Leadership test 1

A group of students wanted to determine if soil texture can vary by location. Several students brought in a sample of soil from their backyards. Each student added their soil sample of equal mass to a jar with exactly the same amount of water, shook the contents so that all soil particles were suspended in the water, and left the jars covered overnight. The next morning, the soil particles had settled out into layers and students could determine the percentage of each type of particle. The results of their soil test are shown below. Sample A Sample B Sample C 10% Clay 20% Clay 80% Clay 10% Silt 40% silt 10% Silt 80% Sand 40% Sand 10% Sand Which of the following describes the dependent variable in this investigation? A Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample B Soil samples taken from different locations C Time required for each soil sample to settle D Addition of water to each soil sample

A

Students want to determine how vegetation affects soil erosion. They collect four soil samples of equal starting mass with different types of vegetative cover, as seen in the table below. Each sample is placed in a three-sided plastic dish that can drain into a beaker and is exposed to the same amount of consistent, steady rainfall for ten minutes. The water and soil runoff are collected in the beaker and separated. The average values for each sample are provided below. Soil Type Initial Mass FinalMass Average%ChangeInMass no grass 100g 69g 31% newly sprouted 100g 92g 8% mature grass 100g 94g 6% dead grass 100g 86g 14% Which of the following is the control group for this experiment? A Soil with no grass B Soil with newly sprouted grass C Soil with mature grass D Soil with dead grass

A

The Atlantic Ocean is expanding as a result of plate tectonics. Which of the following explanations best identifies the type of plate boundary and processes occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, as shown in the diagram below? A A divergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where plates move away from one another, leading to seafloor spreading. B A transform plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates slide alongside one another, leading to underwater earthquakes. C A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where one plate of oceanic crust is subducted beneath a plate made of continental crust, leading to volcanism. D A convergent plate boundary exists at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where two plates of continental crust meet, leading to the formation of mountain ranges.

A

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere contains charged gas molecules that glow and produce light when hit by solar energy, leading to glowing gases such as the northern lights, found over 90 kilometers above Earth's surface? A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

A

A developer wants to develop a large tract of land near a watershed, which will require the removal of several large trees. Which of the following statements best describes the impact that the development would have on the watershed? A Removing large trees would decrease the amount of runoff in the watershed. B Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer. C Removing large trees would decrease the rate of erosion in a watershed. D Removing large trees would increase the retention of water within the watershed.

B

A group of students wanted to determine if soil texture can vary by location. Several students brought in a sample of soil from their backyards. Each student added their soil sample of equal mass to a jar with exactly the same amount of water, shook the contents so that all soil particles were suspended in the water, and left the jars covered overnight. The next morning, the soil particles had settled out into layers and students could determine the percentage of each type of particle. The results of their soil test are shown below. Sample A Sample B Sample C 10% Clay 20% Clay 80% Clay 10% Silt 40% silt 10% Silt 80% Sand 40% Sand 10% Sand Which of the following describes the independent variable in this investigation? A Percentage of each particle size in each soil sample B Soil samples taken from different locations C Time required for each soil sample to settle D Addition of water to each soil sample

B

During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from which of the following climatic changes? A Longer and cooler summers that increase crop yield B Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture C Cooler and drier conditions that help cold-weather crops D Warmer and drier weather that reduces soil erosion and flooding

B

Peru's commercial anchovy industry would most likely be harmed during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the decline in anchovy during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event? A Acidic ocean waters kill off larval anchovies. B Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web. C Ocean currents move toxic contaminants from the sediments into the water column. D An increase in phosphate-based nutrients leads to an algal bloom, which would decrease available oxygen for animals like shrimp.

B

The Chesapeake Bay is a watershed that is located in six states and the District of Columbia. Which of the following can cause an increase in water pollution in the watershed? A An increase in the number of grasses, trees, and shrubs near a watershed B An increase in the natural systems near a watershed C An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas D A decrease in the number of impervious surfaces near the watershed

C

The vast majority of ozone (O3) is found in a thin layer due to a lack of circulation in which of the following atmospheric layers? A Thermosphere B Mesosphere C Stratosphere D Troposphere

C

They collect four soil samples of equal starting mass with different types of vegetative cover, as seen in the table below. Each sample is placed in a three-sided plastic dish that can drain into a beaker and is exposed to the same amount of consistent, steady rainfall for ten minutes. The water and soil runoff are collected in the beaker and separated. The average values for each sample are provided below. Soil Type Initial Mass FinalMass Average%ChangeInMass no grass 100g 69g 31% newly sprouted 100g 92g 8% mature grass 100g 94g 6% dead grass 100g 86g 14% Which of the following is a dependent variable in the experiment? A The type of soil B Initial mass of the soil sample C Percent change in mass of the soil sample D Amount of rainfall the soil receives

C

Which of the following statements best describes the boundary between the two tectonic plates seen in the map?(san andreas fault) A The map illustrates a convergent boundary, where tectonic plates collide, and the North American Plate is sliding under the Pacific Plate. B The map illustrates a divergent boundary, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other, creating a rift valley. C The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast. D The map illustrates a subduction zone at the boundary, leading to the formation of long chains of volcanoes.

C

Which of the following would be most helpful to determine the soil texture of a sample? A A pH meter and conductivity meter B A soil core kit and a seismograph C A density gradient tube and a soil triangle D A quadrat and a transect line

C

A group of students wanted to determine if soil texture can vary by location. Several students brought in a sample of soil from their backyards. Each student added their soil sample of equal mass to a jar with exactly the same amount of water, shook the contents so that all soil particles were suspended in the water, and left the jars covered overnight. The next morning, the soil particles had settled out into layers and students could determine the percentage of each type of particle. The results of their soil test are shown below. Sample A Sample B Sample C 10% Clay 20% Clay 80% Clay 10% Silt 40% silt 10% Silt 80% Sand 40% Sand 10% Sand A student claims that soil sample B would be classified as a loam. Which of the following best describes the method used by the student to reach this conclusion? A The student added water to the soil sample and determined the amount of water required to saturate the soil. B The student oven-dried the soil sample following separation and calculated the percent change in mass of the remaining sand and silt after the sample cooled. C The student calculated the amount of soil mass lost overnight in each soil sample that resulted from the evaporation of the clay and silt. D The student used a soil triangle to determine where the lines intersect for sand, silt, and clay for the soil sample.

D

During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience? A Increased rainfall in the eastern Pacific Ocean leading to flooding and landslides off the coast of South America B An area of high pressure forming over landmasses and increasing the chance of typhoons C Cooler ocean water in the western Pacific Ocean leading to an increased chance of wildfires D Increased upwelling off the coast of South America resulting in increased productivity of fisheries

D

The Mississippi watershed is the largest in North America, draining all or part of thirty-two states in the United States and two Canadian provinces. A new apartment complex is being built on a steep slope near the source of the Mississippi River outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Which of the following measures should be taken to best reduce erosion at the construction site to protect the Mississippi watershed? A Add a paved surface at the top of the slope. B Remove trees and shrubs from the slope and the riverbank. C Move all of the topsoil from the site to the riverbank. D Plant grass and shrubs on the slope.

D

The map above shows the locations of known volcanoes and earthquakes. Which of the following explains what is being illustrated in the enclosed area in the northwest portion of the map? A The enclosed area illustrates a convergent boundary with earthquakes and possibly volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands. B The enclosed area illustrates a transform boundary where two plates slide past one another, resulting in earthquakes of high magnitude in the Hawaiian Islands. C The enclosed area illustrates a rift valley leading to seafloor expansion near the Hawaiian Islands. D The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.

D