Latin American Exam 2

The Pink Tide & impact

'Leftist' Shifts in Recent Years ("The Pink Tide")... -Since the 1990s, 'Leftist' governments have gradually taken control of such countries as Venezuala, Bolivia & Ecuador. ...Thus, relations between these nations & the United States have become strained. -The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples' Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP) or simply put... the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas was initially signed between Cuba & Venezuela in 2004. However, additional nations have since joined it such as... Bolivia, Ecuador & Nicaragua. ...The ALBA-TCP (Bolivarian Alliance) is an international cooperation organization based on the idea of the social, political and economic integration of the countries of Latin America. ...Through the ALBA-TCP, there has been a push to do business through a new currency known as the "Sucre" rather than the U.S. $. *By 2010: Latin American Countries with 'Leftist' Leaders... Cuba- Raul Castro, Communist Party of Cuba Venezeula- Then: Hugo Chavez Now: Nicolás Maduro, United Socialist Party of Venezuela Bolivia- Evo Morales, Movement Towards Socialism Party Chile- Michelle Bachelet, Socialist Party of Chile Argentina- Nestor Kirchner, Front for Victory Party Uruguay- Tabare Vazquez, Broad Front Party Brazil- Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Brazilian Worker's Party Ecuador- Rafael Correa, Alianza PAIS Party To counter-act, the U.S. has managed to hold on to some political & economic influence in the area... ...The United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (CTPA) 'aka' the "Colombia Free Trade Agreement" as well as the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) or the "Peru Free Trade Agreement" were both signed in 2006. ...These agreements have eliminated tariffs or other barriers to trade in goods and services between the U.S. & these two countries. ...As a result, economists argue each of these nations have benefitted from these agreements. ...During the same year these treaties were signed, President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela would withdraw from the Andean Community, claiming that the free trade agreements signed by Colombia and Peru with the U.S. caused "irreparable damage to the community

FARC

*1970s-1980s: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia's illegal drug trade grew steadily, as the drug cartels amassed huge amounts of money, weapons, and influence. The 1970s also saw the growth of such 'Leftist' rebel groups as the May 19th Movement (M-19), the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and the National Liberation Army (ELN). ...The violence continued, and many journalists and government officials were killed. The 1980s saw the rise of 'right-wing' paramilitary groups, which were organized to oppose 'leftist rebels' but also made attacks on civilians. The 'guerrillas' of the 'left' and 'right' both eventually became involved in the drug trade, which provided a ready source of funding ($$$). Kidnaps people for ranson The Colombian 'FARC' (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) have for a long time been active in Drug Carteling

South American Countries with Leftist leaders

*By 2010: Latin American Countries with 'Leftist' Leaders... Cuba- Raul Castro, Communist Party of Cuba Venezeula- Then: Hugo Chavez Now: Nicolás Maduro, United Socialist Party of Venezuela Bolivia- Evo Morales, Movement Towards Socialism Party Chile- Michelle Bachelet, Socialist Party of Chile Argentina- Nestor Kirchner, Front for Victory Party Uruguay- Tabare Vazquez, Broad Front Party Brazil- Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Brazilian Worker's Party Ecuador- Rafael Correa, Alianza PAIS Party

War of the Pacific (Peru v. Chile)

*Modern History of Peru... After gaining independence from Spain by 1824, Peru experienced a couple of decades of political instability. ...For most of the period between 1845-1862 General Raman Castilla held the presidency of Peru and he restored order. Under Castilla's rule, some progress occurred... Peru prospered by selling 'guano' (bird droppings used as fertiliser). Also, the first railway in Peru was built in 1851. In 1854, Black slavery ended and former slaves became wage earners. By 1880, the guano supply began to run out and some economic hardships followed. Following the 'War of the Pacific', Peru was thrown into turmoil... ...In 1885, General Andres Caceres became dictator of Peru & ruled with an iron fist until 1895 when Nicolas de Pierola led a successful revolution. Then between 1879 and 1883, Peru (with Bolivia as an ally) fought a war with Chile over deposits of sodium nitrate. It was called the War of the Pacific and it ended in humiliation for Peru. By the Treaty of Ancon (1883), Peru was forced to surrender territory to Chile. ...About 10,500 Peruvians died during this war. Less than 3,000 Chileans died.

Andean Suffrage Rights (Peru)

*Peruvian Women (An uphill climb)... By the time Peru's national period began, the culture had become increasingly patriarchal. What has happened over the last 200 years? Indigenous women in Peru, as well as typically Amerindian women throughout much of Andean society, travel less widely than men. Moreover, they tend to be less fluent in Spanish. Peruvian Women have a lower literacy rate than men; however, an increasing number of women are receiving higher education. Peruvian Women gained suffrage rights... September 7, 1955. Discrimination based on gender is forbidden by the government of Peru, and a piece of legislation was passed in 2000 that outlawed discrimination.

Differences between conservatives and liberals

*Political Background: Colombia, more than in any other Latin American republic, has seen political life consist of an unending clash between Liberal & Conservative interests. ---This clash has continued to the present. Fundamental differences between them?... ...The Conservatives best represented the landowners and the Catholic Church. ...The Liberals best represented the middle & lower classes consisting of merchants, craftsmen, etc. The two Colombian political & ideological factions far transcend the usual levels of disagreement over issues such as the power of the church. In time, what it was to be "liberal" or "conservative" became more like banners of local allegiance in a dispute which sometimes escalated into numerous civil wars. 8 civil wars between liberal and conservatives Liberal=no strong central govt, states rights Conservative=Strong central govt

La Violencia

*The Violence!!! ...The era (between 1948-1958) was known as "La Violencia" proved to be one of the darkest chapters in Colombian history. In 1948, the assassination of Liberal/Populist Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (former Minister of Education & Labor) increased tensions between social groups and plunged the country into a decade of civil strife, political corruption, violent rule, coups, martial law, & tremendous increases in the national debt. Rural areas were affected the most. At least 200,000 lives were lost!!! Ex. - In 1953, President Laureano Gómez (a ruthless dictator) was ousted in a coup led by General Rojas Pinilla (the head of the armed forces). His adm. proved to be very corrupt. What key changes occurred in 1957 & 1958? What key changes occurred in 1957 and 1958?-over throw of Pinilla (57) in 58, liberal and conservatives work with five army generals and set up a new federal system

Andean Suffrage Rights (Ecuador)

*Women's Rights in Ecuador... 1967: Ecuador adopted full suffrage rights for women. Discuss issues with equal pay & opportinuties for Ecuadorian Women. Rosalía Arteaga (Feb. 9, 1997 - Feb. 11, 1997) was Ecuador's first woman president. Why was her presidency so short? There was a coup when she was VP, so she was president for 2 days. They say she lost power due to the constitutional ascent to power, but most people actually had a problem her being a women. Arguably, constituionalyl, she should habve been the president. Where women were in the 70's in US, is where Ecuador is today

Alan Garcia and Peru accomplishments

-21st Century Peru... Free elections have occurred with relative tranquility since Fujimori's resignation. The economy has also seen improvement and is growing steadily. Poverty in Peru has declined by about 5% over the last decade. In 2006, the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) was signed by Peruvian President Alan Garcia & U.S. President George W. Bush. By 2009, positive effects from this agreement could be noticeably felt. He increased real wages Slashed taxs Reduced interest rates Froze prices reduced the value of the sol

Andean Women's suffrage rights (Colombia)

-Suffrage: Voting rights for women were granted by Colombian dictator, Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, in 1954, but had its origins in the 1930s with the struggle of women to acquire full citizenship. ...In 1957, women voted for the first time in Colombia's national election. What did the Colombian Constitution of 1991, give or increasingly assure women in Colombia? The right to bodily integrity and autonomy The right to vote and hold public office The right to work & earn fair wages or equal pay The right to own property The right to receive an education The right to serve in the military in certain duties, but are excluded from combat arms units. The right to enter into legal contracts. Marital & parental privileges.

Key events in Ecuador between 1952-1960

...

Number of Bolivian Cultures

36 Bolivia has 9 departments, and 112 provinces Its geography is varied from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands, situated within the Amazon Basin Area: 1,098,580 square kilometers (424,164 square miles)

The Presidencies of the Managas Brothers

: In between Páez's times in office, two brothers ruled Venezuela & suffrage rights were extended, capital punishment was outlawed & slavery was abolished. -José Tadeo Monagas (1847-1851) started out as a 'Conservative' but became a 'Liberal'. He proved to be one of the most unpopular presidents in Venezuelan history. Why?... 1. His authoritarian caudillo ways. 2. His frequent disregard for laws passed by the legislature. -José Gregorio Monagas (1851-1855) signed an edict on March 24, 1854 ending slavery. But this resulted in a civil war... the 'Federal War'.

Colombian Liberal Party leadership (1930-1942) reforms

A. The promotion of labor unions & their demands. B. The takeover & redistribution of private property. C. Expanding industry & support for many infrastructural projects.

Simon Bolivar

After Independence Forces defeated the royalist army in 1822, Ecuador joined Simon Bolivar's Republic of Gran Colombia. ...This was short-lived though due to 'nationalist' ferver. Thus, Ecuador became a separate republic in 1830. The 19th century was marked by instability, with a rapid succession of rulers. The 'conservative' Gabriel Garcia Moreno (Pres. 1869-1875) unified the country with Catholic Church support. The Rise & impact of Rafael Correa (President: 2007 - Present) of the PAIS Alliance Party. -What have been his political stances? Declaring Ecuador's national debt illegitimate. Promoting 'nationalism.' 3. Censoring the Press. 4. Changing the Constitution. 5. The cutting off of ties with the United States & follow up alliances with Venezuela, Cuba & Bolivia & the 'Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas.' 6. Infrastructural improvements & greater stablity for Ecuador Bolivar started to act conservative=why was there an assassination attempt Francisco de Paula Santander served as president of the Republic of New Granada (1832-1837)... via a congressional election. What was his background? Was a leading during revolution against Spanish, right arm ally to Bolivar, something of a benedict arnold,in the end, he was in an assassination attempt of Bolivar, Bolivar went after him and he went into exile...question of whether or not he was really involved in assassination attempt.

Different titles of Colombia

After the collapse of Gran Colombia (1830-1831)... -The nation-state of Colombia went through a variety of names throughout the 1800s... The Republic of New Granada (1831-1858) The Granadine Confederation (1858-1863) The United States of Colombia (1863-1886) The Republic of Colombia (1886 - present) -Francisco de Paula Santander served as president of the Republic of New Granada (1832-1837)... via a congressional election. What was his background? Was a leading during revolution against Spanish, right arm ally to Bolivar, something of a benedict arnold,in the end, he was in an assassination attempt of Bolivar, Bolivar went after him and he went into exile...question of whether or not he was really involved in assassination attempt (he was becoming conservative). While he had been in exile in Europe (1828-1832), Santander became a student of "Enlightenment" thinking. Thus, during his presidency in the 1830s, he became known as "El Hombre de las Leyes". Arguably he became one of the original 'ideological founders' of the Colombian Liberal Party.

Battle of Arica

Battle of Arica (1880)... A Chilean victory that was fought on disputed land once belonging to Peru & through the Treaty of Ancon became part of Chile.

Romulo Betacourt

Between 1945 - 1958, Venezuela continued to be rocked by coups & military caudillos. In 1958, the country returned to democratic rule and Rómulo Betancourt was elected president. He enjoyed popular support and actually completed the constitutional five-year term of office (one of the few to do so). Although he inherited an empty treasury and enormous foreign debts built up from previous administrations, Betancourt managed to return the state to fiscal stability despite the rock-bottom petroleum prices throughout his presidency. Betancourt became known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy".

National Front

Between 1958 - 1974, out of reaction to Pinilla's rule, the two main political parties (Liberal Party and Conservative Party) agreed to let the opposite party govern for a period of four "intercalated" presidential terms (two each). Results... This movement was known as the 'National Front' coalition. Bipartisan violence that had carried on for more than a century somewhat slowed & Liberal 'guerrilla' movements slightly demobilized. ... However, social, economic and political problems continued and new 'guerrilla' movements surged due to the general dissatisfaction and the adoption of new political ideas such as 'Communism'. In 1968 the Liberal & Conservative parties agreed to gradually dissolve the 'National Front' system. ...Free elections would be reestablished in 1974. ...Alfonso López Michelsen (a Liberal) won the presidency (1974-1978)

Bolivarian Revolution

Bolivarian Revolution-left wing socialist system, , anti-American Latin america joining together to become independent, use Venezuelan as the model, hypocrisy is that Venezuela to be head of the hemisphere as opposed to US

Evo Morales

Bolivia First indigenous president Leftist policies Change of the Constitution wants to prolong his time as president for the third time Evo Morales, Movement Towards Socialism Party

Number of cultures existing in modern day Bolivia

Bolivia: 10.5 million in population. Around 58% live in poverty (by Third World standards). ...78% Roman Catholic & 20% Christian. 30% Mestizo, 15% White & 55% Amerindian. ...Economy is based on products such as...tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, silver, iron, lead, gold & timber.

CPTA (Colombia Free Trade Agreement) 2006

CTPA-counter act to what happened in 2004 with the Bolivarian alliance

Cenepa War

Cenepa War (1995): Peru vs. Ecuador... Fought over land disputes. Discuss the: Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1941)... Fought over land disputes. Ended with a cease-fire agreement.Cenepa War (1995)... Brought about eventual recognized borders today The Cenepa War (January 26 - February 28, 1995), also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of a disputed area on the border between the two countries. The two nations had signed a border treaty following the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War of 1941, but Ecuador later disagreed with the treaty as it applied to the Cenepa and Paquisha areas, and in 1960 Ecuador declared the treaty null and void. The indecisive outcome of the Cenepa War — both sides claimed victory — along with the mediation efforts of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and the United States, paved the way for the opening of diplomatic negotiations that ultimately led to the signing of a definitive peace agreement (the Brasilia Presidential Act) on 26 October 1998.[3] The peace agreement was followed by the formal demarcation of the border on 13 May 1999 and the end of the multi-national MOMEP (Military Observer Mission for Ecuador and Peru) troop deployment on 17 June 1999 which effectively put an end to one of the longest territorial disputes in the Western Hemisphere.[4]

Galapagos Islands

Charles Darwin visited there Lonely George=100 year old turtle

Poverty Levels in Andean Countries

Colombia: 34% poverty Ecuador: 45% poverty Peru 31% poverty Bolivia 58% poverty

Hugo Chavez and relations with other nations

Discuss the 'Chavista' Movement vs. the United States of America People who followed Chavista Developed strong ties with Iran Anti-American parade with an american car Bolivarian alliance for the American signed in 2002, monetary alliance, with other lain American nations

Key events and impacts of Hugo Chavez's presidency

Discuss the reign of Hugo Chávez (1999-2013)... -What were the problems? He was communist Hated america Castroism model of leadership Infigting in Caracas because of shortages Riots under Chavista movement Twevlve things Bolivarian Revolution-leftwing socialist system, , anti-AMericalatin america joining together to become independent, use veneuzuela as the model, hypocrisy is that veneuzuela to be head of the hempisphere as opposed to US Chavez rewrote the constitution, granting him new powers and allowing him to run for president a lot Violent strikes occured in 2002, culminated into a coup by the military, Chavez resigned and then came back to power, results in purge in military, so more chavistas in military Commited to following Castro style of leadershiip Bragged about how Veneuzeuala was a democratic nation (because he's voted in) but he acts as communist Bolivarian alliance for the American signed in 2002, monetary alliance Chavez provided 25 million gallsons of oil to heat the homes of new yorkers as 40 percent whole sale price, to show off Developed strong ties with Iran Violently put down strikes against his ragime Anti-American Parade with cadalic Kicked out American Missionaries Lower wages and essentials, during Chavez last year in power, Veneuzueuala experienced 50% inflation Not all American Hate Chavez, actors met with him and endorsed him, showed up to his funeral Died march 5, 2013 of cancer -Discuss the impact of... Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas that was initially signed between Cuba & Venezuela in 2004. However, additional nations have since joined it such as... Bolivia, Ecuador & Nicaragua. -Discuss the 'Chavista' Movement vs. the United States of America People who followed Chavista *Discuss the reign of Nicolás Maduro (2013 - present) Takes over after Maduro

Correa

Ecuador The Rise & impact of Rafael Correa (President: 2007 - Present) of the PAIS Alliance Party. -What have been his political stances? Declaring Ecuador's national debt illegitimate. Promoting 'nationalism.' 3. Censoring the Press. 4. Changing the Constitution. 5. The cutting off of ties with the United States & follow up alliances with Venezuela, Cuba & Bolivia & the 'Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas.' 6. Infrastructural improvements & greater stablity for Ecuador. Got rid of political parties

Raman Castilla and key events during his rule (Peru)

For most of the period between 1845-1862 General Raman Castilla held the presidency of Peru and he restored order. Under Castilla's rule, some progress occurred... Peru prospered by selling 'guano' (bird droppings used as fertiliser). Also, the first railway in Peru was built in 1851. In 1854, Black slavery ended and former slaves became wage earners. By 1880, the guano supply began to run out and some economic hardships followed.

Francisco de Paula Santander

Francisco de Paula Santander served as president of the Republic of New Granada (1832-1837)... via a congressional election. What was his background? Was a leading during revolution against Spanish, right arm ally to Bolivar, something of a benedict arnold,in the end, he was in an assassination attempt of Bolivar, Bolivar went after him and he went into exile...question of whether or not he was really involved in assassination attempt. While he had been in exile in Europe (1828-1832), Santander became a student of "Enlightenment" thinking. Thus, during his presidency in the 1830s, he became known as "El Hombre de las Leyes". Arguably he became one of the original 'ideological founders' of the Colombian Liberal Party. At first, matters in the new nation of Colombia were relatively peaceful... at least while Santander was in power. ---However, the next 65 years would be marked with shifting leadership and infighting.

Key Events in Ecuador from 1952-1960

From 1948-1960, three presidents; beginning with Galo Plaza (1948-1952)...were freely elected and completed their terms.In 1960, Ibarra nullified the Rio de Janeiro ProtocolKey events in Ecuador between 1952-1960: this was a time of progress for Ecuador... 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 845 miles of roads were constructed, and 650 miles more were imporved. In 1960, Ibarra nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru in 1981 and the Cenepa War in 1995.

Carlos Andres Perez

From the late 1960s until the late 1970s, Venezuela's oil industry boomed & with it came continual infrastructural improvements. ...The height of this was during Carlos Andrés Pérez's (CAP) first presidential term (1974-1979). However, what goes up tends to come down... By the very end of the 1970s, oil revenues declined & matters only got worse during the 1980s. The 1988 drop in world oil prices cut the country's revenue in HALF!!! Venezuela struggled to pay off its international debt. In 1989, President Carlos Andrés Pérez (CAP), in his 2nd non-consecutive term in office, enforced government cut-backs that triggered a wave of protests, street demonstrations, strikes & riots. The results?... ...The loss of more than 300 lives in three days of bloody riots known as 'El Caracazo' {violent shakes}. CAP would continually struggle to hold on to power. *What happened in 1992?... ...Two failed attempted coups to overthrew CAP. The first one was led by Colonel Hugo Chávez What finally brought CAP down?... ...In May 1993 CAP became the first Venezuelan president to be forced out of office by the Venezuelan Supreme Court, for the embezzlement of 250 million bolívars (or about $20 million U.S. dollars) from a government fund. ...Result? CAP would spend a little over two years in prison. *In time, CAP became one of the most outspoken critics of Hugo Chavez's presidency until CAP died of a stroke while in self-exile in Miami (2010).

Successes of the Peruvian presidents... Nicolas Pierola (1895-1899), José Pardo (1904-1908) and Guillermo Billinghurst (1912-1914)

In 1885, General Andres Caceres became dictator of Peru & ruled with an iron fist until 1895 when Nicolas de Pierola led a successful revolution. Under the following Presidents... Pierola (1895-1899), José Pardo (1904-1908) and Guillermo Billinghurst (1912-1914) Peru prospered again. How?... 1. Exports of sugar and cotton boomed. 2. Peru also exported oil and rubber. 3. More railways were built and factories opened. 4. The urban working class in Peru grew and in 1919 trade unions held two general strikes to demand an 8 hour day... and got what they wanted! ...However, rural poverty was a growing problem and has remained an issue to this day.

Leticia Incident

In 1934 a border clash with Peru over the town of Leticia was settled by the 'League of Nations' in Colombia's favor. The Leticia Incident, also called the Leticia War or the Colombia-Peru War (1 September 1932 - 24 May 1933), was a short-lived armed conflict between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru over territory in the Amazon Rainforest. The Colombia-Peru War of 1932-3 was the result of dissatisfaction with the Salomón-Lozano Treaty and the imposition of heavy tariffs on sugar. The war started with an internal insurrection in Peru, a civilian takeover of the city Iquitos. On September 1, 1932 President Luis Miguel Sánchez dispatched two regiments of the Peruvian Army to Leticia and Tarapacá, both settlements located in the Amazonas Department in present day southern Colombia. These actions were mostly ignored by the Colombian Government at the time. It was not until September 17 of that same year that the Colombian Government took notice. The Peruvian Military Forces which were encroached upon the banks of the Putumayo River stopped several large trade ships from traveling to Leticia. The result of this was an explosion of Colombian patriotism. Laureano Gómez head of the Senate minority proclaimed, "Peace, peace, peace in inner Colombia; War, war, war on the border against our despicable enemy." On September 19, El Tiempo reported that they had received over 10,000 letters calling for war and control of Leticia. That same day thousands of Colombian students marched through the streets of Bogotá chanting, "Sánchez Cerro will die and Colombia will defy!" Vásquez Cobo was declared general of the Colombian Amazonian Navy and 10 million dollars were approved by the Senate to fund his venture. Over 400 kilos of gold were donated by the Colombian cities as a symbol of gratitude to Huilan engineer, César García Álvarez. President Sánchez believed Colombia had no chance of defending itself: lacking roads and a proper Navy, the Amazon region had no Colombian military presence. It was not until December 1932 that General Alfredo Vásquez Cobo reached the mouth of the Amazon River with a fleet of old ships he acquired in Europe. Within 90 days Colombia organized a respectable military response to the Peruvian invasion. Herbert Boy and the other German Aviators of SCADTA (later to become Avianca) fitted their commercial planes for war as a temporary Colombian Air Force. The first attack by the Colombian Navy was upon Tarapacá. The city had been chosen because Leticia was on the border with Brazil and the Colombian Forces feared to attack the well defended Peruvian position in that city.[citation needed] The recuperation of Tarapacá was a bloodless event since no Peruvian troops were present in that town. The day before, February 14, 1933, the Peruvian Air Force had attempted to bomb the Colombian Fleet, but most of the bombs had hit off target.[1] The Peruvian forces in Leticia could not been forced to withdraw but the events in Lima, and the assassination of the Peruvian president, changed the situation and the new Peruvian president ordered undefeated Peruvian troops to leave Leticia. Part of Peruvian's Pacific fleet were coming through the Amazon River to engage in combat. On the same day, the Colombian president Enrique Olaya broke off all relations with the Peruvian government due to aerial attack. He ordered an attack on Leticia but what was repelled by Peruvian troops. On April 30, 1933, after giving a speech at the Lima Senatal Dome, President Sánchez was shot dead on the steps of the dome by a young cook. 15 days later, his successor, Óscar Benavides, met with the head of the Colombian Liberal Party, Alfonso López Pumarejo, to secure an agreement to turn Leticia over to a League of Nations commission. Colombia and Peru met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to sign a peace treaty. In the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, as it was called, Peru stated that, "We sincerely deplore the events that occurred starting September, 1932. Specifically those that damaged our relationship with Colombia." The Salomón-Lozano Treaty was also reaffirmed by the Peace Treaty.

Juan Velasco & results of his reign (peru)

In 1963 Fernando Belaunde became president of Peru. However in 1968 the army staged another coup. General Juan Velasco took power. ...Velasco's new government 'nationalized' many industries in Peru and reformed agriculture. However by 1975 Peru was suffering from inflation, unemployment and a growing public debt. Later in 1975, General Francisco Morales Bermudez replaced Velasco in another coup. Free elections for the presidency would not be held until 1980.

Alfonso Lopez Colombia

In 1968 the Liberal & Conservative parties agreed to gradually dissolve the 'National Front' system. ...Free elections would be reestablished in 1974. ...Alfonso López Michelsen (a Liberal) won the presidency (1974-1978) Under the leadership of the Liberals, Olaya Herrera (1930-1934), Alfonso López (1934-1938), and Eduardo Santos (1938-1942), wide-ranging reforms were enacted such as... A. The promotion of labor unions & their demands. B. The takeover & redistribution of private property. C. Expanding industry & support for many infrastructural projects. 4. Colombia participated in World War II on the Allied side (1942-1945). (moral and supply support) Won election in 1974, the first without guarantees for either party,

Cordero (Ecuador)

In 1984, León Febres-Cordero of the 'Social Christian Party' (PSC) became president (1984-1988). Febres-Cordero introduced free-market economic policies, took strong stands against drug trafficking and terrorism, and pursued close relations with the U.S Febres-Cordero, was friends with Reagan, conservative Febres-Cordero, however, frequently clashed with the other branches of the government. Eventually, he was temporarily kidnapped (1987) by elements of the military. Why? Because he would not release an airforce general that was corrupt, and the airforce wanted him released, so the airforce kidnapped him for 11 hours...The General was released from power Later he became the mayor of Guayaquil for two terms (1992-2000) & died (2008). *During presidential administrations between 1988- 2007, Ecuador continued to struggle politically, economically, socially & regionally. Discuss.

Guyana & Venezuela border disputes

In the 1840s, Venezuela raised the question of its eastern border with British Guiana (present-day Guyana), claiming as much as 2/3 of Guiana, up to the Río Esequibo. The issue was a subject of lengthy diplomatic negotiations and was eventually settled in 1899 by an arbitration tribunal, which gave rights over the questioned territory to Great Britain. ...Despite the ruling, Venezuela maintains its claim

Eloy Alfaro

In the late 1800s, world demand for cocoa tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast. A coastal-based 'liberal' revolution in 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and opened the way for capitalistic development. Alfaro became Ecuador's president (1895-1901 & 1905-1911). Revolution came to power, Legal election process ...What happened to him? On January 28, 1912, a group of pro-Catholic soldiers whose motto was "Viva la religión y mueran los masones" (Long live religion and death to the Freemasons), supported by a mob, broke into the prison where Alfaro and his colleagues were detained[2] and dragged them along the cobbled streets of the city center. They were all dead when the horde arrived at the explanade of El Ejido (city gardens)[5] in the northern outskirts of town. The crowd finally burnt the corpses in the area where the present day park of El Ejido is located.[6] (A monument was erected in the 1960s at the site.) Days later, Alfaro's remains were buried in Quito, in secret.

Alberto Fujimori

Instability continued until 1990 when Alberto Fujimori became Peru's president. What was the significance of this? Fujimori managed to tame inflation and for a while, proved to be a popular leader improving the civil & economic aspects of Peru. ...However, he resigned in November 2000 after being hit with corruption charges. In 2009, Fujimori was given long sentences in prison for crimes against humanity, embezzlement & bribery.

José Gregorio Monagas

José Gregorio Monagas (1851-1855) signed an edict on March 24, 1854 ending slavery. But this resulted in a civil war... the 'Federal War'.

José Tadeo Monagas

José Tadeo Monagas (1847-1851) started out as a 'Conservative' but became a 'Liberal'. He proved to be one of the most unpopular presidents in Venezuelan history. Why?... 1. His authoritarian caudillo ways. 2. His frequent disregard for laws passed by the legislature.

Ways in which FARC is funded

Kidnapping for ransom Drug trafficking

Thousand day war

Political instability continued throughout the late 19th century & between 1899-1902, a terrible civil war called the Thousand Days' War was fought. Discuss...lasted 1000 days In 1899 the ruling Conservatives were accused (by Liberals) of maintaining power through fraudulent elections. The situation was worsened by an economic crisis caused by falling coffee prices in the international market. People began to riot Results?... The war was won by the Conservative government. At least 100,000 casualties occurred before it was over.

Guano

Sold in Peru under Castillo Also a main export in Ecuador Peru prospered by selling 'guano' (bird droppings used as fertiliser). Also, the first railway in Peru was built in 1851. In 1854, Black slavery ended and former slaves became wage earners. By 1880, the guano supply began to run out and some economic hardships followed

Drug Trade to US and affects on Latin America

Starting in the 1960s and escalating during the 1970s & thereafter, illegal drug carteling out of Colombia has been a continual international problem... particularly for the U.S. Over the past couple of decades, the Colombia-based drug groups have allowed Mexico-based trafficking organizations to play an increasing role in the U.S. cocaine trade. Throughout most of the 1980s, the criminals in Colombia used the drug smugglers in Mexico to transport cocaine shipments across the U.S. border By the mid-1990s, Mexico-based transportation groups were receiving up to half the cocaine shipment they smuggled for the Colombia-based groups in exchange for their services. "On paper", collective efforts between the U.S. government & the administrations in Colombia & Mexico have worked to cut off or limit the level of carteling. ...These efforts have resulted in 'hit and miss' successes 1970s-1980s: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Colombia's illegal drug trade grew steadily, as the drug cartels amassed huge amounts of money, weapons, and influence. The 1970s also saw the growth of such 'Leftist' rebel groups as the May 19th Movement (M-19), the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and the National Liberation Army (ELN). ...The violence continued, and many journalists and government officials were killed. The 1980s saw the rise of 'right-wing' paramilitary groups, which were organized to oppose 'leftist rebels' but also made attacks on civilians. The 'guerrillas' of the 'left' and 'right' both eventually became involved in the drug trade, which provided a ready source of funding ($$$).

Significance of Venezuelan flag

The Venezuelan flag is based on one flown by independence fighters fighting against Spanish colonial rule in the early 1800s. At that time the yellow represented the gold of the Americas, blue stood for the Atlantic Ocean which separated the new Americas from Europe & red represented the blood shed for freedom against Spain. The seven stars represent the seven original provinces that existed at the time of Venezuelan independence. Today, Venezuela consists of 23 states.

Ibarra

The end of the cocoa boom by the 1920s produced renewed political instability and resulted in another military coup in 1925. -The 1930s and 1940s were marked by 'populist' politicians, such as five-time President Jose Velasco Ibarra. Populist "man of the people" Liken him to Santa Anna In 1941: 'Ecuadorian-Peruvian War' fought over land disputes. *In Jan. 1942, Ecuador signed the Rio de Janeiro Protocol to end a brief war with Peru fought in 1941. Starting to see Pura as having the lands, ecuador ignores, and continue fighting until 1995, discovering oil in the land Protocol provisions?... Ecuador agreed to a border that conceded to Peru much territory Ecuador had previously claimed in the Amazon region. Political turbulence returned in the 1960's, followed by a period of military dictatorship between 1972 and 1979. The 1980's and beginning of the 1990's saw a return to democracy, but instability returned by the middle of the decade. Recession and popular unrest led to a return to 'populist' politics and domestic military interventions in the 1960s (Ibarra came back to power). Starting in the 1960s, foreign companies developed oil resources in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Ecuador didn't have the capital upfront to start it. Often they came to power through democratic means, but then they start to function as a dictator (Ibarra) often left-wing type parties Velasco Ibarra's Impact on Ecuador José María Velasco Ibarra was Ecuador's president... 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, and 1968-1972. ...He was deposed time & time again. Ibarra once said, "Give me a balcony and I will become president." His third term (1952-1956) was a time of progress for Ecuador... 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 845 miles of roads were constructed, and 650 miles more were improved In 1960, Ibarra nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru in 1981 and the Cenepa War (1995). What happened to Ibarra in 1972 & 1979? In 1972 he was ousted from power, died in 1979. He was exiled, his wife died from a bus in 1979, and he brought her back to Ecuador, and he died a few months after Served as president more times than anyone else He would get kicked out of power for becoming like a dictator, everytime he came back, he would try to gain more power,than uprisings would occur

Venezuela's oil exportation history

The first half of the 20th century was dominated by 5 successive military rulers from the Andean state of Táchira. The longest lasting and most tyrannical was General Juan Vicente Gómez, who seized control in 1908 & would wind up president a total of three different times until his death in 1935. Gómez monopolized power via... Phasing out the legislature. Weeding out political opposition. During his time as leader, Venuzuela was greatly enriched, particularly after the discovery of oil (around 1910), which created new jobs & enabled the development of a modern infrastructure. By the 1930s, Venzuela became the 3rd largest oil exporter in the World. Who was in the lead? Although during the early 20th Century, petroleum brought great wealth to some in Venezuela, the vast majority of its people continued to live in poverty with little or no educational or health facilities, let alone reasonable housing. With economic focus turning to oil production, the development of agriculture & other industries were neglected. ...It was simply easier to just import everything from abroad. *This lifestyle worked for a while, but proved to be unsustainable in the long run. Discuss. *The World War II Era... After the Japanese attack on the U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Venezuela cut off diplomatic relations with Japan, Germany & Italy. With the assistance of the U.S., Venezuela increased its defenses on its oil wells. Why? Discuss. In the end, Venezuela produced vast oil supplies for the Allies. It maintained a relative neutrality until 1945 when it finally declared war on the Axis Nations. From the late 1960s until the late 1970s, Venezuela's oil industry boomed & with it came continual infrastructural improvements. ...The height of this was during Carlos Andrés Pérez's (CAP) first presidential term (1974-1979). However, what goes up tends to come down... By the very end of the 1970s, oil revenues declined & matters only got worse during the 1980s. The 1988 drop in world oil prices cut the country's revenue in HALF!!! Venezuela struggled to pay off its international debt. In 1989, President Carlos Andrés Pérez (CAP), in his 2nd non-consecutive term in office, enforced government cut-backs that triggered a wave of protests, street demonstrations, strikes & riots. The results?... ...The loss of more than 300 lives in three days of bloody riots known as 'El Caracazo' {violent shakes}

Caudilo

The first of the caudillos, General José Antonio Páez, served three different times as president over the span of 1830-1863). While his leadership style of was firm, he did establish (for a while) a certain level of political stability and put the weak economy on its feet. The period that followed was an almost uninterrupted chain of 'civil wars' that was only stopped by another long-lived dictator, General Antonio Guzmán Blanco who also served as president three different times between 1870-1887. ... Blanco launched a broad program of reforms such as: Blanco sharply reduced the power of the Roman Catholic Church over the country. ...This was perhaps due to his freemason connections. His government was responsible for the creation of the modern currency (Bolívar). Blanco's leadership (1870-1887) brought about some temporary stability. ...However, Blanco's tyrannical rule triggered nation-wide popular opposition. As a result, Blanco stepped down from power. ...But without a strong leader, the country plunged again into civil war.

Medellion Cartel

The most infamous and powerful of Colombia's drug cartels emerged during the late 1970s... the Medellín Cartel, headed up by the notorious Pablo Escobar. At his death, he was worth around $25 billion!!! By the 1980s and 1990s the Medellín Cartel gained a huge amount of power and exerted a massive amount of influence in political, economical and every day life in Colombia. Escobar's tyrannous reign over Colombian life was both devastating and complicated. Escobar worked hard to cultivate a "Robin Hood" image, giving a great deal of money to vulnerable communities and developing educational and healthcare facilities. However, he was simultaneously ordering the execution of politicians, police and innocent citizens. ...What happend in 1993?

Paublo Escobar

The most infamous and powerful of Colombia's drug cartels emerged during the late 1970s... the Medellín Cartel, headed up by the notorious Pablo Escobar. At his death, he was worth around $25 billion!!! By the 1980s and 1990s the Medellín Cartel gained a huge amount of power and exerted a massive amount of influence in political, economical and every day life in Colombia. Escobar's tyrannous reign over Colombian life was both devastating and complicated. Escobar worked hard to cultivate a "Robin Hood" image, giving a great deal of money to vulnerable communities and developing educational and healthcare facilities. However, he was simultaneously ordering the execution of politicians, police and innocent citizens. ...What happend in 1993? Died in 1993 from gang violence from people trafficking cocaine to US

Donald Trump's visit to Ecuador

They named a rose after him that they bred Ecuador has a large flower industry, a dozen roses would cost

Andean indigenous population

Three Andean nations in particular... Bolivia (55%), Ecuador (30%) & Peru (45%) have exceptionally large 'indegenous' populations. ...These factors/developments have affected these nations in a variety ways throughout their histories. How?... The socio-economic class system of these countries has been affected. Discuss. Distinctive language factors & characteristics resulted. Discuss. Cultural studies have been made showing some of the Andean countries listed to be among the most "communal" in nature in the world. Discuss. Cultural Developments... Three Andean nations in particular... Bolivia (55%), Ecuador (30%) & Peru (45%) have exceptionally large 'indegenous' populations. ...These factors/developments have affected these nations in a variety ways throughout their histories. How?... The socio-economic class system of these countries has been affected. Discuss. An ingenous could buy their way into being white, and act white Distinctive language factors & characteristics resulted. Discuss. Their dilact of spanish would have indegenous influences Cultural studies have been made showing some of the Andean countries listed to be among the most "communal" in nature in the world. Discuss. They identified with themselves, having their own dialct of Spanish, indengous influence makes them more communal, they did things as a collected group, family was the most important thing This is the reason why united gran colombia didn't last

Free Trade Agreements

To counter-act Pink Tide, the U.S. has managed to hold on to some political & economic influence in the area... ...The United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (CTPA) 'aka' the "Colombia Free Trade Agreement" as well as the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) or the "Peru Free Trade Agreement" were both signed in 2006. ...These agreements have eliminated tariffs or other barriers to trade in goods and services between the U.S. & these two countries. ...As a result, economists argue each of these nations have benefitted from these agreements. ...During the same year these treaties were signed, President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela would withdraw from the Andean Community, claiming that the free trade agreements signed by Colombia and Peru with the U.S. caused "irreparable damage to the community." In 2006, the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) was signed by Peruvian President Alan Garcia & U.S. President George W. Bush. By 2009, positive effects from this agreement could be noticeably felt.

Sánchez Cerro (Peru)

Turmoil & Instability Continues... Dating back to 1924, Victor Raul Haya de la Torre founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). In 1931, Haya de la Torre ran for president, but his opponent, a military hero named Sánchez Cerro, defeated him in the election. ...The APRA claimed the election was fraudulent. Virtual Civil War began between APRA and the government. Sánchez Cerro was assassinated in 1933 by a suppressed APRA member. Colombia-Peru War of 1932-1933 (Leticia Incident)... was the result of dissatisfaction with the Salomón-Lozano Treaty of 1922 (over a border dispute) and the imposition of heavy tariffs on sugar. ...Sánchez Cerro sent an invading army into southern Colombia. All the while, Civil War & instability raged on in Peru.Sánchez Cerro's death occurred in the midst. The war with Colombia ended shortly thereafter. Discuss...

Olaya Herrera (Colombia)

Under the leadership of the Liberals, Olaya Herrera (1930-1934), Alfonso López (1934-1938), and Eduardo Santos (1938-1942), wide-ranging reforms were enacted such as... A. The promotion of labor unions & their demands. B. The takeover & redistribution of private property. C. Expanding industry & support for many infrastructural projects. 4. Colombia participated in World War II on the Allied side (1942-1945). (moral and supply support) Conservative rule weakened by depression made way for liberal Moderate Olaya Herrera His reign began a fifteen year period known as the Liberal Republic Increased strength of government increased partisan division Agrarian reform socialist inspired state ownership of all uncultivated land conflicts over land ownership began

Eduardo Santos (Colombia)

Under the leadership of the Liberals, Olaya Herrera (1930-1934), Alfonso López (1934-1938), and Eduardo Santos (1938-1942), wide-ranging reforms were enacted such as... A. The promotion of labor unions & their demands. B. The takeover & redistribution of private property. C. Expanding industry & support for many infrastructural projects. 4. Colombia participated in World War II on the Allied side (1942-1945). (moral and supply support) Social moderate Took a strong stands on economic policy Import Substitution industrialization (ISI) Created Institute de Formento Industrial Backed the construction of a steelworks in Medelin, a rubber factory Promoted low-cost housing Developlment of infrastructure, including aquaducts and sewers Strengthened authority of state

Problems during Cipriano Castro's rule

Why did a conflict emerge between Venezuela & Great Britain, Italy and Germany under the caudillo of General Cipriano Castro (1899-1908)? In response, the three European countries sent their navies to blockade Venezuelan seaports in 1902. Discuss the U.S. response & the Roosevelt Corollary. due to a debt crisis, (economic downturn, regional uprisings)Castro called for a hault on debt payment's to Venezula's Teddy Roosevelt called for negoitoans, did the Washington Protocol of 1903 (30 percent of customs duties should go towards repayments) Italy, Germany and Great Britain sent blockades toVeneuzela Drago called US to come to aid Created Roosevelt Coroally