Leadership Final Exam #2

According to Zaccaro, principled leadership influences team effectiveness through which of the following processes? A. cognitive, motivational, affective and integrative. B. technical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and empathetical. C. supporting, controlling, delegating, and directing. D. forming, storming, norming, performing.

A. cognitive, motivational, affective and integrative.

What is utilitarianism is concerned with? A. creating the greatest good for the greatest number B. creating greatest good for the leader C. showing concern for the leader only D. showing concern for the best interests of others E. none of these

A. creating the greatest good for the greatest number

David has an innate ability to put himself in someone else's shoes. He truly understands what followers are thinking and feeling. Which characteristic of a servant leader does David demonstrate in his actions? A. empathy B. awareness C. conceptualization D. stewardship

A. empathy

The developmental definition of authentic leadership states that leadership: A. grows out of the leader's self-awareness and morality. B. involves followers' commitment to developing their own skills. C. should strive to do what is right. D. is based on the unique traits of the leader. E. involves followers' commitment to the leader's values.

A. grows out of the leader's self-awareness and morality.

The intrapersonal definition of authentic leadership states that leadership: A. grows out of the life story of the leader. B. is a transactional process between leaders and followers. C. allows followers to affect leaders. D. is not a trait but a skill that can be learned. E. does not fit any of these options.

A. grows out of the life story of the leader.

Servant leadership is an approach focusing on leadership from the point of view of the ______ and his or her ______. A. leaders; behaviors B. followers; behavior C. leaders; skills D. followers; skills

A. leaders; behaviors

John frequently acknowledges the viewpoint of followers and validates these perspectives. Which characteristic of a servant leader does he demonstrate? A. listening B. persuasion C. healing D. foresight

A. listening

Followership involves a ______ differential between the follower and the leader. A. power B. friendship C. objective D. relationship

A. power

Greta, a fitness instructor, meets with Rhonda before a personal training session to discuss and agree on the kind of influence Greta will have and the amount of influence Rhonda will accept. This interaction is an example of which perspective of followership? A. relational-based B. voluntary C. involuntary D. role-based

A. relational-based

Rebecca is studying social work because she feels a social responsibility to be concerned about the "have-nots" and those less privileged. Where inequalities and social injustices exist, she wants to make an effort to remove them. Rebecca seems like a natural ______ leader. A. servant B. authoritative C. participative D. human resources

A. servant

In team leadership theory, two of the leader's primary decisions are A. to monitor or take action. B. to organize and to control. C. to build a vision and implement change. D. to plan and to support.

A. to monitor or take action.

Virtue-based theories: A. focus on the actions of the leader. B. are about leader's character. C. do none of these D. are duty-driven. E. focus on consequences of leader's actions

B. are about leader's character.

This servant leader behavior refers to holding to strong ethical standards, including being open, honest, and fair with followers. A. conceptualizing B. behaving ethically C. putting followers first D. emotional healing

B. behaving ethically

In the relational-based approach, followership is tied to interpersonal ______ rather than to specific ______. A. roles; behaviors B. behaviors; roles C. objectives; behaviors D. behaviors; objectives

B. behaviors; roles

Select all the options that represent items included in the category of internal relational leadership actions. A. networking and forming alliances B. building commitment C. collaborating - including, involving D. managing conflict and power issues E. satisfying individual member needs

B. building commitment C. collaborating - including, involving D. managing conflict and power issues E. satisfying individual member needs

Greenleaf's conceptualization of servant leadership places a premium on treating each follower as a unique person with intrinsic value that goes beyond his or her tangible contributions to the organization. Which of these characteristics of a servant leader encompasses this treatment? A. foresight B. commitment to the growth of people C. stewardship D. building community

B. commitment to the growth of people

After an assessment, Franco determines that his employee Liam exhibits behaviors stemming from his high desire to control Franco's actions coupled with his tendency sit back and watch others do the work. According to Zaleznik's Typology, which type of follower is Liam? A. withdrawn B. compulsive C. impulsive D. masochistic

B. compulsive

Joseph was selected from a pool of candidates as the next CEO of the company, largely because of his reputation as a "big picture" person and his ability to be a visionary for an organization, providing a clear sense of its goals and direction. Which characteristic of a servant leader does Joseph demonstrate? A. stewardship B. conceptualization C. empathy D. awareness

B. conceptualization

People differ in areas such as moral development, emotional intelligence, and self-determinedness, and these traits interact with their ability to engage in servant leadership. These differences are included in which of the following antecedent conditions of servant leadership? A. follower receptivity B. leader attributes C. leader ambitions D. context and culture

B. leader attributes

Team effectiveness is evaluated on which desired team outcomes? A. controlling and delegating B. performance and development C. norming and forming

B. performance and development

Ricardo is a "fence-sitter" that supports the status quo but does not get on board until others do. He demonstrates which of the following follower role-types, as identified by the Kelley Typology? A. passive follower B. pragmatic C. alienated follower D. conformist follower

B. pragmatic

All of the following are outcomes of servant leadership EXCEPT ______. A. organizational performance B. reformed national values C. societal impact D. follower performance and growth

B. reformed national values

The ______ approach to followership is based on social constructivism. A. voluntary B. relational-based C. involuntary D. role-based

B. relational-based

This theoretical approach to followership focuses on how followers affect leaders and organizational outcomes and emphasizes that followers can be change agents. A. the leadership cocreated process B. reversing the lens C. followership and destructive leaders D. new perspectives on followership

B. reversing the lens

Carol has accepted the responsibility to carefully manage the people and organization she has been given to lead. She holds the organization in trust for the greater good of society. Which characteristic of a servant leader does Carol demonstrate in her actions? A. awareness B. stewardship C. conceptualization D. empathy

B. stewardship

The Zaleznik Typology allows leaders to categorize followers into four categories, including all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. compulsive B. unable C. masochistic D. withdrawn

B. unable

Select all the options that accurately describe ethics. A. Ethics is primarily concerned with an organization's goals. B. Ethics is a derivative of the Greek word <i>pathos</i>. C. Ethics focuses on the virtuousness of individuals and their motives. D. None of these describe ethics.

C. Ethics focuses on the virtuousness of individuals and their motives.

According to implicit leadership theory, which of these is true? A. Leaders are born, not made. B. Leaders have implicit beliefs and convictions. C. Followers have implicit beliefs and convictions about leaders. D. People see what they want to see in others. E.Leadership should be non-assertive.

C. Followers have implicit beliefs and convictions about leaders.

Which of these are applications for culture and leadership? A. none of these B. Building culturally sensitive websites. C. all of these

C. all of these

This servant leader behavior refers to the servant leader's thorough understanding of the organization--its purposes, complexities, and mission. A. behaving ethically B. emotional healing C. conceptualizing D. putting followers first

C. conceptualizing

Which two broad domains do ethical theories fall within? A. none of these B. consequences and duty C. conduct and character D. duty based and virtue based E. ethical and unethical

C. conduct and character

Jasmine is seen as a "yes-person" who is always on the leader's side, and still look to the leader for direction and guidance. She demonstrates which of the following follower role-types, as identified by the Kelley Typology? A. alienated follower B. pragmatic C. conformist follower D. passive follower

C. conformist follower

Which of the following is not a part of Walumbwa and associates' model of authentic leadership? A. relational transparency B. internalized moral perspective C. courage D. balanced processing E. self-awareness

C. courage

Part of Kayla's job description outlines a responsibility to predict what is coming based on what is occurring in the present and what has happened in the past. She will be held accountable for any failures to anticipate what reasonably could be foreseen and to act on that understanding. Kayla's employer expects her to demonstrate which characteristic of a servant leader? A. persuasion B. listening C. foresight D. healing

C. foresight

Three antecedent, or existing, conditions have an impact on servant leadership, including all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. leader attributes B. follower receptivity C. leader ambitions D. context and culture

C. leader ambitions

Chaleff created a follower typology which is constructed using two characteristics of courageous followership: the courage to support the leader and the courage to challenge the leader's behavior and policies. This typology differentiates four styles of followership, including all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. implementer B. partner C. minimalist D. individualist

C. minimalist

Which of the following leadership traits or skills is more likely to belong to men than women? (Select all that apply.) A. initiative B. persuasiveness C. none of these D. intelligence

C. none of these

The ______ perspective focuses on followers in regard to the typical roles or behaviors they exhibit while occupying a formal or informal position within a hierarchical system. A. involuntary B. relational-based C. role-based D. voluntary

C. role-based

Followership can be divided into two broad categories: ______ and ______. A. role-based; concept-based B. willing; able C. role-based; relational-based D. voluntary; involuntary

C. role-based; relational-based

What is the "velvet ghetto"? A. women leaving organizations to become entrepreneurs B. the double standard in female leadership roles C. the field of human-resource management D. the isolation of women in top positions E. certain women choosing the "mommy track"

C. the field of human-resource management

After an assessment, Paul determines that his employee Kara exhibits behaviors that are both submissive and passive. According to Zaleznik's Typology, which type of follower is Kara? A. compulsive B. masochistic C. withdrawn D. impulsive

C. withdrawn

McGrath describes diagnosing group deficiencies as part of A. none of these. B. executive action/internal. C. monitoring/external. D. monitoring/internal. E. executive action/external.

D. monitoring/internal.

There are ethical consequences to followership and to what followers do because the character and behavior of followers has an impact on ______. A. organizational budgets B. department audits C. departmental processes D. organizational outcomes

D. organizational outcomes

While Zaleznik focused on the ______ aspects of followers, Kelley emphasizes the ______ of followers and follower behaviors. A. technical; behavior B. behavioral; technical skills C. motivational; personalities D. personal; motivations

D. personal; motivations

Which of these is the defining characteristic of servant leadership? A. emotional healing B. conceptualizing C. behaving ethically D. putting followers first

D. putting followers first

In a staff planning meeting, some people are very helpful to the group because they bring energy and offer insightful suggestions regarding how the group might proceed. Their role as engaged followers occupying a formal position in the hierarchy of the organization is an example of which perspective of followership? A. involuntary B. voluntary C. relational-based D. role-based

D. role-based

Which of these is not one of the global leadership characteristics? A. autonomous leadership B. participative leadership C. team-oriented leadership D. self-directive leadership

D. self-directive leadership

In the past 10 years, multiple publications have helped to clarify servant leadership and ______ its basic assumptions. A. assess B. revise C. refute D. substantiate

D. substantiate

A mistake commonly made is to call a work group a "team" but treat it as a collection of individuals.

True

A personal trauma that leads a person to becoming an authentic leader is known as a trigger event.

True

A strength of the GLOBE study is that it provided a classification of cultural dimensions that is more expansive than Hofstede's classification system.

True

According to Shamir and Elam, an individual needs to be seen as a legitimate leader by his or her followers in order to become an authentic leader.

True

According to team leadership theory, individuals other than the formal leader can perform the critical leadership functions.

True

Chaleff developed a typology to amplify the significance of the role of followers in the leadership process as a result of a defining moment in his formative years when he became aware of the horrors of the World War II holocaust that killed more than 6 million European Jews.

True

Conduct and character are the two domains of ethical theory.

True

Current research on groups focuses more on team variables, rather than focusing exclusively on outcomes of team performance.

True

Developing and promoting women leaders are in the best interest of employers.

True

Effective team leaders need to have a wide repertoire of skills.

True

Ethical theory provides a system of rules or principles that guide us in making decisions about what is right or wrong.

True

Ethnocentrism can be a major obstacle to effective leadership.

True

Flatter organizations refer to the trend of shifting decision-making powers downward in the organizational hierarchy.

True

For many people, being a follower and the process of followership has negative connotations, in part because people do not find followership as compelling as leadership.

True

Global leaders need to be skilled in creating trans-cultural visions.

True

Globalization has created a need to understand how cultural differences affect leadership performance.

True

Heifetz uses the term "holding environment" to mean an environment with trust, nurturance, and empathy.

True

Heifetz, Burns and Greenleaf all believe that the leader/follower relationship is central to ethical leadership.

True

Heifetz, Burns and Greenleaf all suggest that an ethic of caring is important in organizations.

True

Hofstede's benchmark research identified five major dimensions on which cultures differ.

True

Kellerman designed a typology that differentiates followers in regard to a single attribute: level of engagement.

True

Leader effectiveness should be assessed, along with team effectiveness in the team leadership model.

True

Many studies have shown that organizations often have higher standards of performance and effort for women.

True

Meta-analysis shows that female and male leaders have many similarities.

True

Meta-analysis shows that women are substantially more effective than men in middle-management positions.

True

Networking and advocating are examples of external team leadership actions.

True

Research data suggests the "glass ceiling" is beginning to crack.

True

Self-discipline is a dimension of authentic leadership in George's model.

True

Servant leaders put followers first, empower them, and help them develop their full personal capacities.

True

Servant leadership fosters the development of community.

True

Servant leadership is a paradox--an approach to leadership that runs counter to common sense.

True

Servant leadership is unique in the way it makes altruism the central component of the leadership process.

True

Social constructivism is a sociological theory that argues that people create meaning about their reality as they interact with each other.

True

Team goals need to be very clear.

True

Team leadership capacity includes shared leadership and encompasses the entire team.

True

Teams with distributed leadership have some advantages over single leader teams.

True

The Team Leadership Model provides the leader or a designated team member with a mental road map to diagnose team problems.

True

The construct of servant leadership can be summarized as an altruistic calling.

True

The culture and leadership approach focuses on a collection of related ideas rather than a single unified theory.

True

The functional perspective on group leadership contends that the leader has a special responsibility for group effectiveness.

True

The influence dimension of leadership places an enormous ethical burden on leaders.

True

The life story of the leader is an important part of developing authenticity, according to Shamir and Elam.

True

The research on female and male leadership has generally tended to focus on establishing differences between women and men.

True

The theory of virtue-based ethics suggests that practicing good values leads to increased virtuousness.

True

The two major domains of ethical theory are conduct and character.

True

There is no single, accepted definition of authentic leadership.

True

When both genders use an autocratic, directive leadership style, females are evaluated differently than men.

True

Women are less likely than men to negotiate for what they want.

True

Which of these are universally desirable attributes of a leader? A. bargains effectively B. is a win-win problem solver C. none of these D. plans ahead E. all of these

E. all of these

Which of the following psychological attributes is not part of Luthans and Avolio's (2003) model of authentic leadership? A. resilience B. optimism C. hope D. confidence E. humility

E. humility

The early research on authentic leadership grew out of an underdeveloped area of which branch of leadership studies? A. the trait approach B. the skills approach C. situational leadership D. leader-member exchange theory E. transformational leadership

E. transformational leadership

A servant leader focuses on using institutional power and control.

False

According to George's Authentic Leadership Model, strong relationships with followers lead to compassion for those in need.

False

According to the interpersonal perspective, the central tasks of authentic leaders are to express strong values and consistently promote their vision for an organization.

False

An altruistic leader acts so as to create the greatest good for her or himself.

False

Concern about the ethics of leaders is a relatively recent phenomenon.

False

Current focus has shifted to the study of group dynamics and development of social science theory.

False

Deontological theory focuses primarily on the consequences (ends or purposes) of an individual's actions.

False

Diversity is an approach or system that concentrates on one culture.

False

Ethical egoism is concerned with doing the greatest good for the greatest number.

False

Followership is a process that is morally neutral.

False

Globalization originated after the Vietnam War.

False

If team goals are unclear, an internal relational intervention is needed to focus on building commitment.

False

In becoming a servant leader, a leader uses more institutional power and control while shifting authority away from those who are being led.

False

In virtual teams, task functions are more critical than in traditional, face-to-face teams.

False

Most experts agree that team leadership is a simple process.

False

One of the GLOBE cultural dimensions, power distance, is defined as the degree to which members of a group favor strategic physical distance close to or away from others.

False

Practicing servant leadership comes more naturally for some than others. Not everyone can learn to be a servant leader.

False

Prejudice is other-oriented rather than self-oriented.

False

Rather than serving a common purpose along with leaders, Chaleff argues that followers serve leaders and that both leaders and followers work to achieve common outcomes.

False

Relational transparency refers to soliciting viewpoints from those who disagree with you and giving them fair consideration.

False

Research shows that male leaders tend to have better developed social skills than female leaders.

False

Self-regulation and self-concept are dimensions of the developmental definition of leadership.

False

Studies have shown that men are less effective than women when they supervise a higher proportion of male subordinates.

False

The GLOBE study identified only valued leadership attributes.

False

The ethics of leaders have little impact on the ethical climate of their organizations.

False

The interpersonal perspective of authentic leadership emphasizes balanced processing and relational transparency.

False

The research on authentic leadership is well-developed.

False

Transformational leadership's view of ethics is really the same as that of the other approaches to leadership.

False

Virtue-based theories of ethics focus on the conduct of leaders rather than who they are as people.

False

Women are stereotyped with agentic characteristics.

False

Servant leaders place the good of followers over their own self-interests and emphasize follower ______. A. uniformity B. assimilation C. achievement D. development

D. development

What ideas has the popular press reported? (Select all that apply.) A. Women lacked skills and traits necessary for management success. B. Women were inferior to men when it came to leadership. C. Women were better in middle management positions.

A & B

What did meta-analysis comparing effectiveness of female and male leaders find? (Select all that apply.) A. Women and men were more effective in leadership roles congruent with their gender. B. Men were more effective than women in government, and education organizations. C. Overall women and men were equally effective leaders.

A & C

Select the options that relate to Greenleaf 's theory of servant leadership. A. should be concerned with society's "have-nots" B. based on studies of university professors and students C. requires a strict delineation of servant-leader roles D. influenced by the writings of Hermann Hesse

A & D

How do servant leaders show respect for others? (Select all that apply.) A. listening closely to subordinates B. being tolerant of opposing points of view C. none of these D. being empathic

A, B, D

Select all the options that represent types of leadership decisions. A. internal or external B. monitor or take action C. overt or covert D. task or relational

A, B, D

Why is ethics is central to leadership? (Select all that apply.) A. the impact leaders have on establishing the organization's values B. none of these are valid reasons. C. the need to engage followers to accomplish mutual goals D. the process of influence

A, C, D

Zaleznik created a matrix which displayed followers' behaviors along two axes: ______ and ______. A. Dominance-Submission; Activity-Passivity B. Dominance-Submission; Creativity-Conformity C. Creativity-Conformity; Activity-Passivity D. Willing-Able; Activity-Passivity

A. Dominance-Submission; Activity-Passivity

Who coined the term servant leadership? A. Greenleaf B. Blanchard C. Katz D. Burns

A. Greenleaf

Which options are included in the five cross-cultural competencies for leaders? A. all of these B. learn the perspectives, trends, and tastes of many cultures C. understand business, political and cultural environments worldwide D. none of these E. adapt to living and communicating in other cultures

A. all of these

Decidedly against ______ leadership, Greenleaf advocated using communication to build consensus in groups. A. coercive B. situational C. authoritative D. authentic

A. coercive

How does a leader show his or her respect for others? (Select all that apply.) A. being tolerant of opposing points of view B. listening closely to subordinates C. being empathic

All

In the area of human capital differences, select all the options that describe women's situation: A. They have fewer responsibilities in the same jobs as men. B. They confront greater barriers to establish mentor relationships. C. They occupy more than half of all management & professional positions.

All

Select all the actions in which we can observe altruistic service. A. empowering B. mentoring C. team building

All

Select all the options included in the five principles of ethical leadership. A. building community B. showing justice C. manifesting honesty D. respecting others E. providing service

All

Select all the options that are characteristics of team effectiveness. A. unified commitment. B. collaborative climate. C. results-driven structure. D. external support.

All

Select all the teleological theories. A. ethical egoism B. altruism C. utilitarianism

All

What did meta-analysis of female and male leaders on all characteristics and behaviors find? (Select all that apply.) A. Women were evaluated unfavorably when they used directive or autocratic styles. B. Women were devalued when the evaluators were men. C. Women were devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments.

All

What did research on transformational leadership find? (Select all that apply.) A. Women tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than men. B. All four components of transformational leadership are positively related to leadership effectiveness. C. Women's styles tend to be more transformational than men's.

All

What factor(s) contribute to leadership effectiveness and rise of female leaders? (Select all that apply.) A. Organizational culture is changing. B. Effectiveness and predominance of women owned businesses. C. Greater negotiation power for women.

All

Shanna always thinks for herself, and exhibits a lot of negative energy. She demonstrates which of the following follower role-types, as identified by the Kelley Typology? A. pragmatic B. alienated follower C. passive follower D. conformist follower

B. alienated follower

What does a definition of culture include? (Select all that apply.) A. individual qualities B. customs and scripts of a group C. traditions that are shared by a group

B & C

For leaders, McGrath's critical leadership functions include which types of group? (Select all that apply.) A. none of these B. preventing deleterious changes C. forecasting environmental changes D. diagnosing group deficiencies

B, C, D

Select all Burns' contentions. A. Burns argues for none of these. B. Leadership has a moral dimension. C. Leaders should move followers to a higher level of morality. D. Leaders should be involved in followers' personal struggles with conflicting values.

B, C, D

Followership is defined as ______. A. rejecting the influence of others B. a process whereby an individual accepts the influence of others to accomplish a common goal C. an outcome of accomplishing a common goal D. a skill in which behaviors lead to accomplishing a common goal

B. a process whereby an individual accepts the influence of others to accomplish a common goal

Which of these are cultural dimension(s), according to the GLOBE study? A. future orientation B. none of these C. institutional collectivism D. all of these

D. all of these

Kiana excels in her ability to step aside and view herself and her own perspectives in the greater context of the situation. Which characteristic of a servant leader does Kiana demonstrate? A. conceptualization B. empathy C. stewardship D. awareness

D. awareness

The interpersonal definition of authentic leadership views leadership as: A. leading from conviction. B. growing out of the personality traits of the leader. C. growing out of the leader's concern for others. D. adapting to the beliefs and values of followers. E. action based on the values of the leader.

D. adapting to the beliefs and values of followers.

Which are universally undesirable personality traits of a leader? A. asocial B. dictatorial C. non-explicit D. all of these E. loner

D. all of these