much energy per unit weight as glucose provides B. more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides C. less than half as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides D. considerably more energy per unit weight than glucose provides, but less than twice as much E. roughly the same amount of energy per unit weight as glucose provides
D
When used as an energy source proteins will provide a cell with _________ . A) less than half as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides B) half as much energy per unit weight as glucose provides C) more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides D) roughly the same amount of energy per unit weight as glucose provides E) considerably more energy per unit weight than glucose provides, but less than twice as much
E
When used as an energy source triacylglycerol fats will typically provide a cell with: A. roughly the same amount of energy per unit weight as glucose provides B. half as much energy per unit weight as glucose provides C. less than half as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides D. considerably more energy per unit weight than glucose provides, but well under twice as much E. more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
e. more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
When used as an energy source triacylglycerol fats will typically provide a cell with: a. roughly the same amount of energy per unit weight as glucose provides b. half as much energy per unit weight as glucose provides c. less than half as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides d. considerably more energy per unit weight than glucose provides, but well under twice as much e. more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
D
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the C3 cycle (Calvin cycle) take place? A) electron transport chain D) stroma of the chloroplast B) thylakoid space E) outer membrane of the chloroplast C) thylakoid membranes
d. stroma of the chloroplast
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the C3 cycle (Calvin cycle) take place? a. thylakoid space b. outer membrane of the chloroplast c. thylakoid membranes d. stroma of the chloroplast e. electron transport chain
Cristae, mitochondria inner membrane
Where does the electron transport chain occur during cellular respiration?
Plasmolysis
Where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall
b. blue
Which line needs the least amount of energy to act? a. red b. blue
primase
Which of the following acts in DNA replication to begin new strands?
D
Which of the following acts in DNA replication to build a new DNA strand onto the end of an existing strand, following base pairing rules with a template strand? A. DNA helicase B. primase C. DNA ligase D. DNA polymerase E. topoisomerase
D
Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most fungi, known as zygotic meiosis? A. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → mitosis → fertilization B. zygote → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization C. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → production of gametes → fertilization D. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization E. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization
A
Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most fungi, known as zygotic meiosis? A) zygote -> meiosis -> mitosis -> production of gametes -> fertilization B) zygote -> mitosis -> meiosis -> mitosis -> production of gametes -> fertilization C) zygote -> mitosis -> meiosis -> production of gametes -> fertilization D) zygote -> mitosis -> production of gametes -> fertilization E) zygote -> meiosis -> mitosis -> production of gametes -> mitosis -> fertilization
d. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization
Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most fungi, known as zygotic meiosis? a. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → mitosis → fertilization b. zygote → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization c. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → production of gametes → fertilization d. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization e. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization
C
Which of the following is MOST likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? A. H+ B. NADH C. N2 D. NAD+ E. C6H12O6
providing a net input of energy to the reactants
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements?
D
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements? A. holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction B. direct involvement in the reaction during transition states C. putting a strain on existing bonds D. providing a net input of energy to the reactants E. providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction
B
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements? A. holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction B. providing a net input of energy to the reactants C. direct involvement in the reaction during transition states D. putting a strain on existing bonds E. providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction
B
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements? A) providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction B) providing a net input of energy to the reactants C) holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction D) putting a strain on existing bonds E) direct involvement in the reaction during transition states
C
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements? A. providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction B. direct involvement in the reaction transition states C. providing a net input of energy to the reactants D. holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction E. putting a strain on existing bonds
d. providing a net input of energy to the reactants
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements? a. holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction b. direct involvement in the reaction during transition states c. putting a strain on existing bonds d. providing a net input of energy to the reactants e. providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction
C
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why SATURATED fatty acids help keep any membrane less fluid (which is preferred at higher temperatures)? A) The double bonds in saturated fatty acids form bends in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they would be with unsaturated fatty acids. B) Saturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content. C) The lack of carbon-carbon double bonds in saturated fatty acids allows phospholipids to pack closer together than they would be with unsaturated fatty acids. D) Saturated fatty acids permit more water in the interior of the membrane. E) Saturated fatty acids have shorter fatty acid tails.
e. The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form bends // forms a kink in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they would be with saturated fatty acids.
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why UNSATURATED fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid (which is preferred at lower temperatures)? a. Unsaturated fatty acids permit less water in the interior of the membrane. b. The lack of carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids allows phospholipids to pack closer together than they would be with saturated fatty acids. c. Unsaturated fatty acids have shorter fatty acid tails. d. Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content. e. The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form bends in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they would be with saturated fatty acids.
E
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid (which is preferred at lower temperatures)? A. Unsaturated fatty acids permit less water in the interior of the membrane. B. The lack of carbon-carbon double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids allows phospholipids to pack closer together than they would be with saturated fatty acids. C. Unsaturated fatty acids have shorter fatty acid tails. D. Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content. E. The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids form bends in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent phospholipids to be further apart than they would be with saturated fatty acids.
B
Which of the following is least likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? A. CO2 B. C6H12O6 C. O2 D. N2 E. H2O
D
Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation? A. iron-sulfur proteins B. cytochromes C. ubiquinone D. ATP synthase E. flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
A
Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation? A) ATP synthase D) flavin mononucleotide (FMN) B) cytochromes E) iron-sulfur proteins C) ubiquinone
d. ATP synthase
Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation? a. iron-sulfur proteins b. cytochromes c. ubiquinone d. ATP synthase e. flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
3'-CCATGA-5'
Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complementary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand 3'-TCATGG-5'?
E
Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complimentary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand 3' - TCATGG - 5'? A. 3' - TTGCAG- 5' B. 5' - TCATGG - 3' C. 5' - GGTACT - 3' D. 3' - AGTACC - 5' E. 3' - CCATGA - 5'
nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain
Which of the following represents the order of increasingly higher levels of organization of chromatin?
D
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? A. C6H12O6 gets reduced and CO2 gets oxidized. B. O2 gets reduced and CO2 gets oxidized. C. O2 gets oxidized and H2O gets reduced. D. C6H12O6 gets oxidized and O2 gets reduced. E. CO2 gets reduced and O2 gets oxidized.
d. C6H12O6 gets oxidized and O2 gets reduced.
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? a. C6H12O6 gets reduced and CO2 gets oxidized. b. O2 gets reduced and CO2 gets oxidized. c. O2 gets oxidized and H2O gets reduced. d. C6H12O6 gets oxidized and O2 gets reduced. e. CO2 gets reduced and O2 gets oxidized.
E
Which of the following terms applies to any protein that is associated with a cellular membrane but is not imbedded in the lipid bilayer of the membrane? A) ion transport channel D) transmembrane protein B) integral protein E) peripheral protein C) integrin
E
Which of the following terms applies to any protein that is imbedded in the lipid bilayer of a cellular membrane? A. transmembrane protein B. peripheral protein C. integrin D. ion transport channel E. integral protein
e. integral protein
Which of the following terms applies to any protein that is imbedded in the lipid bilayer of a cellular membrane? a. transmembrane protein b. peripheral protein c. integrin d. ion transport channel e. integral protein
A
Which of the following types of cell-cell contacts act as selective pores for exchange of materials between adjacent animal cells? A) gap junctions D) plasmodesmata B) tight junctions E) desmosomes C) cell walls
C
Which of the following types of cell-cell contacts act as selective pores for exchange of materials between adjacent plant cells? A. gap junctions B. desmosomes C. plasmodesmata D. cell walls E. tight junctions
c. plasmodesmata
Which of the following types of cell-cell contacts act as selective pores for exchange of materials between adjacent plant cells? a. gap junctions b. desmosomes c. plasmodesmata d. cell walls e. tight junctions
B
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the LEAST energy per photon? A) x-rays D) green light B) infrared light E) red light C) ultraviolet light
D
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the least energy per photon? A. x rays B. red light C. green light D. infrared light E. ultraviolet light
D
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the most energy per photon? A. infrared light B.green light C . blue light D. ultraviolet light E. red light
Glycolysis
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm and breakdown glucose by enzymes and releases energy and pyretic acid?
ETC
Which stage of respiration doesn't have CO2 production?
Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous and have a net requirement for energy, while exergonic reactions are spontaneous and have a net release of energy
Which statement below is true?
B
Which statement below is true? A. Both exergonic and endergonic reactions have a net release of energy, but only exergonic reactions are spontaneous. B. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. C. Exergonic reactions are not spontaneous and have a net release of energy, while endergonic reactions are spontaneous and have an net requirement for energy. D. Catalysts slow down chemical reactions. E. Anabolic reactions in cells, such as glucose combining with fructose to make sucrose, happen quickly at body temperature with no need for enzymes.
A
Which statement below is true? A) Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous and have a net requirement for energy, while exergonic reactions are spontaneous and have a net release of energy. B) Exergonic reactions are not spontaneous and have a net release of energy, while endergonic reactions are spontaneous and have an net requirement for energy. C) Both exergonic and endergonic reactions have a net release of energy, but only exergonic reactions are spontaneous. D) Both exergonic and endergonic reactions have a net requirement for energy, but only endergonic reactions are spontaneous. E) Both endergonic and exergonic reactions are spontaneous, but only endergonic reactions have a net requirement for energy.
b. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
Which statement below is true? a. Both exergonic and endergonic reactions have a net release of energy, but only exergonic reactions are spontaneous. b. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. c. Exergonic reactions are not spontaneous and have a net release of energy, while endergonic reactions are spontaneous and have an net requirement for energy. d. Catalysts slow down chemical reactions. e. Anabolic reactions in cells, such as glucose combining with fructose to make sucrose, happen quickly at body temperature with no need for enzymes.
D
Which term most precisely describes the cellular processes that break down larger (complex) molecules into smaller (simpler) molecules? A) anabolism D) catabolism B) catalysis E) metabolism C) dehydration
Flagella
Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
Saturated fats ; Unsaturated fats
______ are usually solid because they have a single C-C bonds whereas _______ have one double C-C bond.
Exergonic reactions; endergonic reactions
_________ are spontaneous and have a net release of energy, while _______ are not spontaneous and have a net requirement of energy.
pyruvate oxidation
a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and realsed as carbon dioxide
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. **Adding more citrate** can mostly overcome the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme in a different location than citrate does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as
a competitive inhibitor (2 questions on here, different answers, slightly different 2 words- hope they are both right for the accordingly words-- watch for them be careful please;) idk ugh just watch for wording I guess those like 2
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more citrate partially overcomes the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme at the same location that citrate does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as
a competitive inhibitor.
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more citrate partially overcomes the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme at the same location that citrate does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as buffer. a noncompetitive inhibitor. a cofactor. a competitive inhibitor. an allosteric activator.
a competitive inhibitor.
in plants and some algae: -spores produced after meiosis divide into this.
a multicellular haploid gametophyte
what are gametes eventually derived from?
a multicellular haploid gametophyte
The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to chorismate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When tyrosine is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of PEP the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more PEP does nothing to overcome the effect of tyrosine on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that tyrosine binds to the enzyme at a different location than PEP does. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if tyrosine is removed from the solution. In this situation tyrosine is acting as
a noncompetitive inhibitor
what do membranes provide that many chemical events may occur on?
a surface
Use the picture below to answer the following questions: What is labeled C?
a.) carotenoids
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. catalyze the reactions of glycolysis. combine with carbon, forming . act as a the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
act as a the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain.
gap junctions
act as selective pores (same as plasmodesmata) but in animals
the relative rate of photosynthesis for a given radiation wavelength is an _________ ____________.
action spectrum
The line on the above graph labeled A represents the: activation energy without an enzyme. net energy consumed by the reaction. activation energy with an enzyme. net change in free energy. activation energy with or without an enzyme.
activation energy without an enzyme. (not exact same pic but close enough)
The site where substrate(s) bind to an enzyme is called a/an:
active cite
Consider a situation in which an enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and HAS NOT!!!!! been saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?
add more substrate
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
tight junction
adjacent cells attached but materials can not be passed thought them
when does meiosis have two successive cell divisions?
after one DNA replication
ATP, though a substrate, also serves as an __________ _________. -_________ is also an allosteric inhibitor. -______ serves as an allosteric activator.
allosteric inhibitor -citrate -AMP
The site where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called a/an: helix site active site apoenzyme allosteric site reduction site
allosteric site
plants and some algae have distinct...
alternation of generations
what are examples of molecules that may not readily pass through cell membranes easily?
amino acids, sugars, ions
proteins are broken into _________ ________. can these be broken down further?
amino acids; yes
Which of the following is not part of the nucleotides that make up DNA?
amino group
amphipathic nature Phospholipids can spontaneously form bilayer structures in water because of their:
amphipathic nature
Phospholipids can spontaneously form bilayer structures in water because of their: single hydrophobic tail. overall cone shape. amphipathic nature. mostly hydrophilic nature. terpene subunits.
amphipathic nature.
Phospholipids have a _____ nature, and a ________ structure.
amphipathic; cylindrical
phospholipids molecules spontaneously form bilayers in aqueous environments due to their _____________ nature and overall ____________ structure
amphipathic; cylindrical
_________ ___________ hold cells tightly together; one common type in animals is the desmosome. -_______________ form strong bonds, including merging of cytoskeletons, making it hard to ____________ the cells from each other. -what can materials still do between cells with anchoring junctions? -is this involved in the transport of materials between cells?
anchoring junctions -desmosomes; separate -pass in the space -no
what are the four types of junctions?
anchoring junctions tight junctions gap junctions plasmodesmata
what yields an active enzyme when bound together with a cofactor?
apoenzyme
the passage of substances across the membranes is generally regulated. what does this help establish/ maintain?
appropriate environments in the cell even as the outside environment changes
membranes separate _________ ____________ so that differences may be maintained.
aqueous environments
the action spectrum looks similar to the absorption spectrum of chl a, but is ____________ by the absorption spectrum of the accessory pigments.
augmented
these can fix carbon dioxide, so they can use CO2 as a carbon source
autotrophs
Use the picture below to answer the following questions: What kind of spectrum is pictured above? a.) action b.) absorbed
b.) absorbed
lactic acid fermentation is performed by some _________ and ________, and by animals under what circumstance?
bacteria; fungi; animals when muscles need energy fast
why is equilibrium often never reached?
because of the continual removal/ production of a substance
in an unsaturated fat, a carbon-carbon double bond produces a ________ that causes the phospholipids to be spaced further away from its neighbors, thus retaining more...
bend; freedom of motion
sexual reproduction dilutes the genes from the _______ _________ individuals, and thus must offer a significant advantage or __________ ____________ will win out.
best adapted; asexual reproduction
Interkinesis
between meiosis I and meiosis II. no S phase
Membranes
border guarding, surface for chemistry, sending or receiving messages
what are tetrads?
bundles with 4 total chromatids
Which of the following is not how organisms control membrane fluidity
by changing their genetic makeup
how do enzymes work?
by lowering the activation energy of a reaction
how are enzymes classified?
by the kind of reaction they catalyze
What phases are in the C3 cycle?
carbon fixation phase; carbon reduction phase; the ribulose I, 5-biphosphate regeneration phase
the __________ _________ often provides a regulated _________ or pore through the membrane. -typically used to transport _____ and _______ ___________ like glucose, although water channels also exist. -added _________ is not required (concentration gradient provides the energy), and in some cases is ____________ during transport.
carrier protein; channel -ions; large molecules -energy; harvested
what requires energy to work against a concentration gradient? -energy is often supplied by _______ powering a protein "pump" that moves a substance __________ a gradient. (ex: sodium-potassium pump in nearly all animal cells (moves 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in)).
carrier-mediated active transport -ATP; against
when special integral membrane proteins assist in transport across membranes it is called...
carrier-mediated transport
what are processes the break down complex molecules into simpler ones?
catabolic reactions
ATP is typically created in ___________ reactions and used in ____________ reactions, linking those aspects of ______________.
catabolic; anabolic; metabolism
In a cell, breaking down glucose and other carbohydrates as an energy source is a/an ________ process and is _______.
catabolic; exergonic
redox reactions: _____________ typically involves removal of hydrogen atoms from nutrients. -also involves the transfer of the protons and electrons to ______________ electron acceptors.
catabolism -intermediate
alone, an apoenzyme or a cofactor has little, if any, __________ _________.
catalytic activity
enzymes embedded in membranes ___________ many chemical reactions.
catalyze
G1 phase
cell growth, longest
a catalyst is substance that increases the rate of a ___________ _________ without being ___________ in the reaction. -recycles back to its _________ _______. -catalysts greatly _________ the activation energy requirement, making it ________ for a reaction to occur.
chemical reaction; consumed -original state --reduce; easier
enzymes regulate ____________ _________ in living organisms.
chemical reactions
what group obtains energy from reduced inorganic molecules and use some of it to fix CO2 and includes some bacteria?
chemoautotrophs
what group uses organic molecules as both carbon and energy sources, is dependent completely on other organisms for energy capture and carbon fixation, and includes all animals, all fungi, most protests, and most bacteria?
chemoheterotrophs
these can only get energy directly from chemical compounds
chemotrophs
accessory pigments can transfer captured energy to ________. -they also help protect chl a and other compounds from... (high light intensity can cause damage).
chl a -excess light energy
________ is the main accessory pigment -a slight _____________ in the ring shifts its absorption spectrum.
chl b -difference
this is the main light-harvesting molecule
chlorophyll
what yields an excited electron in the chlorophyll?
chlorophyll molecule + light energy
in photosynthetic eukaryotes, like plants and algae, photosynthesis occurs in _____________.
chloroplasts
what is an example of a lipid that can stabilize membrane fluidity?
cholesterol
chromatin is packaged into dense ________________ during cell division.
chromosomes
prophase: chromatin condenses to form ______________.
chromosomes
what are eukaryotic DNA molecules organized into?
chromosomes
sexual reproduction must contain a mechanism to half the number of ______________ at some point. -without such a mechanism, the number of chromosomes would __________ with each generation. -halving the chromosome number is accomplished through ___________.
chromosomes -double -meiosis
each species has a characteristic number of ______________. -the number __________ between species.
chromosomes -varies
meiosis is best understood by following the... -don't confuse homologous chromosomes with...
chromosomes and their kinetochores -sister chromatids
Which of the following processes directly releases the most CO2 per glucose molecule that enters aerobic respiration?
citric acid cycle
what is the third stage of aerobic respiration?
citric acid cycle
what do many enzymes require to function? -these _________ be changed by the reaction. -they may be __________ or ____________.
cofactors -might -organic or inorganic
___________________ of the enzyme, substrate, and products can help control reaction rate.
compartmentation
______________ ___________: inhibitor is similar in structure to a substrate; competes with substrate for binding to the active site. _________________ ____________: binds at allosteric site, alters enzyme shape to make active site unavailable.
competitive inhibition noncompetitive inhibition
chromosome number does not reflect the _______________ of the organism.
complexity
pigments are _____________ that absorb light.
compounds
cell junctions typically __________ cells and can allow __________ ___________ between connected cells.
connect; special transport
water is on both sides of photosynthesis because it is ____________ in some steps and ____________ in others -overall, there is a net use of ________.
consumed; produced -water
mitosis is a ___________ process.
continuous
cells can regulate enzyme activity to do what?
control reactions
what an amino group may eventually be?
converted to urea and excreted
substrate-level phosphorylation: __________ reactions that directly phosphorylate ______ or ______.
coupled; ADP; GDP
The phosphodiester bond in DNA is held together by
covalent bonds
O2, H2O, N2, and CO2
cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion
key regulatory components for checkpoints are __________ and _______ _________ protein kinases.
cyclins; cyclin-dependent
_______________ is the process of dividing the cytoplasm into two separate cells.
cytokinesis
some cells can have mitosis without _____________ (most common in fungi and slime molds)
cytokinesis
where does glycolysis happen?
cytoplasm
many more proteins are on the ______________ side of the plasma membrane, as revealed by _______ __________ plasma membranes.
cytoplasmic; freeze-fracturing
glycolysis occurs where?
cytosol
Use the picture below to answer the following questions: What is labeled A?
d.) chlorophyll A
Occurs in oxygen poor environment due to lack of mitochondria (hint: produces Lactic acid)
d.) fermentation
cytokinesis divides the cell into two ____________ _______.
daughter cells
CAM plants include many __________ plants such as cactuses.
desert
A small molecule can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one plant cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent plant cell through
desmosomes
What can disrupt cell membranes and can "solubilize" lipids to varying degrees?
detergents
what is another amphipathic molecule?
detergents (soap, etc.)
several accessory pigments, with absorption spectra that ________ from chl a, aid in ________________.
differ; photosynthesis
what do different modes of reproduction require?
different types of cell division
sexual reproduction: -usually the gametes that fuse are produced by ____________ individuals, but they may be produced by the _______ individual.
different; same
the protein profile of one membrane side typically _________ from the other side.
differs
what is based on random motion of particles?
diffusion across membranes
a sperm and an egg fuse to make a __________ ________, which gives rise to the _______________ animal.
diploid zygote; multicellular
in animals, the somatic cells are typically ___________, and special germ line cells undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes. what is this called?
diploid; gametogenesis
__________ cells give rise to __________ cells during meiosis.
diploid; haploid
what will high enough concentrations of detergents do?
disrupt cell membranes
wavelength is the ___________ from one wave peak to another.
distance
Cytokinesis
divides cell into 2 daughter cells. Cytoplasm is distributed. (animal cells- cleavage furrow; plant cells- cell plate)
the chromosomes are unpacked ("decondensed") when cells are not ___________.
dividing
the electron can be transferred __________ the electron transport chain, with energy _________ possible, once the previous redox reaction occurs.
down; harvest
when do sister chromatids separate?
during meiosis II
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
during the citric acid cycle acetyl yields?
left undisturbed, reactions will reach ___________ ______________ when the relative concentrations of reactants and products is correct. -forward and reverse reaction rates are _______. -concentrations remain __________.
dynamic equilibrium -equal -constant
Which of the following statements are false? a.) Exergonic reactions are spontaneous b.) Exergonic reactions have a net release of energy c.) Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous d.) Endergonic reactions have a net requirement for energy e.) Endergonic reactions have a net release of energy
e.) Endergonic reactions have a net release of energy
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a.) Exergonic reactions are spontaneous. b.) Exergonic reactions have a net release of energy. c.) Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous. d.) Endergonic reactions have a net requirement for energy. e.) Endergonic reactions have a net release of energy.
e.) Endergonic reactions have a net release of energy.
sexual reproduction: -in plants and animals the gametes are called the ______ and the _________.
egg; sperm
visible light is a form of _______________ __________.
electromagnetic radiation
fermentation involves no...
electron transport chain
Electron?
electron would be the dot on the shell with the - in it
what does making ATP involve? -__________ of an exergonic reaction is always endergonic. -must be coupled with an ____________ reaction; typically from a ___________ pathway.
endergonic condensation reaction -reverse -exergonic; catabolic
there are three types of _____________: -_____________: large solid particles are ingested (including whole cells in some cases) -_____________: smaller regions of dissolved materials are ingested -___________ __________ ____________: receptor proteins in the plasma membrane bind to specific molecules, causing protein conformational (shape) changes that lead to the formation of a coated vesicle.
endocytosis -phagocytosis -pinocytosis -receptor mediated endocytosis
along with carbohydrates- proteins and lipids are generally major _________ sources in foods.
energy
what do living organisms require to do work, any change in state, or motion of matter?
energy
noncyclic electron transport: what does P680 absorbs? what does it send to an electron transport chain?
energy an electron
energy can change forms, which is called...
energy conversion
enzymes: all reactions have a required ___________ ____ __________ that must be supplied in some way before the ___________ can proceed. -___________ must come together.
energy of activation; reaction -reactants
what is kinetic energy?
energy of motion, actively performing work
redox reactions are also used for... -___________ can also be used for energy transfer. -___________ gain electrons, ___________ lose electrons.
energy transfer -electrons -reduction; oxidation
enzyme +substrate(s) --> ES complex --> enzyme + product(s)
enzyme +substrate(s) --> ES complex --> enzyme + product(s)
some traditional enzyme names are less indicative of what?
enzyme function
aerobic respiration is a complex series of __________________ _________ that can be grouped into how many types of reactions?
enzyme-catalyzed reactions; four
in alcohol fermentation, __________ is a potentially toxic waste product, and is __________ from cells.
ethanol; removed
even when sex clearly benefits a population or species, it must directly benefit individuals or it will lose out via __________.
evolution
example of exer. and ender. coupled reaction: A --> B (exergonic) C --> D (endergonic) Coupled: A + C --> B + D (overall exergonic) Actually: A + C --> I --> B + D
example of exer. and ender. coupled reaction: A --> B (exergonic) C --> D (endergonic) Coupled: A + C --> B + D (overall exergonic) Actually: A + C --> I --> B + D
example of intermediate reaction: glucose + fructose --> sucrose + H2O (endergonic; requires ~27 kJ/mol) ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi (provides ~30 kJ/mol) coupled: glucose + fructose + ATP + H2O --> sucrose + H2O + ADP + Pi simplified: glucose + fructose + ATP --> sucrose +ADP + Pi with intermediates: glucose + fructose + ATP + H2O --> glucose-P + fructose + ADP --> sucrose + H2O + ADP + Pi
example of intermediate reaction: glucose + fructose --> sucrose + H2O (endergonic; requires ~27 kJ/mol) ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi (provides ~30 kJ/mol) coupled: glucose + fructose + ATP + H2O --> sucrose + H2O + ADP + Pi simplified: glucose + fructose + ATP --> sucrose +ADP + Pi with intermediates: glucose + fructose + ATP + H2O --> glucose-P + fructose + ADP --> sucrose + H2O + ADP + Pi
the products have less free energy than reactants are called...
exergonic reactions
an endergonic reaction is coupled with an __________ reaction. why?
exergonic; to provide the needed energy to drive an endergonic reaction
what does the fluid mosaic model explain?
existing data; also made two key predications that have been verified
what is the fusion of vesicles or vacuoles with the plasma membrane that results in secretion outside the cell or discarding waste outside the cell?
exocytosis
how are large particles are transported across membranes?
exocytosis and endocytosis
A process that allows protons (H+) to move with their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel would be best termed as: simple diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport exocytosis pinocytosis
facilitated diffusion
when net transport follows a concentration gradient, but proteins are needed to assist in transport, it is called...
facilitated diffusion
What are redox reactions used for in cells? How (generally) can you tell which of two similar compounds is reduced and which is oxidized? Give some examples of compounds commonly used in redox reactions in cells. Redox reactions are used to harvest energy from some chemicals, the acceptors of that energy typically can be used directly as energy currency, they are also used for energy transfer. Redox reactions recall reduction, loose electrons, oxidation, gain electrons, don't occur simultaneously in cells, free electrons in cells. NAD+. true or false
false Redox reactions are used to harvest energy from some chemicals, the acceptors of that energy typically CANNOT be used directly as energy currency, they are also used for energy transfer. Redox reactions recall reduction, GAIN electrons, oxidation, LOSE electrons, BOTH OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY in cells, no free electrons in cells. NAD+.
one member of each pair of chromosomes came from the _________, and one from the _________.
father; mother
the last product in a metabolic pathway binds to an allosteric site of an enzyme in an early step of the pathway, often the first, and inhibits activity of the enzyme.
feedback inhibition
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during _ occurs as a means of regenerating _ from _. fermentation; NAD+; NADH aerobic respiration; NAD+; NADH aerobic respiration; ATP; ADP aerobic respiration; ADP; ATP fermentation; NADH; NAD+
fermentation; NAD+; NADH
The electrons lost by the Photosystem I/P700 reactive center are sent to ______ , where two are needed for generation of NADPH.
ferredoxin
oxidative phosphorylation: -acceptors include: (4)
flavin mononucleotide (FMN) ubiquinone iron-sulfur proteins cytochromes
molecules rarely ________ from one side of the membrane to the other.
flip
what is the second stage of aerobic respiration?
formation of acetyl coenzyme A
aerobic respiration is conventionally divided into how many stages?
four
the reduction in activation energy is due primarily to how many things?
four
high energy is when an electron can be ________ from the atom it was bound to, which is called ____________.
freed; ionization
_____ ___________ between animal cells act as selective pores. -_________ connect the cells. -those proteins are grouped in __________ of how many subunits? -the cylinder can be opened to form a _______ ______ (less than 2 nm), through which ________ ___________ can pass.
gap junctions -proteins -cylinders; 6 -small pore; small molecules
chromosomes carry the ___________ information of a cell to the next generation, and to offspring
genetic
genetic recombination greatly increases the potential for what in offspring?
genetic variation
the complete DNA sequence for an organism is the ___________
genome
isolated membrane proteins were often found to have a ___________ ________ that did not fit the sandwich model.
globular nature
what goes into glycolysis?
glucose
what is glycerol is converted to entering glycolysis?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
What is the correct order of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis, fermentation of acetyl CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
this is a stack of thylakoids
granum/ grana (p.)
chl a, a _______ pigment, absorbs ______________ and ______ light.
green; violet-blue; red
when all electrons in an atom fill only the lowest possible energy levels it is called ________ ________.
ground state
the cell cycle describes the status of cells in relationship to _________ and ___________.
growth; division
If a cell is placed in a solution that is ISOTONIC relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will: overall wind up taking water from the solution only allow water molecules to pass out into the solution have no net exchange of water with the solution overall wind up losing water to the solution only allow water molecules to pass in from the solution
have no net exchange of water with the solution
second law of thermodynamics: in every energy conversion, some energy is converted to _______ that is lost to the surroundings. what does this mean? -also can be stated as: every energy conversion increased the _________ of the universe. -energy converted to heat in the surroundings ___________ entropy (spreading of energy). -upshot: no energy conversion is _______ __________.
heat; it cannot be used for work -entropy -increases -100% efficient
these cannot fix CO2 so they use organic molecules from other organisms as a carbon source
heterotrophs
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of _ initial concentration to an area of _ initial concentration. low; high any; any other one; equal high; any high; low
high; low
the portion of the spectrum visible to humans ranges from this, at 380 nm, to this, at 760 nm. -between lie all the colors of the ____________.
higher energy violet; lower-energy red -rainbow
moderate energy is when an electron moves to a... -an electron can then be removed from the atom, going to an ____________ ___________.
higher-energy orbital -acceptor molecule
cell division is generally a _________ ____________ process.
highly regulated
enzymes are what, generally?
highly specific
sex chromosomes aren't strictly ______________, but they act as if they are during meiosis.
homologous
anaphase I: -each pole gets one set of ______________ ________________.
homologous chromosomes
prophase I: chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, and ______________ ____________ pair.
homologous chromosomes
In anaphase I of meiosis: sister chromatids separate from each other. sister chromatids have their kinetochores on opposite sides. homologous chromosomes are connected to each other by chiasmata. DNA replication occurs. homologous chromosomes separate from each other.
homologous chromosomes separate from each other.
understanding life requires understanding...
how enzymes work
Which of the following is responsible for β-pleated sheet structures in proteins? hydrophobic interactions involving atoms of the variable (R) groups nonpolar covalent bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone ionic interactions involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone polar covalent bonds involving atoms of the variable (R) groups
hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone
Describe the head and tail(s) of phospholipids
hydrophilic head; 2 hydrophobic tails that are two chains of fatty acids linked to a glycerol.
____________ _____ _______ are common in the membrane spanning domains of transmembrane proteins. some wind ____________ across the membrane, but most only ______ the membrane once.
hydrophobic alpha-helices back and forth; span
a solution in the beaker is called what if water flows from a solution in a dialysis bag into a solution in a beaker, causing the bag to lose weight hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
hypertonic
when a solution has a higher osmotic pressure than another, it is _____________ to the other solution. -water will tend to flow _______ the hypertonic solution.
hypertonic -into
_____ solutions go up in mass, while ______ solutions go down in mass.
hypertonic; hypotonic
a solution in the beaker is considered what if the solution in the dialysis bag gained weight while in a solution in a beaker hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
hypotonic
a ____________ solution has a relatively lower osmotic pressure. -water will tend to flow ______ the hypotonic solution into the hypertonic solution.
hypotonic -out of
in 1972, the fluid mosaic model proposed that some proteins are ___________ in lipid bilayers that act as two dimensional fluids.
imbedded
integral protein are proteins that are
imbedded in a membrane
where does the C3 cycle occur? -it consumes CO2 and energy (proved by ATP and NADPH), producing ______________.
in the stroma -carbohydrates
where is chlorophyll found?
in the thylakoid membrane
an increase of enzyme amount will...
increase reaction rate- as long as substrate amount > enzyme amount
an increase of substrate amount will...
increase reaction rate- up to saturation of available enzyme molecules
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the least energy per photon? x rays red light green light infrared light ultraviolet light
infrared light
phagocytosis
ingestion of large regions of dissolved materials by the cell
___________ reduce or eliminate catalytic activity. ____________ allow or enhance catalytic activity.
inhibitors activators
chloroplasts have both an _______ and ________ membrane.
inner; outer
a genome contains the complete set of _____________ for that organism.
instructions
membrane proteins are classified as either:
integral or peripheral
Which of the following terms applies to any protein that is imbedded in the lipid bilayer of a cellular membrane? transmembrane protein peripheral protein integrin ion transport channel integral protein
integral protein
these are amphipathic proteins that are firmly bound to the membrane, and can only be released from the membrane by detergents.
integral proteins
_____________ are involved when ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a reaction to provide energy. -these often involve __________________ _____________, with the inorganic phosphate removed from ______ transferred onto another compound, rather than being immediately released.
intermediates -phosphorylated compounds; ATP
_____________ is divided into three parts, defined with respect to DNA replication
interphase
What is involved in the eukaryotic cell cycle?
interphase, mitosis, meiosis
cell cycle has two main phases: ___________ and ______ __________ (mitosis + cytokinesis)
interphase; cell division
What are the four components of the electron transport chain in oxidation phos?
iron-sulfur proteins; cytochromes; ubiquinone; FMN. NOT: ATP synthase
________________ ___________: enzyme is permanently inactivated or destroyed; includes many drugs and toxins. ___________ __________: if inhibitor is removed, the enzyme activity can be recovered
irreversible inhibition reversible inhibition
pinocytosis
is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by cell
Pinocytosis: always requires the specific binding of molecules to receptors on the cell surface. is movement of molecules with their concentration gradient through a permeable membrane. is engulfment of large solid particles by the cell. results in secretion of materials outside the cell. is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell
is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell.
An enzyme that would convert a molecule from a cis- form to a trans- form, or that would convert one enantiomer into another, would be considered a/an:
isomerase
when two solutions have the same osmotic pressure, they are ___________.
isotonic
What does pyridoxal kinase do?
it is a coenzyme in all transamination reactions
particles move by random motion (_________ ________); over time, the concentration across a membrane will tend to ___________.
kinetic energy; equalize
in lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to __________ to regenerate NAD+.
lactate
what is used in making cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut?
lactic acid fermentation
what kind of fermentation produces lactate and NAD+?
lactic acid fermentation
ATP synthesis continues until ADP stores are ___________ _____________.
largely depleted
at a given temperature, phospholipids with saturated fats are _____ _______ than those with unsaturated fats.
less fluid
we see pigments as the main color of _______ and they do not absorb well. -they _________ those colors or ___________ them back.
light -scatter; reflect
________ ____________ can also provide the energy for active transport. -______, _______, or ______ is transported down its gradient, providing energy. -what is transported at the same time against its gradient, using the energy? -the Na+ , K+ , or H+ gradient is often produced by ________ __________ via a pump that uses ______.
linked co-transport -Na+ , K+ , or H+ -another substance -active transport; ATP
Fatty acid chains are components of many: proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids lipids
lipids
oxidation of a 6-carbon fatty acid yields up to 44 ATP this is an example of...
lipids providing energy
what typically provides over twice as much energy per unit weight as glucose?
lipids/ fatty acids
C4 works by altering the ___________ of initial CO2 fixation, while CAM works by altering the _______ of initial CO2 fixation. what cycle do all plants still use?
location; time the C3 cycle
overall concentration of ATP is still _____. -how long does a supply typically last, at best? -__________ prevents stockpiling. -must be ___________ __________. -what the rate of use and production of ATP in a typical cell? -resting human has less than _____ of ATP at any given time but uses about ______ per day.
low -only a few seconds -instability -constantly produced -10 million molecules per second. -1 g; 45 kg
an electron can return to a _________ energy level, emitting a photon (_______________) or a series of photons- mostly __________, experienced as heat.
lower; fluorescence; infrared
Small ribonucleoproteins particles (snRNPs, or "snurps") are involved in ______.
mRNA splicing
cells ____________ relative concentrations in many ways. why?
manipulate; so that equilibrium is rare for key reactions.
in many eukaryotes, the zygote undergoes __________, and most of the life cycle is spent as... -__________ are then produced by mitosis and fuse to make the _________.
meiosis; haploid cells -gametes; zygote
early structural models sandwiched the lipid bilayer with...
membrane-associated proteins
_____________ is the sum of chemical activities in a organism.
metabolism
metaphase II is similar to...
metaphase of mitosis
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids each? metaphase, anaphase, and prophase prophase and metaphase prophase only telophase and anaphase telophase, prophase, anaphase, and metaphase
metaphase, anaphase, and prophase
metaphase I: tetrads line up along the ___________ of the cell.
midplane
cell division has two main parts: ___________ and _____________.
mitosis; cytokinesis
telophase II is much like...
mitotic telophase
When used as an energy source triacylglycerol fats will typically provide a cell with:
more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
When used as an energy source triacylglycerol fats will typically provide a cell with: roughly the same amount of energy per unit weight as glucose provides half as much energy per unit weight as glucose provides less than half as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides considerably more energy per unit weight than glucose provides, but well under twice as much more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
in plants and some algae: -the zygote gives rise through mitotic divisions to this.
multicellular diploid sporophyte
the coupled reactions (exer. and ender.) must have a... -reaction coupling requires that the reactions share a common ______________. -typically, the ____________ reaction in the couple is ATP + H2O --> ADP + P
net exergonic nature -intermediate(s) -exergonic
diffusion is the ______ movement of particles from an area with a ________ (initial) concentration to an area with a ______ (initial) concentration. -a difference in concentrations establishes a ________________ ____________, which provides the _________ for diffusion
net; high; low -concentration gradient; energy
is fermentation efficient? why?
no; net is 2 ATP per glucose molecule- only glycolysis works
The two amino acids depicted above both have R groups that are: polar and hydrophilic polar and hydrophobic charged and hydrophilic charged and hydrophobic nonpolar and hydrophilic nonpolar and hydrophobic
nonpolar and hydrophobic
substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ______ mutation that changes a codon that once coded for an amino acid to code for a stop codon.
nonsense
inorganic cofactors are typically _____ __________ by the catalyzed reaction. -ex: metal ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, etc
not changed -ex: metal ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, etc
A phosphodiester bond is typically found in polymers that are: carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
nucleic acids
Nucleotides are the monomer type found in: proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids lipids
nucleic acids
Phosphodiester bonds are the typical bonds between: phospholipids amino acids steroids monosaccharides nucleotides
nucleotides
oxidative phosphorylation
occurs in mitochondria ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to CO2
clones: ___________ that are genetically identical to each other and to the ________ _____.
offspring; parent cell
a set of chromosomes (n) has _____ member for each homologous pair. -a ________ cell has two complete sets (2n) -a __________ cell has one set (n)
one -diploid -haploid
what is an enzyme? what does it act as? -typically a __________.
organic molecule; catalyst -protein
what is determined by the amount of dissolved substances in a solution and is the tendency of water to move into the solution?
osmotic pressure
preparation reactions: molecules are rearranged to prepare for what?
other reactions
multiple metabolic pathways exit in cells, _____________ in some areas and ___________ in others.
overlapping; diverging
Acetyl CoA reacts with _____ to enter the citric acid cycle, forming _____ and freeing________?
oxaloacetate, citrate, CoA
what is the fourth/ last stage of aerobic respiration?
oxidative phosphorylation
non-glucose energy sources can be ____________ to produce what in living systems?
oxidized; ATP
fatty acids are ____________ and split into acetyl groups that are combined with CoA to make ______________. -what is this process called?
oxidized; acetyl-CoA -B oxidation
electromagnetic radiation consists of __________ or ___________ _____ _________ (photons) that travel as waves.
particles; packets of energy
The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure below results in the formation of a (an) glycosidic linkage. ionic bond. ester linkage. peptide bond. phosphodiester linkage.
peptide bond.
4 Which of these are associated with membranes but are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all? ion transport channels transmembrane proteins peripheral proteins integrins integral proteins
peripheral proteins
______________ __________ are not embedded in the membrane; they are usually bound ionically or by hydrogen bonds to a hydrophilic portion of an integral protein.
peripheral proteins
typically, lysosomes bind with the vesicles or vacuoles formed via ______________ or ____________ ___________ _____________.
phagocytosis; receptor mediated endocytosis
energy transfer in cellular reactions is often accomplished through transfer of a ___________ ________ from ATP.
phosphate group
Which of these is the main site of feedback inhibition in aerobic respiration?
phosphofructokinase
what is the enzyme for one of the earliest steps in glycolysis and is highly regulated?
phosphofructokinase
two tails combine with the head to give a roughly cylindrical shape to the _______________ molecule.
phospholipids
what group carries out photosynthesis and includes green plants, algae, and some bacteria?
photoautotrophs
combined- heterotrophs, autotrophs, phototrophs, and chemotrophs can lead to 4 possible groups:
photoautotrophs photoheterotrophs chemoautotrophs chemoheterotrophs
what group uses light energy but cannot fix CO2- only nonsulfur purple bacteria?
photoheterotrophs
molecules can absorb ___________, thus becoming energized. -typically, an electron absorbs the _________.
photons -energy
what is the use of light energy to fix CO2, storing energy in chemical bonds of organic molecules called?
photosynthesis
Plastocyanin passes electrons directly to: photosystem I/P700 NADPH ferrodoxin oxygen photosystem II/P680
photosystem I/P700
Where does plastocyanin pass electron directly to?
photosystem I/p700
light is captured in ________________ that contain...
photosystems; antenna complexes and a reaction center
antenna complexes are highly organized arrangements of ____________, ___________, and other molecules that capture ______ _________.
pigments, proteins; light energy
vesicle formation takes advantage of self-sealing as regions of membrane are _________ ______ by protein ___________ _______.
pinched off; contractile rings
the ________ ___________ surrounds the cell and separates the interior of the cell from the external environment.
plasma membrane
Which of the following types of cell-cell contacts act as selective pores for exchange of materials between adjacent plant cells? gap junctions desmosomes plasmodesmata cell walls tight junctions
plasmodesmata
_____________ act as selective pores between plant cells. -plant cell walls perform the functions of ________ ___________ and _____________. -plant cell walls form a __________ to cell-to-cell communication that must be breached by the functional equivalent of a _____ __________.
plasmodesmata -tight junctions; desmosomes -barrier; gap junction
8 Small molecules can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through plasmodesmata. intermediate filaments. tight junctions. desmosomes. gap junctions.
plasmodesmata, gap junctions
The two amino acids depicted above both have R groups that are: polar and hydrophilic polar and hydrophobic charged and hydrophilic charged and hydrophobic nonpolar and hydrophilic nonpolar and hydrophobic
polar and hydrophilic
the rest of the genetic material in oogenesis goes to ________ _________.
polar bodies
what are cells that get little of the original cytoplasm and eventually die called?
polar bodies
What type of bond results in a region with a partial positive charge (δ+) and a region with a partial negative charge (δ-)? ionic polar covalent hydrophobic nonpolar covalent hydrogen
polar covalent
organisms carry out transformation in energy forms between ____________ _________ and _________ ________.
potential energy; kinetic energy
-hormones such as cytokinins in plants and various protein growth factors in animals can stimulate ______________ through checkpoints in the right cells under the right _____________. -other factors can serve as ____________ of cell division.
progression; conditions -suppressors
The place where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin is called the ________ and is located _______ of the transcribed region.
promoter; upstream
telophase: the processes of _____________ are reversed.
prophase
mitosis is generally be divided into 4 stages:
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase (PMAT)
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair and have crossing-over occur between them? anaphase II prophase I metaphase II anaphase I prophase II
prophase I
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids each?
prophase and metaphase
prophase II of meiosis is similar to...
prophase of mitosis
meiosis I and meiosis II are each divided into what with accompanying cytokinesis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT)
What is involved in mitosis?
prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase; cytokinesis
typically, a gene contains the instructions to make a _________ or _______ ____________.
protein; RNA molecule
A peptide bond is typically found in: carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids
proteins
Amino acids are the monomer type found in: proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids lipids
proteins
Fluid mosaic model
proteins associated with a membrane move around on the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid.
In the"fluid mosaic model": proteins associated with a membrane move around on the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. proteins associated with a membrane frequently flip membrane sides in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. proteins associated with a membrane are fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a three-dimensional fluid. proteins associated with a membrane are fixed in place in a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid. proteins associated with a membrane frequently move from one membrane side to the other in a lipid bilayer that acts as a three-dimensional fluid.
proteins associated with a membrane move around on the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid.
Proton?
proton would be the + in the circle
When used as an energy source, proteins will
provide the cell with the same amount of energy per unit weight as glucose provides.
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements? holding reactants close together in the right orientation for the reaction direct involvement in the reaction during transition states putting a strain on existing bonds providing a net input of energy to the reactants providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction
providing a net input of energy to the reactants
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to:
pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to: pump electrons across a membrane with their concentration gradient pump electrons across a membrane against their concentration gradient pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient pump water molecules across a membrane with their concentration gradient pump protons across a membrane with their concentration gradient
pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient
Which of the following is considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements?
putting a strain on existing bonds in the reactants
what comes out of glycolysis?
pyruvate
Consider a single glucose molecule that enters aerobic respiration. At the end of the glycolysis, most of the energy that the cell will derive from the overall process of aerobic respiration of this glucose molecule is found in:
pyruvate molecules
in alcohol fermentation, ___________ is converted to ethanol and CO2 to regenerate ________.
pyruvate; NAD+
The following picture is...
pyruvic acid
Rank these types of electromagnetic radiation, from least energetic to most energetic. Use the < sign between the items - ultraviolet (UV) light - red light - X-rays - blue light - gamma rays - radio waves - infrared light - green light
radio waves < infrared light < red light < green light < blue light < ultraviolet (UV) light < X-rays < gamma rays
A typical reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme in the human body occurs at a very slow rate without the enzyme. In the absence of an enzyme, what would generally be required to make any reaction happen at a faster rate? adjust the pH to near 7.0 raise the pH significantly raise the temperature significantly lower the pH significantly lower the temperature below freezing
raise the temperature significantly
a function temperature and of the size, shape, and charge nature of the substance is called...
rate of diffusion
the locations of ___________ and ___________ on either side of the membrane is often used to help control reaction rates.
reactants; products
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by: reacting with pyruvate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. reacting with citric acid, forming pyruvate and freeing CoA. reacting with citrate, forming oxaloacetate and freeing CoA. reacting with pyruvate, forming citric acid and freeing CoA. reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA.
reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA.
aerobic respiration is a series of ____________.
reactions
allosteric site: a __________ site on an enzyme where an inhibitor or activator can _______. -a common example of allosteric control is ______________ ____________.
receptor; bind -feedback inhibition
aerobic respiration is a ________ process and is the most ___________ form of cellular respiration.
redox; efficient
dehydrogenation reactions: ________ reactions that transfer ____________ to NAD+ or FAD.
redox; hydrogen
lipids are more ___________ than glucose, note that there is less __________ in lipids, and therefor more ___________.
reduced; oxygen; energetic
what improves reaction rate?
removing products by having them participate the next reaction
exocytosis
results in secretion of materials outside the cell
Which is less fluid: Unsaturated or saturated?
saturated
The image above was most likely produced using a: compound light microscope. scanning electron microscope. scanning light microscope. transmission light microscope. transmission electron microscope.
scanning electron microscope.
anaphase II: like mitotic anaphase, sister chromatids _____________ toward opposite poles.
segregate
a lipid bilayer will spontaneously ______ _______. usually, this results in nearly spherical vesicles with an internal, ____________ _________.
self-seal; aqueous lumen
anaphase I: homologous chromosomes ___________ and are moved toward ___________ poles.
separate; opposite
membrane-bound organelles have their interior region ___________ from the rest of the cell.
separated
the products of meiosis can vary between ________ and between _________.
sexes; species
asexual reproduction is typically rapid and efficient compared to...
sexual reproduction
when the enzyme-substrate complex forms, there are typically _______ _________ in the enzyme and substrate(s). this is called ___________ ____.
shape changes; induced fit
the overall ________ and ________ _______________ in the active site limit...
shape; spatial arrangements enzyme-substrate complexes can readily form
spectrum ranges from ______ ____________/ _______ ________ gamma rays to ______ ___________/ _____ energy radio waves.
short wavelength/high energy long wavelength/low
prophase II is usually very ________ because the chromatin did not completely ____________ after meiosis I.
short; decondense
A membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to a hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. After the shape change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. Then cAMP activates several enzymes inside the cell's cytosol. This is an example of:
signal transduction
A membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to a hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. After the shape change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. Then cAMP activates several enzymes inside the cell's cytosol. This is an example of: allosteric inhibition signal transduction active transport pinocytosis endocytosis
signal transduction
what is the transfer of information across the cell membrane?
signal transduction
most pairs of homologous chromosomes contain very __________, but not ____________, genetic information in each member of the pair.
similar; identical
reduction and oxidation both occur ________________ in cells, meaning there is generally no _______ electrons in cells.
simultaneously; free
anaphase: _________ ___________ separate and are moved toward opposite poles.
sister chromatids
Anaphase
sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles
__________ do not travel across membranes with water, but they affect movement by affecting the ______________ of water.
solutes; concentration
what are some passages across the membrane assisted with that allow or speed up the passage?
special channels
action spectra can vary depending on __________.
species
the _________ _____________ can vary depending on the membrane.
specific selectivity
the amount of ____________ depends on the particular enzyme. -example of _______ specificity: sucrase splits sucrose, not other disaccharides -example of _____ specificity: lipase splits variety of fatty acids from glycerol
specificity -high -low
rapid use of ATP leads to excess ADP - this ________ _____ aerobic respiration.
speeds up
male gametogenesis are called...
spermatogenesis
detergents tend to form ________ instead of bilayers.
spheres
metaphase II: -sister chromatids are connected by their kinetochores, now on opposite sides, to ________ _________ from opposite poles.
spindle fibers
the dense bodies of chromosomes can be _________ and show up well under ________ _____________.
stained; light microscopy
generation time: the period from the ________ of one cell division to the start of the _______ cell division.
start; next
cancer cells generally grow without needing ______________ by external growth factors and fail to respond to normal ______________ of cell division.
stimulation; suppressors
this is fluid-filled region inside the inner membrane
stroma
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the C3 cycle (Calvin cycle) take place? thylakoid space outer membrane of the chloroplast thylakoid membranes stroma of the chloroplast electron transport chain
stroma of the chloroplast
many enzyme names give some indication of the ____________.
substrate
which of the four types of reactions in aerobic respiration provide energy for cells?
substrate-level phosphorylation and dehydrogenation
the process of homologous chromosomes pairing lengthwise is called __________.
synapsis
the tetrad is held together by a _____________ complex during early prophase I.
synaptonemal
Match the organelle or cellular region with a description of its structure and/or function: nucleolus synthesis of lipids synthesis of rRNA attachment site for ribosomes protein synthesis cisternae where proteins are modified, sorted, and sent off to proper destinations site of most of cellular respiration site of photosynthesis acidic compartments for intracellular digestion
synthesis of rRNA
the types of processing that a protein receives differs depending on the _________ ______, or if it is __________.
target side; integral
metabolic pathways use organized _________ of enzymes.
teams
cytokinesis usually begins in _____________ and ends shortly thereafter.
telophase
what happens after anaphase is completed?
telophase I
Chromosomes are composed of one chromatid each during which cell cycle phases?
telophase and anaphase
each enzyme has an optimal ____________ and ______.
temperature; pH
the presence of __________ is the key distinguishing feature of metaphase I of meiosis.
tetrads.
At the start of translation the initiator tRNA is basepaired with the start codon at _____ in the ribosome,
the P site (peptide site)
what is potential energy?
the capacity to do work
Prophase
the chromatin of the chromosomes condense, the nuclei disintegrate, the nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles, a system of microtubules organizes between the two poles of the cell
The degeneracy of the genetic code refers to the fact that
the code has most amino acids represented by more than one codon.
what do the two laws of thermodynamics describe?
the constraints on energy usage
oxidative phosphorylation is...
the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
the aerobic respiration process is the same as what you would get from burning ___________, but what is the difference in that?
the energy would all be lost as heat
this is captured by a carrier in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, thus _________ the carrier and ___________ the chlorophyll molecule. what type of reaction is this?
the excited electron; reducing; oxidizing; redox reaction
The energy source that most directly drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis is the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. the flow of H+ ions with their gradient through ATP synthase.
the flow of H+ ions with their gradient through ATP synthase.
All of the following occur during prophase of mitosis in animal cells except the chromatin of the chromosomes condenses. the nucleoli disintegrate. the homologous chromosomes pair up. the nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles. a system of microtubules organizes between the two poles of the cell.
the homologous chromosomes pair up.
what are the physical properties of cell membranes?
the lipid bilayer the fluid mosaic model
act as the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain
the primary. role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
fermentation; NAD+; NADH
the production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during _________ occurs as a means of regenerating _____ from ________
Where does the enzymatic reaction of the C3 cycle take place?
the stroma choraplast during photosynthesis
what does the fluid mosaic model describe?
the structure and properties of cell membranes
how does interkinesis differ from interphase?
there is no S phase- no DNA replication
nucleic acids are not present in high amounts in foods. what does this mean?
they are not as important in providing cells with energy
manipulation of reactions is essential to and largely defining of life. how do enzymes contribute to this?
they manipulate the speed of reactions
light reactions occur in the ___________; they capture light energy and consume water, producing _____ energy is placed in ATP and NADPH in the _________.
thylakoids; O2 stroma
________ ____________ between some animal cells are used to seal off body cavities. -cell plasma membranes are __________ to each other and held together by a _______ ______. -materials ________ ______ between cells held together by tight junctions. -is this involved in the transport of materials between cells?
tight junctions -adjacent; tight seal -cannot pass -no
what are redox reactions used for? -the _____________ of that energy typically cannot be used directly as _________ ____________.
to harvest energy from some chemicals -acceptors; energy currency
EM data after the 1950s showed that membrane bilayers are uniformly about 8 nm thick. what does this mean?
too thin for the sandwich model
A/an _______ is a protein that typically binds to a promoter and helps gene expression (directly or indirectly affecting gene expression in a positive or negative manner).
transcription factor
some integral proteins are _____________ _________, extending completely across the membrane.
transmembrane proteins
Discuss energy conversions and the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics. Be sure to use the terms work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and entropy. The energy from change. Potential Energy is the capacity to do work, and kinetic energy is the energy of motion, actively performing work. In the first law of thermodynamics the total amount of energy (+matter) in a closed system remains constant, it is also called the conservation of energy. The second law is in every energy conversion, some energy is converted to heat energy, heat energy is lost to the surroundings, and heat energy cannot be used for work. true or false
true
The laws of thermodynamics are sometimes stated as: In energy conversions, "You can't win, and you can't break even." Explain. In the first law of thermodynamics is the total amount of energy (+matter) in a closed system remains constant, also called conversation of energy, and also the universe is a closed system, and living things are open systems. In the second law. upshot: no energy conversion is 100% efficient, just to maintain their current state, organisms must get a constant influx of energy because of energy lost in conversions. true or false
true
Why is ATP so darned important? What is a phosphorylated intermediate? How much ATP is in a cell at any given time? Why must cells keep a high ATP/ADP ratio? ATP is the main energy currency in cells, and energy harvesting. One way that organism manage their energy needs is to use ATP as a ready energy source for many reactions. Phosphorylated intermediate when ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a reaction to provide energy and often is phosphorlyated compounds, and the inorganic phosphate is transferred onto another compound rather than being immediately released. Cells maintain high levels of ATP that is relative to ADP, and maximizes energy available from hydrolysis to ATP. true or false
true
where do the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids come from?
two chains of fatty acids linked to glycerol
biological membranes act as ______ __________ ______, or liquid crystals
two dimensional fluids
how many types of photosystems are there? what are they?
two; Photosystem I and Photosystem II
The tertiary structure of a protein is the bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds. order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. organization of a polypeptide chain into an a-helix or b-pleated sheet. unique three-dimensional shape of a fully folded polypeptide chain. overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
unique three-dimensional shape of a fully folded polypeptide chain.
at colder temperatures, _____________ fats are preferred in cell membranes. at higher temperatures, ____________ fats are preferred.
unsaturated saturated
the enzyme-substrate complex is typically _________ and ______________. -it breaks down into __________ ___________ and a _______ ________ that is ready to be reused.
unstable; short-lived -released product(s); free enzyme
what is equilibrium?
when the concentrations on both sides of a membrane are equal
when may fusion of membrane surfaces occur?
when they are in close proximity
plasmodesmata are relatively ______ _________ across the cell wall between _________ cells. -they actually __________ the plasma membranes of the two cells, and allow ___________ of some materials between the cells.
wide channels; adjacent -connect; exchange
what is required for the processes of life?
work
carotenoids are important __________ and ___________ accessory pigments.
yellow; orange
Zygotic meiosis
zygote --> mitosis --> meiosis --> production of gametes --> fertilization
Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most fungi, known as zygotic meiosis? zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → mitosis → fertilization zygote → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization zygote → mitosis → meiosis → production of gametes → fertilization zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization zygote → mitosis → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization
zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization
humans apparently have ___________ genes in the now-sequenced human genome
~20,000