Latin American Nation Building, Mexican American War, and Canadian Nation Building

Maritime Union

Union of the Maritime provinces Possible union of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Price Edward island.

James K. Polk

United States president who was elected under his ideals of Manifest Destiny. He believed in the necessary US expansion and declared war on Mexico in 1846 and was at war until 1848.

Daniel Webster

US Senate, leader of the Whigs who opposed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo because they feared growth of slavery.

1861-64 Canadian elections

Between these years 2 elections were held and there were different government.

Veracruz landing

General Winfield Scott lands his troops in Veracruz. This would be the largest naval landing until Gallipoli in World War I.

William Walker

"King of filibusters. Invaded Baja California and Sonora with his followers making them "Republics."

Weekly Arizonian

"We make treaties with Indians while turning a blind eye to our neighbors across the line... so the Mexicans steal from us whenever the opportunity arises"

1841 Act of Union

1. Afforded protection to Upper Canadian culture by making English the only official language of the Parliament of United Canada. 2. Favoured Upper Canadian political life by giving Upper Canada as many parliamentary representatives as the more populous Lower Canada.

# of Latin American constitutions in the 19th century

103

# of successful military coups in the 20th century

167

José María Carvajal

1849-1855: He led an on/off again movement "Republic of Sierra Madre" in the N-Mexico and S-Texas.

Canadian Colonial Assembly

1856: George Brown told the assembly that a bicultural country under one government was impossible.

The Cart War

1857: Anglo Carman attacked Mexican competitors in South-Texas, killing 75.

Henry A. Crabb

1857: Encouraged by revel faction in conflict-ridden in Sonora he led the "Arizona Colonizing Company" in Sonora.

Juan "Cheno" Cortina

1859-1860: Cheno Cortina and 60 followers engaged anglo lawmen in series of skirmish motivated by racial tension. Over 20 people died in sudden attacks. (person)

Caudillos

A military or political leader that would tend to take or hold power through militar force.

Filibustering

An unauthorised invasion of another nation without the support or sanction of the government.

Bartolomé Mitre

Argentina's first president of united Argentina in 1862-1868. Set about the task of nation building: constructed a central government provided schools and courts, promoted railroads and roads. 6 year term.

Colonial Assembly

Assembly of both Canadas; reformers, responding to the Act of Union of 1841, demand in an illustration of bicultural politics for the Colonial Assembly, not the Governor-General, to have the ultimate say. In 1847, Britain appoints Lord Elgin as Governor-General and told him to approve policies of the majority party of the Assembly.

Moderate reformers

Believed in cooperation between Canada's two main groups at the time

Canadiens

Canadians of French descent

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Caudillo, rascal and political opportunist. Creole against Hidalgo and Morelos, accepted independence with Iturbide. Helps overthrow Iturbide. Popularity: military victory against the Spanish invasion in 1829 and the French intervention in 1838. Had leg buried with full military honors

Arizona Colonizing Company

Colonizing company led by Henry A. Crabb into Northern Mexico states and was virtually annihilated.

Concordat with the Holy See 1852

Concordat with the Vatican in 1852: Guatemala became the first republic in Spanish America to have official diplomatic ties with the Vatican. During Carrera's regime.

Rafael Carrera

Conservative caudillo, overthrew Morazán and dominated Central America. Rural mestizo with close ties to Guatemala's indigenous peoples. Protected these peoples' welfare and village lands. Shielded Catholic Church. Honored local folk culture. Allowed United Provinces of Central America to fall apart by focusing on Guatemala. His first presidency 1842-1848. His dictatorship 1854-1865

Mariano Galvez

Governor of Guatemala. Launched a program for economic and social reconstruction of Guatemala. Wanted to reform the judicial system by providing trial by jury and habeas corpus, and giving the governor power to appoint all judges. Institutes secular marriage and divorce.

Benito Juárez

Governor of Oaxaca. Opposed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and kept on fighting against its ratification.

Hudson Bay Company

Controlled prairies of the Red River Valley and gold fields and resources of Pacific Colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver.

January 10-23, 1849

Date of the raids in Sonora that killed 86 Mexicans

Canada East/West

Declared in the Act of Union. East Canada was Lower Canada. West Canada was Upper Canada.

Export tax on cochinilla

During Carrera's regime. In 1845, an export tax was imposed to the cochinilla, making it the most important product of tax income for the government.

1837 Language statistics

Economic panic of 1837 further reduced the French language

Louis-Joseph Papineau

Editor of Le Canadien and incited French Nationalist feelings. 1837: Britain

Federal Republic of Central America

Established in 1823 after the Mexican empire dissolves. It wanted a federal government with strong independent state governments. Made our of Five Provinces. Liberal government.

Robert Dickey

First to arrive in Charlottetown from Nova Scotia on August 30th. and participant of the confederations leading to the Canadian Union.

Herman Ehrenberg

Fought against Mexico in the Texas Revolution and created the first map of the Gadsden Purchase.

1775 Quebec Act

Granted the French Catholics rights and privileges.

The Whigs

Group lead by Daniel Webster who opposed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo since they feared growth of slavery. They thought too much land would be gained which would increase the slavocracy power in congress.

Five Provinces

Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and El Salvador.

Apaches

Had lands in both the U.S. and Mexico so they would raid both sides. Attack Sonora in 1849 (Jan 10-23) leading to the deaths of 86 people and a failed attempted treaty. This leads to a mass emigration out of Sonora. In 1850, Dona Ana (New Mexico) was raided by apaches due to food shortages amongst the apaches.

George-Étienne Cartier

He presented the arguments in favour of union that Alexander Galt discussed the possible financial arrangements in the Charlottetown Conference.

John A. MacDonald

He presented the arguments in favour of union that Alexander Galt discussed the possible financial arrangements in the Charlottetown Conference.

Bernardino Rivadavia

He was an ardent liberal who was strongly influenced by the English philosophers. Promoted education and abolished the tithe. Launched a program of educational, social, and economic reforms. Introduced a system of emphyteusis. Wanted to unite Argentina. Nationalisation of the Buenos Aires Custom House

Jefferson Davis

He was part of the Senate and wanted to annex more territory from northern Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Sam Houston

He was part of the US Senate wanted the land all the way to Veracruz.

Charles Tupper

He with three more of Dickey's delegates arrived by steamer on the afternoon of August 31 for the Charlottetown Conference.

1837 Rebellions (Lower/Upper)

In Upper Canada: 1. Rebellions agains the "Family Compact" 2. Mackenzie marched in Toronto in an attempt to overthrow the British Colonial gov. and establish democracy. In Lower Canada: 1. In Quebec, there was not a sharp division by language and culture until 1809. 2. French culture was threatened: They were against the Quebec Act of 1775. 3. Economic gap between French and English. 4. Nationalism became a powerful factor in Quebec's politics. 5. "Our religion, our language, our laws." 6. Economic Panic of 1837: French demanded control over the local spending.

Manuel de la Peña y Peña

Interim president of Mexico in 1848. Rose to power after Santa Anna left. He helped in the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Prince Edward Island

Island in Canada, which belonged to the same dominion Hosted the Charlottetown Conference Was the first meeting in the process leading to the Quebec Resolutions and the creation of Canada in 1867. Prince Edward Island did not find the terms of union favourable and balked at joining in 1867, choosing to remain a colony of the United Kingdom. In the late 1860s, the colony examined various options, including the possibility of becoming a discrete dominion unto itself, as well as entertaining delegations from the United States, who were interested in Prince Edward Island joining the United States of America.

Battle of San Jacinto

Last battle in the Texan Revolution that resulted in the capture of Santa Anna. Would start the process for Texas to become its own independent Republic as Santa Anna is released in return that he recognises Texas as independent from Mexico.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Lead caudillo in Argentina from 1829-1852. Favoured aristocrats.

Durham Report

Lord Durham was sent to Canada to report on the reasons for the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. Contained three main recommendations: 1. A responsible government should be granted to the British North American colonies. 2. Upper and Lower Canada should be amalgamated to form a United Province of Canada. 3. French Canadians should be assimilated. He also criticised the politics in terms of who controlled the government power in both colonies.

Upper/Lower Canada

Lower Canada (Quebec) • about 100,000 canadiens • 10,000 non-French settlers Upper Canada (Ontario) • About 20,000 residents, mostly loyalists • Below Lower Canada, it is named upper Canada because it is at the upstream end of the St. Lawrence river. • Physically and symbolically separated the French and British North America

Nicholas Trist

Member of the State Department that helped with the negotiation of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Grandson of James Madison.

Ecclesiastical Fuero

Members from the Catholic church enjoyed many privileges, they were tried on their own court house with ecclesiastical juries and judges for their criminal offences.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico cedes the Rio grande boundary to the U.S., California, and New Mexico. U.S. paid Mexico 15 Million and assumed $3 million that Mexico owed U.S. citizens. The War adds 500,000 square miles to the U.S. (48 cent per acre)

Robert Baldwin

Moderate reformer in Canada West. Helped lead the first responsible ministry in Canada.

Sir Louis-Hyppolyte La Fontaine

Moderate reformer in Canada east and editor of Le Canadien

William Lyon MacKenzie

Newspaper editor and blistering critique of the Family Compact. Marched on Toronto in early December 1837 in an attempt to overthrow the British colonial government and establish a democratic government as the US´s. Upper Canada.

Le Canadien

Newspaper in Lower Canada which Britain wanted to stop. Papineau edited this newspaper and it helped stir up French Nationalism in LC.

Charlottetown Conference 1864

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island were contemplating the possibility of Maritime Union. Canadians were only observers. George Étienne Cartier and John A. Macdonald presented the arguments in favour of union.

Dominion of Canada

Official name of British North America according to the BNA of 1867

Tithe

One tenth of annual produce or earnings go for the support of the church and clergy.

Secretary Walker

Opposed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo since it would not bring enough territory to the Republic.

Secretary Buchanan

Opposed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo since it would not bring enough territory to the Republic. Wrote to the Mexican government so they would ratify the treatment without Article X.

Urquiza

Overthrew Rosas in Argentina. He elected the first president of the Argentine Republic.

Francisco Morazán

Politician and general who ruled parts of Central America at different times from 1829 to 1842. Strong leader and visionary, who attempted to unite the different Central American countries into one large nation. Liberal, anti-clerical politics made him some powerful enemies. After Arce and before Carrera.

Conservative Party

Pro-French political party. Led by John MacDonald Opposed westward expansion.

Reform Party

Proposed the re-separation of Canada led by George Brown.

George Brown

Publisher of the Toronto Globe (anti-catholic)

Bernardo Couto

Publishes agreement with the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and said that the treaty possibly saved Mexico from obliteration.

Casualities numbers of Mex-Am War

U.S. suffers 13,000 deaths→ 2,000 combat & 9,000 from disease

"Long live religion and death to all foreigners"

Rafael Carrera said this in the revolt of Feb. 1848.

Governor General

Representative of the British monarch in British North America.

Rupert's Land Acquisition

Rupert's Land/Prince Rupert's Land: territory in British North America, consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin. Nominally owned by the Hudson's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870, although numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The area once known as Rupert's Land is now mainly a part of Canada, but a small portion is now in the United States of America.

Manuel Jose Arce

Salvadoran liberal. Switched from being liberal to conservative over army and tax issues. First president of Central America in 1821.

Mazorca

Secret police of Juan Manuel de Rosas that was created by his wife to regain power. After having regained power, they were used to beat, torture and kill individuals. (Called Mazorca because it represents unity)

Senate

Senators were appointed for life and the representation was equally based.

Lord Durham

Sent to Canada to report on the reasons for the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. Author of the Durham Report.

CSS Alabama

Ship given to the confederacy. Name of the ship that made the Canadians afraid of retribution by the US.

The Family Compact

Small group of families that dominated the economy and government of the province.

José Artigas

Soldier and revolutionary leader who is regarded as the father of Uruguayan independence. Led Uruguayans to independence in 1815.

1829 Spanish reconquest attempt

Spanish attempt to reconquer the lost colony of New Spain led by Isidro Barradas through Veracruz, he was stopped by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.

Patronage

System of support, whether it be financial, political, or military form.

Emphyteusis

System passed by Rivadavia designed to favor the lower classes but ended up strengthening the large landowning class. "Formal agrarian reform." Used to raise revenue and increase production by the distribution of public lands (1822)

The 'Golden Age' of filibustering

The 1850s is known as the Golden Age of filibustering due to the many plots of invasion to take Northern Mexico.

March 29, 1867

The British North America Act received the Royal Assent.

Joseph Howe

The Conference also had to cope with the presence of an anti-union delegation from Nova Scotia led by him.

John Lambton

The Earl of Durham. The Parliament sent John Lambton to Canada with the responsibility of deciding upon "the form and future government" of the colonies.

Wilmot Proviso

The US congressman who helped President Polk negotiate the Treaty of La Mesilla and would ban slavery on any territory acquired from Mexico in the future. Proviso.

1791 Constitutional Act

This act divided Quebec into two parts: 1. Upper Canada: 20,o00 residents 2. Lower Canada: 100,000 Canadians and 10,000 non-French It also gave each colony its own representative assembly.

Anglicize

To make something/someone more English (term comes from the English anglican church).

House of Commons

Total of 194 members and its representation was based on population. Upper and Lower Canada had 75% of the seats.

Manuel Crescencio Rejón

Vocal opposition formed led by him published their arguments against ratification and considered prolonging the war. Published a book called "Observation on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo": believed that the treaty would lead to economic subordination of Mexico by the United States.

Missouri Compromise

• 1820 compromise • Said any state below 36 30 (latitude) would enter the US as a slave state and anything above as a free state.

Civil war of 1826-29

• Caused by Arce's federal government efforts to assert his rights and establish a strong army and the collection of taxes • Abandon liberalism • Toppled Arce and installed Morazán

Tories

• Loyalists • As a consequence of the American victory in the war for Independence, thousands of Tories or Loyalists fled to Canada. • The Loyalists received land, supplies and agricultural equipment from the Quebec government.

Unitarios

• Political Party in the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata. • Favoured a strong central government and tended to be more liberal.

Buenos Aires Custum House

• Proposed a policy of Rivadavia • Policy: tried to nationalise the Buenos Aires Custom House. • The opposition to this policy led to Rivadavia's exile in 1827 because of his proposed policy.

Federales

• They wanted autonomy between provinces. • These were mainly located in the interior provinces of Rio de la Plata. • They gained great losses after independence, since their wine and textiles had to compete with Europe now. • They won in 1820 and the United Provinces dissolved into different republics with caudillos as rulers.