Leadership
what is Strategy I of Bennis and Nanus's "human handling skills"?
attention through vision
Bennis and Nanus found that _____ influence outcomes
attitudes
______ leaders are hopeful, optimistic, resilient, and transparent
authentic (congruent) leaders
which type of leader operates consistently with values visible to others?
authentic (congruent) leaders
which type of leadership suggests that in order to lead, leaders must be true to themselves and their values and act accordingly?
authentic (congruent) leadership
which theory has leaders true to themselves and their values and act accordingly?
authentic leadership
on Tannenbaum & Schmidt's continuum of leadership, what style is in the area of use of authority by the manager?
autocratic
the leader makes all the decisions in which style of leadership?
autocratic or authoritarian
which style of leadership involves centralized decision making?
autocratic or authoritarian
which type of leadership has strong control over the followers?
autocratic or authoritarian
*in transactional leadership, reward is contingent on _____
behavior
in transactional leadership, ______ --> _____ --> ______
behaviors --> follower --> outcome
what does the leader focus communication on in S2(Coaching)?
both achieving goals and meeting the needs of the subordinate
authentic leaders value building _____ and establishing _____ with others. why?
building relationships and establishing connections, to strengthen the human connection, not to receive rewards
how do authentic leaders link their purpose and passion?
by having congruence in their beliefs and actions
how do authentic leaders practice self-discipline?
by incorporating balance into their personal and professional lives
in Laissez faire or permissive leadership, followers find _____
chaos
Bennis and Nanus found that leaders take _____ effectively
charge
hitler is an example of what kind of leader?
charismatic
which style of leadership involves self-confidence?
charismatic theory
which theory involves feelings and enthusiasm?
charismatic theory
what is persuasion? which type of leader would use it?
clear and persistent communication that convinces others to change, servant leader
what did transforming leaders have in Strategy I?
clear vision of the future of the organization
in Transformational Leadership. employees are _____ and _____ by the leaders
coached and mentored
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: increased ______ efficacy. what does this mean?
collective, leaders influence what people choose to do as a group
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: high level of ______ to a common vision, mission, or goal
commitment
charismatic leaders show _____
competence
in the trait approach, what does intelligence deal with?
complex problem solving skills
in transactional leadership, leaders strive to _____, ______, and _____
compromise, manipulate, control
charismatic leaders show _____ in followers
confidence
leaders are self______
confident
______ ______ is second nature to effective followers
continuing education
in transactional leadership, followers fulfill the ____
contract
in transactional leadership, errors are _____ during the followers stage
corrected
what are reduced in Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership?
creativity, autonomy, self motivation
effective followers are _____, ______, _______ thinkers
credible, honest, independent
the charismatic theory emerges during a _____
crisis
in transactional leadership, _____ are met during the outcome phase
deadlines
in Laissez faire or permissive leadership, does productivity increase or decrease?
decrease
in Laissez faire or permissive leadership, satisfaction increases or decreases?
decreases
in democratic or participative leadership, authority is _____
delegated
on Tannenbaum & Schmidt's continuum of leadership, what style is in the middle?
democratic
which style of leadership works with their followers?
democratic or participative
Theory Y is very similar to which style of leadership?
democratic or participative leadership
which style of leadership believes that people are MOTIVATED BY INTERNAL DRIVES and impulses?
democratic or participative leadership
which style of leadership draws and welcomes new ideas?
democratic or participative leadership
which style of leadership has higher job satisfaction, commitment, and cohesiveness?
democratic or participative leadership
which style of leadership has two way communication?
democratic or participative leadership
which style of leadership involves followers in the decisions?
democratic or participative leadership
which style of leadership is more cohesive, friendlier, and more group minded?
democratic or participative leadership
which style of leadership takes more time and is not as efficient?
democratic or participative leadership
Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership has more _____ on the leader
dependence
what is Strategy IV of Bennis and Nanus's "human handling skills"?
deployment of self
what is building community? which type of leader would use it?
development of people with shared interests and pursuits, allows followers to identify something greater than themselves, feel safe, and connected, servant leader
the degree to which subordinates have the competence and commitment to accomplish a given task or activity
developmental level (maturity)
followers are self_____
directed
autocratic or authoritarian leadership uses _____ behavior. what does that mean?
directive behavior, leader gives orders and expects followers to respect and obey
what are the 4 leader behaviors according to House-Mitchell?
directive leadership, supportive leadership, participative leadership, achievement oriented leadership
When a leader tells an individual what to do, when it needs to be done, where it should be done, and who is going to do it, what style of leadership are they using, according to the Situational Leadership Model/Theory?
directive style
what 3 concepts is the Situational Leadership Model/Theory based on?
directive style, supportive style, developmental level (maturity)
Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership has subtle kinds of _____
discontent
describe what the leader does in S3(supporting)
does not focus soley on goals, uses supportive behavior that brings out the employees' skill
in autocratic or authoritarian leadership, communication is ______
downward
charismatic theory obtains ______ commitment and _____
emotional commitment and loyalty
the GLOBE research program found that leaders can become more _________ and ________ in communicating with individuals from other cultures
empathetic and accurate
according to House-Mitchell, who would benefit from achievement oriented leadership?
employees that are highly skilled, innovative, and autonomous, poeple need to excel and are motivated to excel
what does Supportive Style do according to the Situational Leadership Model/Theory?*
entails two-way communication, facilitating behavior, active listening, and socio-emotional support
what do authentic (congruent) leaders focus on?
ethical or right things to do
*what is this an example of: One person's culture values individual achievement, hard to understand another person whose culture emphasizes working together as a whole?
ethnocentrism
Our tendency to think our own cultural values and ways of doing things are right
ethnocentrism
______ includes the failure to recognize the unique perspective of others
ethnocentrism
_______ is an obstacle to effective leadership because it prevents people from fully understanding or respecting the world of others
ethnocentrism
transactional leadership uses management by ______
exception
_____ theory emphasizes the role of rewards and their relationship to the performance of desired behaviors
expectancy
the House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory is derived from the _____ theory
expectancy
democratic or participative leadership uses _____ power
expert
autocratic= ______ motivators
external
in Authentic (Congruent) Leadership, it takes great courage to be true to one's convictions when.....
external forces or peer pressure encourages the leader to do something morally inappropriate
what is supportive leadership (House-Mitchell)?
focuses on providing encouragement, interest and attention to the employee
how do Hersey and Blanchard define maturity?
follower's ability to set high, but attainable, goals, their willingness and ability to take responsibility, and their level of education and experience
leaders are loyal to _____
followers
in the Situational Leadership Model/Theory, what is required for the appropriate leadership style to be used?
frequent assessments
in the trait approach, what does sociability deal with?
friendly, outgoing, diplomatic
in Laissez faire or permissive leadership, there is greater employee ______
frustration
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: belief in a better _____
future
followers challenge _____
ideas
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: personal _____ with the leader
identification
what is achievement oriented leadership (House-Mitchell)?
includes setting goals, emphasizing excellence
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is increased or decreased self-efficacy?
increased
what are the outcomes of Transformational Leadership?
increased: loyalty, organizational commitment, job performance and satisfaction
what is one of the most important motivational mechanisms of charismatic leadership?
increasing intrinsic valence of goal accomplishment
what does the motivational function of the leader consist of in House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory?
increasing personal payoffs to subordinates for work goal attainment, and making the path to these payoffs easier to travel by clarifying it, reducing road blocks and pitfalls, and increasing the opportunities for personal satisfaction en route
leadership is the process of ________ others
influencing
in the trait approach, what does determination deal with?
initiative, persistence, drive
charismatic leaders are an ______ to others
inspiration
in Transformational Leadership, there is _______ motivation
inspirational
there is an _______ quality in the charismatic theory
inspirational
the authentic leader acts with _____
integrity
in the Trait Approach, research was directed toward identifying what abilities of effective leaders?
intellectual, personality, physical
what are the major leadership traits?
intelligence, self confidence, determination, integrity, sociability
what are some commonalities among leadership and management?
interactions among individuals & groups, influencing individuals (followers), a process (infers that it is interactive), goals including a vision, mission, and strategy
democratic= _____ motivators
internal
democratic or participative leadership believes people are motivated by what?
internal drives and impulses
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: increasing the _____ valence of goal accomplishment
intrinsic
what is participative leadership (House-Mitchell)?
involves consulting and involving the followers in decision making need for control
House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory removes ______
obstacles
House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory removes _____ and ______ to attaining the goal
obstacles and roadblocks
what are the characteristics of authentic leaders?
purpose, values, heart, relationships, self-discipline
authentic leaders understand their own _____ and ______
purposes and passions
A follower with a low developmental level (immature) requires....
step by step instruction in order to accomplish a specific task
what is the best measure of a servant leader?
stewardship
Bennis and Nanus found that positive attitudes of concentrating on _____ are important in leadership
success
in transactional leadership, work is ______ during the outcome phase
supervised
House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory provides _____
support
according to House-Mitchell, subordinates with needs for affiliation would need which type of leadership?
supportive
according to the Situational Leadership Model/Theory, _____ style includes asking for input and solving problems
supportive
according to the Situational Leadership Model/Theory, which style helps the follower feel good about themselves, their colleagues, and the situation?*
supportive style
in transactional leadership, the focus is on _____
tasks
followers ____ new ideas
test
what affects the employee's degree of motivation in House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory?
the behavior of the leader through the use of rewards, clarifying the link between the path, goal achievement, and the reward
A follower with a high developmental level (maturity) is one that has......
the capacity, willingness, and capability to set individual goals and accomplish the task with minimal direction
in autocratic or authoritarian leadership, the primary concern is for what?
the job or the task
in House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory, who structures the activities?
the leader
what inspires followers in Authentic (Congruent) Leadership?
the leader's principles and their conviction to act accordingly
what do followers use to communicate?
the organizational structure, aka the chain of command
the trait approach began with identifying qualities of great people but now there is a shift to include what?
the situation and it now focuses on the critical role of traits in effective leadership
*transactional leadership maintains what?
the status quo
*what is ethnocentrism?
the tendency of an individual to view their own culture as better or more natural than the culture of others
what is conceptualization? which type of leader would use it?
a visionary for the organization, providing a clear sense of the goals and directions, the "big picture", servant leader
what forces in the manager influence leadership?
the value system: how strongly they believe individuals should have a share in the decision making, degree of trust and confidence in subordinates, their own leadership inclinations, feelings of security in an uncertain situation
the House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory states that followers will be MOTIVATED if they believe.....
their efforts will result in a certain OUTCOME, that the payoffs for doing their work are WORTHWHILE
who move charismatic leaders views forward?
their followers
what did transforming leaders know in Strategy IV?
their strengths and weaknesses, and they emphasized their strengths
describe the heart of authentic leaders
they care for themselves and the people the lead, and their compassion is genuine
how does a servant leader listen?
they communicate by listening first, acknowledging the viewpoint of the followers and validating their perspective
effective followers are able to _____ for themselves, and they exercise ____ and ____
think for themselves, exercise control and independence
*what is the purpose of the GLOBE research program?
to increase the understanding of cross cultural, looked at other cultures interactions and the impact of culture on leadership
leaders will not be successful without the _____ management skills
traditional
transformational leadership must be combined with the _____ ______ qualities of the day to day managerial role
traditional transactional
which approach states that there is an ideal set of traits that each manager should have?
trait approach
which theory emphasizes that leaders should have certain traits?
trait approach
together, _____ and _____ leadership styles = a good leader
transactional and transformational
*which type of leadership maintains the status quo?
transactional leadership
_______ leadership is concerned with day to day operations
transactional leadership
which theory shows the process of how leaders are able to inspire followers to accomplish great things?
transformational
which type of leaders often have a strong set of internal values and ideals, and they are effective at motivating followers to act in ways that support the greater good rather than their own self interests?
transformational leaders
Bennis and Nanus contributed to our understanding of _____ leadership
transformational leadership
leaders create an environment of _____
trust
what did transforming leaders create in Strategy III?
trust in their organizations by making their own positions known and standing by them
what is Strategy III of Bennis and Nanus's "human handling skills"?
trust through positioning
followers are ______ and ______
trustworthy and respectful
what are the most important leadership traits endorsed by 62 countries?
trustworthy, just, foresight, confidence builder, intelligent
what forces in the situation influence leadership?
type of organization, behaviors tolerated, leader's supervisor
charismatic theory uses ______ strategies
unconventional
what is awareness? which type of leader would use it?
understanding oneself and the impact one has on others, step aside and view themselves in the situation, servant leader
what is the first step in understanding other cultures and their preferences?
understanding our own cultural biases and preferences
in Laissez faire or permissive leadership, people become ______ and ______
unmotivated and disheartened
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: ______ internalization
value
charismatic theory creates and communicates a _____
vision
in the trait approach, there is new research that focuses on what?
visionary and charismatic leaders and the impact of social intelligence
what is empathy? which type of leader would use it?
"standing in someone else's shoes" and seeing the world from their point of view, accepting what they are, servant leader
what did transforming leaders communicate in Strategy II?
a direction for the organization
what is another name for the Trait Approach?
"Great Man" theory
Bennis and Nanus research study concluded four types of what?
"human handling skills"
what are the 5 cross cultural competencies leaders need?
1) Understand business, political, and cultural environments world wide, 2) Learn and incorporate the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of other cultures, 3) Work simultaneously with people from many cultures, 4) Adapt to living and communicating in other cultures, 5) Relate to people from other cultures from a position of equality rather than cultural superiority
what are the 4 steps of the supportive leadership role in the Situational Leadership Model/Theory?
1) directing, 2) coaching, 3) supporting, 4) delegating
Theory X is very similar to which style of leadership?
Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership
how do authentic leaders understand their own purposes and passions?
as a result of ongoing self-reflection and self awareness
the House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory states that followers will be MOTIVATED if they think they are.....
CAPABLE of performing their work
transformational leaders are effective at _____ followers to act in ways that support the greater good, rather than their own self interests
MOTIVATING
T/F: a person's developmental/maturity level is constant
F: it is NOT constant and it depends on the specific task
T/F: democratic or participative leadership is more efficient
F: it takes more time and is less efficient
in which level of development are employees new to a goal and do not know exactly how to do it, but they are excited about the challenge?
D1
in which level of development have employees started to learn a job, but may have lost some initial motivation?
D2
in which level of development have employees essentially developed the skills, but are uncertain if they can accomplish the task by themselves?
D3
in which level of development do employees have the skills and motivation to get the job done?
D4
autocratic or authoritarian leadership believes that people are influenced by what?
EXTERNAL FORCES:, ex. power, authority, and need for approval
which researchers and theory focused on the "maturity" levels or developmental levels of the followers?
Hersey and Blanchard, Situational Leadership Model/Theory
in which theory does leadership make the path to the goal clear and easy to travel through?
House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory
which theory makes the work itself more personally satisfying?
House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory
which theory uses coaching and direction?
House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory
*in transactional leadership, the follower has the belief of I _____/you _____
I work/you pay
*what is the Wallenda factor?
Karl Wallenda, a tight rope aerialist, concentrated on not falling rather than walking the tight rope and she fell, *when your so focused on not doing something, your more destined to do it
in which style of leadership are the leaders nondirective?
Laissez faire or permissive
in which style of leadership do leaders defer decision making to the group?
Laissez faire or permissive
in which style of leadership is decision making dispersed throughout the group?
Laissez faire or permissive
in which style of leadership is little accomplished?
Laissez faire or permissive
which style of leadership has discussion with a minimum of leader participation or control
Laissez faire or permissive
which style of leadership is passive with little or no control?
Laissez faire or permissive
which style of leadership is termed "nonleadership"?
Laissez faire or permissive
how is organizational performance impacted by servant leadership?
Positive influence on organization performance, Followers go beyond to help the overall functioning of the organization
which on of Bennis and Nanu's Strategies displays positive self image and self respect?
Strategy IV
how does supportive behavior and maturity relate in the Situational Leadership Model/Theory?
Supportive behavior should increase with the employee until the worker is fully mature (developed) where neither are needed
T/F: charismatic leaders are strong role models
T
T/F: effective followers give credit where credit is due
T
T/F: in the Trait Approach, there was no set of traits definitive and reliable in determining leadership
T
who created the multicratic or continuum of leadership?
Tannenbaum & Schmidt
which type of leader becomes the role model for the follower?
Transformational Leader
which type of leader encourages self management?
Transformational Leader
which type of leader moves followers beyond their own self interest to exert effort on behalf of the organization?
Transformational Leader
which type of leader prefers to coach rather than control?
Transformational Leader
which type of leader provides a sense of direction?
Transformational Leader
which type of leader stimulates commitment to a shared vision and goal?
Transformational Leader
in House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory, the reward must be of _____ to the person involved in the path-goal process
VALUE
what is foresight? which type of leader would use it?
ability to know the future, based on what is occurring in the present and what has happened in the past, servant leader
followers may be _____ or ______ with Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership
aggressive or submissive
according to Hersey and Blanchard, the determinants of maturity are ____ related, not ___ or ___ related
are job related, not emotional or age related
what does the leader is S4 (delegating) allow the subordinate to do?
get the job done in the way they see fit
what is directive leadership (House-Mitchell)?
giving instructions about the task, the expectation, the how and a timeline for completion, telling the employees what is expected
what is the most important trend of the 21st century?
globalization (&leadership?)
what does the leader focus communication on in S1(Directing)? what do they spend less time on?
goal achievement, less time on supportive behaviors
the House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory defines _____
goals
charismatic leaders articulate clear _____ and strong _____
goals, values
how is follower growth and performance impacted by servant leadership?
greater self-actualization, improved performance, becomes a servant leader
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: _____ self esteem and self worth
heightened
what is commitment to growth? which type of leader would use it?
helping people grow personally and professionally, views each person as "unique" with intrinsic value that goes beyond the tangible contributions to the organization, servant leader
what does Directive Style do according to the Situational Leadership Model/Theory?*
helps members accomplish goals by giving directions, setting time lines, and showing how the goals are to be achieved
A follower with a _____ developmental level (maturity) is one that has the capacity, willingness, and capability to set individual goals and accomplish the task with minimal direction
high
S2(Coaching) is a ______ directive and _____ supportive style
high directive, high supportive
S1(Directing) is a _____ directive and _____ supportive style
high directive, low supportive
charismatic leaders communicate ______ _______ for followers
high expectations
what do you need to communicate in the charismatic theory?
high expectations
what is the result of House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory?
higher performance and productivity
employees in D4 have ____ competence and ____ commitment
highest development, highest development
in the trait approach, what does integrity deal with?
honesty and trustworthy
leaders provide _____ and _____
hope and vision
Autocratic or Authoritarian leadership may foster _____
hostility
how does positive self-regard and the Wallenda factor affect the followers?
it created feelings of confidence and high expectations in them
on Tannenbaum & Schmidt's continuum of leadership, what style is in the area of freedom for employees?
laissez faire
followers are loyal to their _____
leader
the Trait Approach correlates the personality traits of the _____
leader
a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
leadership
the GLOBE research program showed the impact that culture has on ______
leadership
the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement
leadership
use of interpersonal behaviors to motivate followers to commit and give their best effort to contribute to group goals
leadership
Bennis and Nanus found that leaders are continual ______ that foster _____ in others
learners, learning
in Situational Leadership Model/Theory, leadership style should be more/less directive with the higher developmental level or mature employee?
less directive with the mature employee
if an RN has a high developmental level, the leader will provide less...... what will this facilitate?
less task input and social support, facilitating the nurse's confidence and motivation
how is societal impact impacted by servant leadership?
likely to have a positive impact on community
what are the characteristics of a servant leader?
listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, CONCEPTUALIZATION, foresight, stewardship, accountable, committed to growth, build community
what are the negative leadership traits endorsed by 62 countries?
loner, irritable, ruthless, non-cooperative, egocentric, self focused
A follower with a _____ developmental level (immature) requires step by step instruction in order to accomplish a specific task
low
employees in D1 have ____ competence and ____ commitment
low competence, high commitment
S3(Supporting) is a ______ directive and _____ supportive style
low directive, high supportive
S4(Delegating) is a ______ directive and _____ supportive style
low directive, low supportive
in transactional leadership, there are ____ to ____ levels of organizational commitment
low to stable
leaders make _____ and give _____
make decisions, give direction
what is healing? which type of leader would use it?
making whole, caring about the personal well being of the follower, servant leader
Bennis and Nanus found that leaders lead, not just _____
manage
what are the essential qualities that effective followers have?
manage themselves, committed to the organization and goals, build competence and focus their efforts, courage
planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, problem solving, and controlling complexity
management
the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization through the deployment and manipulation of resources
management
what is Strategy II of Bennis and Nanus's "human handling skills"?
meaning through open communication
in charismatic theory, the leader is able to communicate a ______ based on _____ things
mission, emotional
effective followers admit _____
mistakes
employees in D3 have ____ competence and ____ commitment
moderate to high competence, may lack commitment
democratic or participative leadership generates more _____ and greater _____
more creative and greater motivation
in Situational Leadership Model/Theory, leadership style should be more/less directive with the lower developmental level or immature employee?
more directive with the immature employee
in Laissez faire or permissive leadership, there is poor ______
motivation
self-efficacy is a strong source of ____
motivation
in democratic or participative leadership, _____ and _____ were higher than the autocratic style
motivation and originality
what is the multicratic or continuum of leadership behavior?
moving freely, flexible back & forth along the continuum of leader behavior as the situation demands
in which style of leadership does the leader maintain a concern for people?
multicratic or continuum of leadership: Tannenbaum & Schmidt
which style of leadership incorporates the best of the 3 styles of leadership?
multicratic or continuum of leadership: Tannenbaum & Schmidt
leaders study and create _____ _____
new ideas
House-Mitchell Path - Goal Theory clarifies _____
path
which theory fit between the leader's behavior, the characteristics of subordinates and the task. (contingency)?
path goal
an effect of charismatic leaders on followers is: increased followers ______/______ to accomplish a certain level of performance
perception or capability
effective followers hold higher _____ _______ than required
performance standards
authentic (congruent) leaders take the lead even at ____ _____
personal risk
what forces in the subordinate influence leadership?
personality variables, expectations about how a boss should act
Bennis and Nanus found that what impacts the attitude of the follower?
positive attitudes of the leader
what are some examples of rewards in transactional leadership?
praise, recognition, merit increases
what is stewardship? which type of leader would use it?
responsible for the leadership role entrusted to the leader, hold the organization in trust for the greater good, serving the needs of others, servant leader
followers are _____ following
risk
leaders take ____
risks
in the trait approach, what does self confidence deal with?
self esteem, belief that they can make a difference
Mother Teresa what what kind of leader?
servant leader
which type of leader believes that sharing critical challenges and asking for input is more important than personally providing solutions?
servant leader
which type of leader chooses words carefully?
servant leader
which type of leader enables others to develop and flourish?
servant leader
which type of leader has clear on goals and good at pointing the direction toward goal achievement without giving orders?
servant leader
which type of leader is able to be a servant, helper, teacher and then a leader?
servant leader
which type of leader is able to deal with ambiguity, paradoxes, and complex issues?
servant leader
which type of leader is committed to personal and professional growth?
servant leader
which type of leader keeps an open mind and hears without judgement?
servant leader
which type of leader listens on a deep level and truly understands?
servant leader
which type of leader puts the followers first?
servant leader
which type of leader seeks to improve care through encouragement and facilitation?
servant leader
which type of leader sees things whole and senses relationships and connections?
servant leader
which type of leader shows commitment to the community?
servant leader
which type of leader thinks before reacting?
servant leader
which type of leader uses foresight and intuition?
servant leader
which type of leader values people?
servant leader
which theory puts followers first and supports their personal growth?
servant leadership
in transactional leadership, leaders set _____, give ______, and use ______ to reinforce behaviors that meet the goals
set goals, give directions, use rewards
in Transformational Leadership, there is a _____ vision
shared
which theory focuses on leader behavior in a situation based on the developmental level of follower and the task?
situational leadership
employees in D2 have ____ competence and ____ commitment
some competence, low in commitment