Latin 101

Pluperfect (Completed Past)

"he had sung"

non

not

vela dare

to set sail (idiom)

Present (Progress/Repeated Present)

"he is singing", "he sings" (Every day)

Perfect (Simple Past)

"he sang"

Present (Simple Present)

"he sings"

Imperfect (Progress/Repeated Past)

"he was singing"; "he sang" (Every day)

Future (Progress/Repeated Future)

"he will be singing"; "he will sing" (Everyday)

Future Perfect (Completed Future)

"he will have sung"

Future (Simple Future)

"he will sing"

Perfect (Completed Present)

"he has sung"

pro (macron over o)

(prep +abl) in front of; on behalf of, for; in return for, instead of

sine

(prep. + abl) without

propter

(prep. + acc) on account of, because of

per

(prep. +acc) through; by

Romani, Romanorum m.

(the) Romans

populus, populi m.

(the) people; populace

Future Active Indicative of 1st and 2nd conjugations-singular and plural

Singular 1. -bo (macron over o) 2. -bis 3. -bit Plural 1. -bimus 2. -bitis 3. -bunt

-ne

added to the first word of a question

Write this phrase in Latin. farmers (d.o.) of Italy

agricolas Italiae

pecunia, pecuniae

f. money

timeo, timere, timuī

fear, be afraid (of)

audio, audire, audivi, auditus

hear, listen (to)

teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus

hold, grasp; keep, possess; occupy

enim

in fact, indeed; for

quidem

indeed, certainly; at least

incola, incolae m.

inhabitant

puer, puerī

m. boy

factum, factī

n. deed

consilium, consiliī

n. deliberation; plan, advice; judgment

donum, donī

n. gift

aurum, aurī

n. gold

ferrum, ferrī

n. iron; sword

arma, armorum

n. pl. arms, weapons

velum, velī

n. sail

verbum, verbī

n. word

studium, studiī

n. zeal, enthusiasm; pursuit, study

iubeo, iubere, iussī, iussus

order

supero

overcome, conquer; surpass

debeo, debere, debuī, debitus

owe, ought

Verb

part of speech that expresses action, existence, or occurence

Pluperfect

past time with complete aspect ("he had sung")

Imperfect

past time with progressive/repeated aspect ("he was singing"/"he sang everyday")

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. they had walked

past, completed, pluperfect

sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus

perceive; feel

What are the 5 properties that a verb may have?

person, number, tense, voice, and mood

laudo

praise

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. she walks

present, simple, present

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. I am writing

preset, progressive, present

rego, regere, rexi, rectus

rule, control

dico, dicere, dixi, dictus

say, speak; tell

penult

second to last syllable

video, videre, vidī, visus

see

video, videre, vidi, visus

see, be seen; seem

mitto, mittere, misi, missus

send

Write this phrase in Latin. for the slave and the master

servo et domino

moveo, movere, movī, motus

set in motion, stir (up), move

monstro

show, point out

cano, canere, cecini, cantus

sing (of)

Present Active Indicative of sum and possum (singular and plural)

singular 1. sum 2. es 3. est 1. possum 2. potes 3. potest Plural 1. sumus 2. estis 3. sunt 1. possumus 2. potestis 3. possunt

caelum, caeli n.

sky, heaven

parvus, -a, -um

small, little

mox

soon; then

validus, -a, -um

strong; healthy

antepenult

syllable before the penult (next-to-last syllable); third syllable from the end of a word

capio, capere, cepi, captus

take (up), capture; win

altus, -a, -um

tall, high; deep

consilium capere

to form a plan

inimicus, -a, -um

unfriendly, hostile

cur

why

laboro

work; suffer, be distressed

miser, misera, miserum

wretched, pitiable, miserable

1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation 4th conjugation

-a(macron)- : voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus -e(macron)- : moveo, movere, movi, motus -e- -i(macron)-

Three properties of Latin nouns?

1. Gender: feminine, masculine, neuter 2. Number: singular, plural 3. Case: 5 Big Ones (6 if you include Vocative--direct address)

How are the finite forms of a Latin verb created?

1. Taking a stem from one of the principal parts 2. Sometimes adding an infix that indicates the tense 3. Adding personal endings that indicate three things: person, number, and voice

Translate this phrase. Give all possibilities. et libri et gladii

1. both books and swords 2. and of a book and of a sword

Translate this phrase. Give all possibilities. filiae viri

1. of/for the daughters of the man 2. daughters of the man

Present Active Indicative for 1st and 2nd conjugation-Singular and Plural

Endings: Singular 1. -o (macron), -m 2. -s 3. -t Plural 1. -mus 2. -tis 3. -nt Singular (1st) 1 voco (I call) 2 vocas (you call) 3 vocat (he, she, it calls) Singular (2nd) 1. moveo (I move) 2. moves (you move) 3. movet (he, she, it moves) Plural (1st) 1. vocamus (we call) 2. vocatis (you [pl] call) 3. vocant (they call) Plural (2nd) 1. movemus (we move) 2. movetis (you [pl] move) 3. movent (they move)

How is the present stem found from a conjugation?

For all conjugations the stem for the present, imperfect, and future active indicative is found by removing the -re from the second principal part. The vowel at the end of this stem is called the stem vowel Example: 1st: voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus--call (present stem: voca-) 2nd: moveo, movere, movi, motus--move (present stem: move-)

Conjugations

Latin verbs are grouped in four different families called conjugations. Each verb belongs to one conjugation only. The four conjugations are distinguished and identified by the vowel preceding the -re ending of the second principal part (present active infinitive) Example: 1. -a- (macron)------> voco (macron over o), vocare (macron over a= THIS IS WHERE THE -a- GOES), vocavi (macron over a and i), vocatus (macron over a)--call 2. -e- (macron)------>moveo(macron over o), movere (macron over 1st e), movi (macron over o and i), motus (macron over o)--move 3. -e- 4. -i- (macron)

Case Endings of the 1st Declension (Plural)

Nominative/Vocative : -ae Genitive: -arum (with macron on a) Dative: -is (macron on i) Accusative: -as (macron on a) Ablative: -is (macron on i)

Case Endings on 1st Declension (Singular)

Nominative/Vocative: -a Genitive: -ae Dative: -ae Accusative: -am Ablative: -a (macron on a)

Perfect

Present time with completed aspect or past time with simple aspect ("he has sung"/"he sang")

The full vocabulary entry for a verb contains four __________________________ and English meanings for the verb

Principal Parts

Romanus, -a, -um

Roman

Ablative Case

Separation: "from"; Association: "with"; Location "in" Prepositions: by, with, in, from

Simple Aspect

Simply occurring "The boy laughed"

What two conjugations are introduced together and why?

Since verbs of the first and second conjugations form the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, they are here introduced together

Imperfect Active Indicative of 1st and 2nd conjugation- singular and plural

Singular 1. -bam 2. -bas (macron over a) 3. -bat Plural 1. -bamus (macron over a) 2. -batis (macron over a) 3. bant

Imperfect Active Indicative of sum and possum (sing. and pl.)

Singular 1. eram 2. eras (macron over a) 3. erat 1. poteram 2. poteras (macron over a) 3. poterat Plural 1. eramus (macron over a) 2. eratis (macron over a) 3. erant 1. poteramus (macron over a) 2. poteratis (macron over a) 3. poterant

Future Active Indicative of sum and possum (sing. and pl.)

Singular 1. ero (macron over o) 2. eris 3. erit 1. potero (macron over o) 2. poteris 3. poterit Plural 1. erimus 2. eritis 3. erunt 1. poterimus 2. poteritis 3. poterunt

Case Endings for 2nd Declension (Neuter, Singular and Plural)

Singular Nom. / Voc : -um Gen : -i (with macron) Dat : -o (with macron) Acc : -um Abl: -o (with macron) Plural Nom/Voc: -a Gen: -orum (macron over o) Dat: -is (macron over i) Acc: -a Abl: -is (with macron over i)

Case Endings of 2nd Declension (Masculine and Singular and Plural)

Singular Nom. : -us Gen: -i (with macron) Dat: -o (with macron) Acc: -um Abl: -o (with macron) Voc: -e Plural Nom. / Voc. : -i (with macron) Gen. : -orum (macron over o) Dat. : -is (macron over i) Acc. : -os (macron over o) Abl. : -is (macron over i)

Tense

Tense of a Latin verb indicates both time and aspect Time: present, past, or future Aspect: simple, progressive, repeated, or completed (refers to the way the action of a verb is looked at and in particular indicates the relation of the action to the passage of time)

Genitive Case

Used to qualify or limit another noun in a variety of ways Usually corresponds to a translation using the English preposition "of"; expressed in latin with no preposition

Translate this phrase. Give all possibilities. de libris poetarum

about the books of the poets

Completed Aspect

action as already completed "Because the boy HAD laughed, his friend was angry"

Progressive Aspect

action as being in progress "The boy was laughing"

Repeated Aspect

action as repeated or habitual "Every time his friend sang, the boy laughed."

auxilium, auxilii n.

aid, help

What is created from the four principal parts and give an example using "move"?

all the forms of a Latin verb are created 1.moveo (macron over o) -- First Person Singular, Active Indicative "I move" 2. movere (macron over e) -- Present Active Infinitive "to move" 3. movi (macron over i) -- First Person Singular, Perfect Active Indicative "I moved"/"I have moved" 4. motus (macron over o) -- Perfect Passive Participle "(having been) moved"

socius, -a, -um

allied

socius, socii m.

ally, comrade

semper

always

-que

and

atque or ac

and (also)

etenim

and indeed; for in fact

neque or nec

and not.....neither...nor

respondeo, respondere, respondī, responsus

answer, respond

auxilia, auxiliorum n. pl

auxiliary troops

a (with macron), ab

away (preposition and ablative)

malus, -a, -um

bad, evil

possum, posse, potuī

be able, can

sum, esse, fuī, futurus

be; exist

gero, gerere, gessi, gestus

bear; manage, conduct; perform

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

beautiful, handsome

et

both and and

clarus, -a, -um

bright, clear; famous

sed

but

a, ab

by (prep. + abl.)

voco

call; summon; name

venio, venire, veni, ventum

come

altum, alti n.

deep sea; height

Finite Verb

defined or limited by all five of said verb properties

mora, morae f.

delay

opto

desire

cupidus, -a, -um

desirous (+ gen)

diligentia, d

diligence

Accusative Case

direct object; Ex: "The poet writes poems"--poems in direct object (what does he write)

ago, agere, egi, actus

drive; do; spend; conduct

inimicus, inimici m.

enemy

invidia, invidiae f.

envy, jealousy; ill-will, resentment

Write this phrase in Latin. of both sons and daughters

et filiorum et filiarum

Italia, Italiae

f. Italy

īra, īrae

f. anger, wrath

cura, curae

f. care, concern; anxiety

patria, patriae

f. country, homeland

filia, filiae

f. daughter

puella, puellae

f. girl

dea, deae

f. goddess

insula, insulae

f. island

vīta, vītae

f. life

anima, animae

f. life force; soul

provincia, provinciae

f. province

poena, poenae

f. punishment, penalty

regina, reginae

f. queen

gloria, gloriae

f. renown, glory

fama, famae

f. report, rumor; reputation, fame

via, viae

f. way, road, street, path

sapientia, sapientiae

f. wisdom

femina, feminae

f. woman; wife

pauci, paucae, pauca

few

pugno

fight

nam

for

namque

for in fact

forum, fori n.

forum

liber, libera, liberum

free

amicus, -a, -um

friendly

amicus, amici m.

friends

de (macron over e)

from (down) (preposition and ablative)

e (with macron), ex

from (out) (preposition and ablative)

Future perfect

future time with completed aspect ("he will have sung")

Future

future time with simple or progressive/repeated aspect ("he will sing"/ "he will be singing"/"he will sing everyday")

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. I shall have walked

future, completed, future perfect

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. I shall walk

future, simple, future

Imperative Mood

give a command

do, dare, dedī, datus

give, grant

dono

give, present, reward

eo, ire, ii/ivi, itum

go

bonus, -a, -um

good

laetus, -a, -um

happy

odium, odii n.

hatred

habeo, habere, habuī, habitus

have, hold; consider

equidem

indeed, certainly; for my part

in

into, onto (preposition and accusative) in, on (preposition and ablative)

terra, terrae f.

land, earth

magnus, -a, -um

large, big; great

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus

lead; consider

amo, amare, amavī, amatus

love

animus, animī

m. (rational) soul, mind; spirit; pl-->strong feelings

liber, librī

m. book

agricola, agricolae

m. farmer

ager, agrī

m. field

deus, deī

m. god

vir, virī

m. man; husband

dominus, dominī

m. master, lord

poeta, poetae

m. poet

nauta, nautae

m. sailor

servus, servī

m. slave

filius, filiī

m. son

gladius, gladiī

m. sword

facio, facere, feci, factus

make; do

multus, -a, -um

many, much

perīculum, perīculī

n. danger

oppidum, oppidī

n. town

bellum, bellī

n. war

ne.....quidem

not even

nihil or nil n.

nothing

nunc

now

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. you were waiting

past, progressive, imperfect

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. we walked (everyday)

past, repeated, imperfect

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. you walked

past, simple, perfect

imperium, imperii n.

power, authority, command; empire

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. he has walked

present, completed, perfect

Identify the time and aspect of the following English verb phrases. Name the Latin tense of the indicative that would be used for each. she is walking

present, progressive, present

pono, ponere, posui, positus

put, place; set aside

causa, causae f.

reason, cause; case

How do you get the present stem of a finite Latin verb?

remove -re from the 2nd principle part

Subjunctive Mood

represent an action as possible, wished for, doubtful, or nonfactual

Indicative Mood

represent something as factual or to ask a question of fact

Translate this phrase. Give all possibilities. viam ad oppidum

road towards town

2nd Person

subject is the person addressed (you, you-plural)

3rd Person

subject is the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they,...)

1st Person

subject of the verb is the speaker(s)--I and we

Nominative Case

subject or predicate nominative of a sentence; "John sneezed."--John, subject; Sneezed, Predicate Nominative

Translate this phrase. Give all possibilities. dona feminae

the gifts of the woman

ultima

the last syllable

cogito

think, ponder

sententia, sententiae f.

thought, feeling; opinion

poenas dare

to pay the penalty (idiom)

causam agere

to plead a case

bellum gerere

to wage war

ad

to, toward (preposition and accusative)

Translate this phrase. Give all possibilities. puellae pueroque

to/for the girl and to/for the boy

Dative Case

used to express the person or thing interest in or affected by the action of a verb; prepositions (with reference) are to and for; "The girl gives a toy to the cat"--Toy:Direct Object, Cat: Indirect Object; expressed in latin with no preposition; indirect object

ambulo, ambulare, ambulavī, ambulatum

walk

erro

wander; err, make a mistake

Plural

when the subject is more than one

Singular

when the subject is one

Active Voice

when their subjects are performing the action of the verb; "the cat scratches."

Passive Voice

when their subjects are receiving the action of the verb "the cat scratched."

cum

with (preposition and ablative)

scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus

write