Learning and Memory CH1-6

When Brenda and Don first got married, she was bothered by his snoring, but after 15 years of marriage she barely notices it anymore. This is an example of: A. habituation. B. dishabituation. C. sensitization. D. priming.

A. habituation.

The eyeblink CR seems to: A. start out strong on the first trial and remain strong. B. gradually decrease in strength over several trials. C. remain about the same strength across trials. D. gradually increase in strength over several trials.

D. gradually increase in strength over several trials.

In Aplysia touching the siphon causes the gill to withdraw. If the siphon is touched repeatedly, eventually the gill will not withdraw anymore. This is an example of: A. learned non-use. B. mere exposure learning. C. sensitization. D. habituation.

D. habituation.

Drugs that block opioid receptors: A. seem to be effective for treating behavioral addictions but not drug addictions. B. have been shown to be ineffective in treating addictions. C. seem to be effective for treating drug addictions but not behavioral addictions. D. have been shown to be effective for the short-term treatment of addictions.

D. have been shown to be effective for the short-term treatment of addictions.

Which neuroimaging technique uses changes in magnetic fields to generate images of internal brain structure? A. single-cell recording B. lesions C. computed tomography (CT) D. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

D. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Elizabeth is quite impressed by men who, on a first date, bring her either candy or flowers. However, if a man shows up with both, she is turned off, feeling he is coming on too strong. This is an example of _____. A. sensory preconditioning B.acquired equivalence C. discrimination training D. negative patterning

D. negative patterning

Learned non-use occurs when a stroke patient stops using a body part because: A. of damage to the hippocampus. B. of damage to the motor areas controlling that body part. C. that body part being physically restrained. D. of lack of sensory input from that body part.

D. of lack of sensory input from that body part.

Learned non-use occurs when a stroke patient stops using a body part because: A. that body part being physically restrained. B. of damage to the motor areas controlling that body part. C. of damage to the hippocampus. D. of lack of sensory input from that body part.

D. of lack of sensory input from that body part.

The _____ has/have different subregions for each kind of sensory stimulation. A. inferior olive B. cerebellar cortex C. interpositus nucleus D. pontine nuclei

D. pontine nuclei

Swatting a dog with a newspaper would be _____ of the behavior of chewing up one's favorite socks. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. negative punishment D. positive punishment

D. positive punishment

The conditioned compensatory response occurs in response to the _____ in order to prepare the organism for the _____. A. CS; UR B. CS; CR C. US; UR D. US; CR

A. CS; UR

Who conducted the FIRST rigorous experimental studies of human memory? A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. Francis Galton C. Charles Darwin D. William James

A. Hermann Ebbinghaus

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of constraint-induced movement therapy to treat learned non-use? A. It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity. B. It is used when motor control is lost but sensation is retained. C. It is less effective than encouraging people to use their affected limb. D. It helps muscles to recover but has little effect on brain activity.

A. It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity.

When one opens a door, which part of the brain is responsible for sending signals to the arm muscles, causing one to open the door? A. M1 (motor cortex) B. V1 (visual cortex) C. the frontal cortex D. the basal ganglia and the cerebellum

A. M1 (motor cortex)

Which statement is TRUE? A. Only vertebrates have both a central and a peripheral nervous system. B. Animals must have both a central and peripheral nervous system in order to be able to learn. C. Animals with larger brains have higher intelligence than animals with smaller brains. D. The cerebral cortex takes up about the same percentage of total brain volume in humans as it does in other vertebrates.

A. Only vertebrates have both a central and a peripheral nervous system.

Which statement has NOT been proposed as a mechanism of LTP? A. Postsynaptic receptors become more responsive to inputs. B. Postsynaptic neurons release more neurotransmitters. C. Presynaptic neurons are changed by a retrograde messenger. D. New synapses are built.

A. Postsynaptic receptors become more responsive to inputs. Got C but that was wrong A is best fitting based off reading

_____ expresses that, if an organism has the option to perform, highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior. A. The Premack principle B. The matching law of choice C. Response deprivation D. Preference response

A. The Premack principle

Which statement is NOT one of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection? A. The trait must be able to be learned. B. The trait must vary. C. The trait must make the individual more fit to survive. D. The trait must be inheritable.

A. The trait must be able to be learned.

Which statement is TRUE? Selected Answer:B. The study of learning and memory has always been a scientific pursuit. Answers: A. Today, people who study learning and memory consider themselves to be scientists. B. The study of learning and memory has always been a scientific pursuit. C. Philosophers gain insight through scientific experiments. D. Insights gained through philosophy are more important than those gained through science.

A. Today, people who study learning and memory consider themselves to be scientists. Got B it was wrong try A, if its not A the only other choice to make sense is C

Bouton's work suggests that cue-exposure therapy should: A. be spread out over time. B. not include any actual drugs. C. be conducted in a single location. D. be done in a new, unfamiliar setting.

A. be spread out over time.

The _____ network gives no response to a similar stimulus despite great similarity to the trained stimulus. It only responds to the trained stimulus, thus not showing the smooth generalization gradient seen in other contexts. A. discrete-component B. generalization C. sensory D. conditioning

A. discrete-component

Repeated unreinforced presentations of a tone CS would cause _____ neurons in the auditory cortex to respond to the tone. A. fewer B.more C. zero D. There is not enough information to determine this.

A. fewer

In Aplysia touching the siphon causes the gill to withdraw. If the siphon is touched repeatedly, eventually the gill will not withdraw anymore. This is an example of: A. habituation. B. learned non-use. C. sensitization. D. mere exposure learning.

A. habituation

Long-term potentiation has been shown to occur: Selected Answer:C. only when the presynaptic neuron is stimulated. Answers: A. in the hippocampus, but not in other brain areas. B. when the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are active at the same time. C. only when the presynaptic neuron is stimulated. D. in all brain areas, except for the hippocampus.

A. in the hippocampus, but not in other brain areas. Got C and was wrong so I think A

The hippocampus: A. is especially active during the early phases of classical conditioning. B. is important in mediating response timing. C. must be intact for normal eyeblink conditioning to occur. D. computes the degree to which the US is unexpected.

A. is especially active during the early phases of classical conditioning.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): Selected Answer:D. directly measures neural activity. Answers: A. is faster than positron emission tomography (PET). B. requires injecting radioactive materials into the participant's bloodstream. C. usually picks up more areas of brain activation than does positron emission tomography (PET). D. directly measures neural activity.

A. is faster than positron emission tomography (PET). D was wrong A seems to be best

Imagine you are the experimenter for a psychological study. In phase I of your study, a person with schizophrenia hears a tone played over and over 10 times with nothing following it. Later, this same tone is repeatedly followed by a mild shock. Based on what you know about the tone-shock relationship and the speed of which your participant learns the association, how would you explain this finding? A. latent inhibition B. maladaptive receptive field C. impaired configural node D. stimulus representation

A. latent inhibition

Suppose a person never buys eggs because he doesn't like them. One weekend, he has guests who love eggs, and so he decides to buy some at the store. Even though he has never bought eggs at this store, he knows exactly where they are in the store from all the times he has shopped there before. The fact that he has learned where the eggs are during those past trips is an example of: A. latent learning. B. habituation. C. perceptual learning. D. sensitization.

A. latent learning.

Repeated unreinforced presentations of a tone CS would cause _____ neurons in the auditory cortex to respond to the tone. A. less B. equivalent C. zero D. more

A. less

Repeated unreinforced presentations of a tone CS would cause _____ neurons in the auditory cortex to respond to the tone. A. less B. zero C. more D. equivalent

A. less

Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by: A. measuring how long it took him to relearn a previously learned list. B. seeing how long a list he could remember after hearing the list just once. C. counting the number of times he needed to hear a list before he could recall it perfectly. D. measuring how long it took him to learn a list perfectly.

A. measuring how long it took him to relearn a previously learned list.

People are generally better at distinguishing individuals belonging to racial groups that they frequently encounter than individuals belonging to racial groups with whom they don't interact. This is an example of: A. mere exposure learning. B. habituation. C. discrimination training. D. priming.

A. mere exposure learning.

Drug addicts continue taking drugs in part to avoid the unpleasant effects of withdrawal. In this case, the behavior of taking drugs is being: A. negatively reinforced. B. positively reinforced. C. negatively punished. D. positively punished.

A. negatively reinforced.

Latent inhibition is problematic for the Rescorla-Wagner model because the model predicts that there will be: A. no learning in the pre-exposure phase (phase 1). B. learning in the training phase (phase 2). C. no learning in the training phase (phase 2). D. learning in the pre-exposure phase (phase 1).

A. no learning in the pre-exposure phase (phase 1).

Most neurons can produce and release _____ neurotransmitter(s) and can receive _____ neurotransmitter(s). A. only one; many different B. many different; only one C. only one; only one D. many different; many different

A. only one; many different

When a more salient cue within a compound acquires more of the share of the attention and learning than the less salient cue, it is known as: A. overshadowing. B. classical conditioning. C. compound conditioning D. aversive conditioning.

A. overshadowing.

A rat with a dorsal striatum lesion would have trouble learning to: A. receive food when a red light comes on. B. jump over a barrier to escape shock. C. run in an exercise wheel to obtain a drink of water. D. press a bar for a food reward.

A. receive food when a red light comes on.

If a pot of water is hotter than expected, it could produce a withdrawal response of the hand. This response was studied by Charles Sherrington and is known as a(n): A. reflex arc. B. autonomic response. C. neural response. D. peripheral response.

A. reflex arc.

Behavioral addictions: A. seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do. B. activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions. C. do not usually produce cravings. D. do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms.

A. seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.

My friend from high school was on the TV show The Bachelor. After she was in US Weekly, I also became something of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of _____. A. sensory preconditioning B. latent inhibition C. overshadowing D. higher-order conditioning

A. sensory preconditioning

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior presentation of a compound stimulus results in a later tendency for learning about one stimulus of the compound to generalize to the other stimulus? A. sensory preconditioning B. negative patterning C. generalization D. discrimination training

A. sensory preconditioning

What technique can be used to measure the firing pattern of a single neuron? A. single-cell recording B. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C. electroencephalography (EEG) D. positron emission tomography (PET)

A. single-cell recording

Discriminative stimuli are: A. stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome. B. outcomes that decrease the probability of a behavior. C. outcomes that increase the probability of a behavior. D. successive approximations to a desired response.

A. stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome.

Classical conditioning involves learning: A. that one stimulus predicts an important event. B. by observing another person perform a behavior. C. that a particular behavior leads to a reward. D. about a stimulus by being repeatedly exposed to it.

A. that one stimulus predicts an important event.

Suppose a child grows up hearing his parents making derogatory comments about African Americans, and eventually the child comes to have negative feelings about African Americans. What is the conditioned stimulus? A. the African Americans B. the derogatory comments C. the parents D. the negative feelings

A. the African Americans

A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating: A. the inferior olive as the US. B. both the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei as the CS. C. the inferior olive as the CS. D. the pontine nuclei as the CS.

A. the inferior olive as the US.

Mary is having trouble hearing her friends when they speak to her. Which part of her brain might be damaged? A. the temporal lobe B. the frontal lobe C. the occipital lobe D. the parietal lobe

A. the temporal lobe

The idea that memories are stored across the brain as a whole is called the: A. theory of equipotentiality. B. phrenology theory. C. engram theory. D. localization theory.

A. theory of equipotentiality.

According to the dual process theory of learning: A. there are two mechanisms, both of which are activated to some degree. B. there are two mechanisms, only one of which is activated at any given time. C. the habituation mechanism is only activated by intense stimuli. D. there is just one mechanism that accounts for learning.

A. there are two mechanisms, both of which are activated to some degree.

Consider a blocking experiment in which an animal is first conditioned to associate a light with shock and then is presented with a tone and light together followed by shock. According to CS modulation theories such as that of Mackintosh, blocking would occur because the: A. tone is ignored. B. shock is predictable. C. light is ignored. D. shock is surprising.

A. tone is ignored.

Chaining involves _____, whereas shaping involves _____. A. training individual components of a complex response; reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior B. reinforcement; punishment C. reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior; training individual components of a complex response D. punishment; reinforcement

A. training individual components of a complex response; reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior

Something that naturally elicits a reflexive response is called a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus. B. conditioned stimulus. C. unconditioned response. D. conditioned response.

A. unconditioned stimulus.

Drug users sometimes experience an elevated reaction to their drug when they take it in a new environment because the: A. UR has become stronger through repeated exposure. B. CR is not present to counteract the UR. C. UR has become weaker through repeated exposure. D. UR is not present to counteract the CR.

B. CR is not present to counteract the UR.

Why is dopamine believed to be involved in reinforcement? A. It leads to activity in brain areas known as the dopaminergic region. B. Dopamine release is triggered by primary and secondary reinforcers. C. All of the answers are correct. D. It leads to extinction.

B. Dopamine release is triggered by primary and secondary reinforcers.

Which method is NOT a good way to remember something? A. Get enough sleep. B. Focus on just one sense, such as vision or hearing. C. Pay attention when one is first learning the information. D. Repeat the information many times.

B. Focus on just one sense, such as vision or hearing.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of constraint-induced movement therapy to treat learned non-use? A. It helps muscles to recover but has little effect on brain activity. B. It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity. C. It is used when motor control is lost but sensation is retained. D. It is less effective than encouraging people to use their affected limb.

B. It exploits mechanisms of cortical plasticity.

Bonita believes that one learns about the mind mainly by using logic and intuition; Miguel believes it would be better to measure the activity of the brain. Bonita is following the philosophy of _____, while Miguel is following the philosophy of _____. A. Descartes; Plato B. Plato; Aristotle C. Aristotle; Locke D. James; Locke

B. Plato; Aristotle

Which statement is TRUE regarding place cells? A. They respond to an internal sense of location in space but not to external location cues. B. They each have a preferred location called a place field. C. They are hardwired at birth. D. There are sufficient numbers of neurons to assign a place cell to every place one will ever encounter.

B. They each have a preferred location called a place field.

The Rescorla-Wagner model is a(n) _____ theory of learning. A. latent B. US modulation C. CS modulation D. attentional

B. US modulation

Based on the discussion in our text, we learn that organisms can view _____ as an attempt to predict, based on past experiences, the likelihood that the consequences of one stimulus will also be the same as that of other, similar stimuli. Hint : think about the pigeon that pecked most to the yellow and yellow-orange lights. A. discrimination training B. acquired equivalence C. generalization gradient D. operant conditioning

B. acquired equivalence

Positive reinforcement involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior. A. adding; decrease B. adding; increase C. taking away; decrease D. taking away; increase

B. adding; increase

The specifics of Clark Hull's equations for learning: A. have never been very influential. B. are not considered relevant today. C. were important early on and continue to be influential today. D. were rejected early on but are highly relevant today.

B. are not considered relevant today.

The specifics of Clark Hull's equations for learning: A. have never been very influential. B. are not considered relevant today. C. were rejected early on but are highly relevant today. D. were important early on and continue to be influential today.

B. are not considered relevant today.

In a latent-inhibition paradigm, the animals in the experimental group: A. are pre-exposed to a compound CS. B. are pre-exposed to the CS. C. sit in the chamber quietly. D. are pre-exposed to the US.

B. are pre-exposed to the CS.

The primary sensory cortices: A. send most of their output to the peripheral nervous system. B. are specialized for processing particular sensory stimuli. C. process the outputs that control movements. D. are responsible for processing the more complex characteristics of stimuli.

B. are specialized for processing particular sensory stimuli.

The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves: A. rewarding desirable responses instead. B. avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response. C. removing the reinforcement for producing the unwanted response. D. increasing the amount of time between the unwanted response and reinforcment.

B. avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response.

Which statement demonstrates the use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children? A. making children stay after school when they misbehave B. awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys C. giving children praise whenever they are behaving well D. awarding children successively more privileges for longer periods of good behavior

B. awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys

When the eyeblink reflex is conditioned using a tone, the conditioned response is: A. the puff of air. B. blinking in response to the tone. C. blinking in response to a puff of air. D. the tone.

B. blinking in response to the tone.

Suppose one conditions a rabbit to give an eyeblink response to a tone. If one then presents both a tone and a light together followed by a puff of air to the eyes, the rabbit will not blink in response to the light. This demonstrates: A. extinction. B. blocking. C. spontaneous recovery. D. homeostasis.

B. blocking.

Neurotransmitters are: A. the part of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons. B. chemical substances that carry messages between neurons. C. types of neurons that connect other neurons together. D. types of neurons that have pyramid-shaped cell bodies.

B. chemical substances that carry messages between neurons.

When visual input is absent from birth, it is often seen that other cortical areas take over the areas of the brain normally devoted to vision. This demonstrates: A. learned non-use. B. cortical plasticity. C. perceptual learning. D. habituation.

B. cortical plasticity.

Suppose a child in the hospital gets injections from the nurses, and the child eventually learns to cry as soon as a nurse walks into her room. What is the conditioned response? A. fear of the nurse B. crying when the nurse comes in C. fear of the shot D. crying when getting a shot

B. crying when the nurse comes in

After a rabbit has been trained with eyeblink conditioning, _____ is observed when the CS is presented. A. no change in neural activity in the interpositus nucleus B. decreased neural activity in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex C. increased neural activity in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex D. decreased neural activity in the interpositus nucleus

B. decreased neural activity in Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex

My husband and I quickly learned that we needed to use different techniques to calm our second child than those that had worked with our first child. This is an example of _____. A. sensory preconditioning B. discrimination C. conditioning D. generalization

B. discrimination

A hotel maid is allowed to take a 15-minute break every time she cleans three rooms. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable interval B. fixed-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-ratio

B. fixed-ratio

Skinner's method of studying learning is known as a: A. discrete-trial paradigm. B. free-operant paradigm. C. drive-reduction paradigm. D. behavioral economics method.

B. free-operant paradigm.

The Conditioned Emotional Response was a technique developed to study: A. influence of surroundings. B. learned fear. C. emotional response. D. sound response.

B. learned fear.

Anatomical changes in neural circuits (such as growth or loss of synapses) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory; intracellular changes (such as an increase or decrease in neurotransmitter vesicles) seem to be responsible for _____ forms of memory. A. short-term; long-term B. long-term; short-term C. short-term; short-term D. long-term; long-term

B. long-term; short-term

Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. negative punishment D. positive punishment

B. negative reinforcement

As you would expect, cats trained to respond to a tone of a particular frequency will show a generalization gradient to tones of other frequencies. However, after the _____ is removed, cats will respond equivalently to all tones. A. basal forebrain B. primary auditory cortex C. frontal lobe D. primary sensory cortex

B. primary auditory cortex

The incentive salience hypothesis says that dopamine: A. is involved in predicting future rewards. B. provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement. C. reduces the ability of an organism to enjoy food and other rewards. D. gives food its "goodness" qualities.

B. provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement.

In some instances, when two stimuli are presented together, as a compound stimulus, the prior exposure to this compound stimulus results in a tendency for any learning about one of the stimuli to generalize to the other. This is the definition of _____. A. overshadowing B. sensory preconditioning C. latent inhibition D. higher-order conditioning

B. sensory preconditioning

Darren is trying to get his young son to eat his peas. At first, Darren praises him whenever he moves his fork near the peas; after the child does this reliably, Darren praises him only if he actually puts a pea on his fork; then Darren's praise is only given when the child puts a pea on his fork and moves the fork toward his mouth. Darren carries on this way until the child eats his peas. Darren is using _____ to get his son to eat his peas. A. a token economy B. shaping C. the matching law D. chaining

B. shaping

What is synaptic plasticity? A. the finding that neurons are not rigid but can bend to connect with nearby neurons B. the ability of synapses to change as a result of experience C. the ability of neurons to absorb a stain of silver chromate D. the finding that drugs can impact the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron

B. the ability of synapses to change as a result of experience

Which part of the brain helps regulate autonomic functions such as breathing? A. the cerebellum B. the brainstem C. the temporal lobe D. the hippocampus

B. the brainstem

Sets of statements devised to explain a collection of facts are called: A. data. B. theories. C. symbols. D. associations.

B. theories.

According to your authors, stereotypes are useful to humans because: Selected Answer: they permit us to filter what we pay attention to, ensuring accuracy in the stereotype. A. they are 100% accurate. B. they enable us to apply prior experience to new situations. C. they allow us to make quick and accurate judgments about an entire group. D. they permit us to filter what we pay attention to, ensuring accuracy in the stereotype.

B. they enable us to apply prior experience to new situations.

_____ is the process by which non-human animals and humans learn to classify stimuli into different categories. A. Learning differentiation B.Category learning C. Discrimination learning D. Stimuli classification

B.Category learning

Which statement demonstrates the free-operant paradigm? A. When a cat escapes from a puzzle box, the experimenter puts the cat back in. B. After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is put back inside its home cage. C. A rat in a Skinner box can press a bar at any time to receive food. D. After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is returned to the starting point by the experimenter.

C. A rat in a Skinner box can press a bar at any time to receive food.

In trace conditioning, the: A. CS begins before the US and stays on until the US has occurred. B. US begins before the CS and ends before the onset of the CS. C. CS begins before the US and ends before the onset of the US. D. US begins before the CS and stays on until the CS has occurred.

C. CS begins before the US and ends before the onset of the US.

In trace conditioning, the: A. US begins before the CS and stays on until the CS has occurred. B. CS begins before the US and stays on until the US has occurred. C. CS begins before the US and ends before the onset of the US. D. US begins before the CS and ends before the onset of the CS.

C. CS begins before the US and ends before the onset of the US.

_____ are chemical substances that alter the biochemical functioning of the body. A. Glutamates B. Acetylcholines C. Drugs D. GABAs

C. Drugs

Which statement is TRUE about shaping? A. It involves giving bigger rewards as one gets closer to making the correct response. B. It has not yet been successfully used for modifying human behavior. C. It is a difficult and time-consuming process. D. It is a good way to train an animal very quickly.

C. It is a difficult and time-consuming process.

Jenny has three children. She believes that, as long as she treats them exactly the same, they will all grow up to have the same personality and intelligence level. Jenny's idea resembles that of which philosopher? A. Gottfried Leibniz B. René Descartes C. John Locke D. Plato

C. John Locke

If an air-puff US is delivered to an untrained rabbit, what happens in the cerebellum? A. There is activity in the interpositus nucleus, but there is no UR to the air puff. B. There is activity in the interpositus nucleus, and there is a UR to the air puff. C. There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus, but there is a UR to the air puff. D. There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus and no UR to the air puff.

C. There is no activity in the interpositus nucleus, but there is a UR to the air puff.

In eyeblink conditioning the puff of air is the: A. CS. B. CR. C. US. D. UR.

C. US.

The difference between whether an animal expects the US and whether the US actually occurs is known as: A. homeostasis. B. an error-correction rule. C. a prediction error. D. latent inhibition.

C. a prediction error.

Patients with damage to the cerebellum: A. produce CRs that are relatively normal in terms of frequency and timing. B. suffer from memory loss. C. are slower in learning a CR. D. have trouble learning tasks involving verbal associations.

C. are slower in learning a CR.

An example of a sensory prosthesis is a: A. place field. B. place cell. C. cochlear implant. D. receptive field.

C. cochlear implant.

The _____ prepares the organism for the expected _____. A. conditioned response; conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response C. conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus D. unconditioned response; conditioned stimulus

C. conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus

The _____ network gives no response to a similar stimulus despite great similarity to the trained stimulus. It only responds to the trained stimulus, thus not showing the smooth generalization gradient seen in other contexts. A. generalization B. sensory C. discrete-component D. conditioning

C. discrete-component

By playing snippets of music by Brahms, then Schubert, and then Brahms again, a music teacher is able to teach his class how to recognize the style of each. This is an example of _____. A. negative patterning B. acquired equivalence C. discrimination training D. sensory preconditioning

C. discrimination training

If a person looks at a golden retriever and a cocker spaniel and realizes the similarity that both of them are dogs, what process is the person using? A. connectionist model B. even distribution C. distributed representation D. stimulus sampling theory

C. distributed representation

Because Carrie's friend Emily often brings home-baked goodies when she visits, Carrie feels her mouth water at the sight of Emily. For one week Emily, brought her cousin Michelle with her whenever she visited Carrie. A few weeks later, Carrie bumped into Michelle at the store. In this scenario, blocking would be demonstrated if Carrie: A. still feels her mouth water when she sees Emily. B. no longer feels her mouth water when she sees Emily. C. does not feel her mouth water when she sees Michelle at the store. D. feels her mouth water when she sees Michelle at the store.

C. does not feel her mouth water when she sees Michelle at the store.

We have learned that generalization is the transfer of past learning to new situations. _____ deals with the broad application of a rule and _____ deals with the narrow application of a rule. This distinction is the core issue of generalization. A. specificity; generality B. gradient; slope C. generality; specificity D. slope; gradient

C. generality; specificity

We have learned that generalization is the transfer of past learning to new situations. _____ deals with the broad application of a rule and _____ deals with the narrow application of a rule. This distinction is the core issue of generalization. A. slope; gradient B. specificity; generality C. generality; specificity D. gradient; slope

C. generality; specificity

After getting sick from eating a strawberry, Annabelle now avoids eating raspberries. This is an example of: A. spontaneous recovery. B.discrimination. C. generalization. D. extinction.

C. generalization.

The transfer of past learning to new situations and problems is known as: A.discrimination. B. negative patterning. C. generalization. D. acquired equivalence

C. generalization.

According to the law of effect, which circumstance would lead to a weakening of the association between stimulus and response? A. taking a painkiller to get rid of a headache B. giving a child $1 for doing well on a spelling test C. grounding a teenager for staying out too late D. giving candy to a whining child

C. grounding a teenager for staying out too late

If one has just finished eating one's favorite meal, then that meal will probably have _____ hedonic value and _____ motivational value. A. low; high B. high; high C. high; low D. low; low

C. high; low

In Aplysia, sensitization results from a(n): A. decrease in glutamate released from the sensory neurons. B. decrease in the number of sensory neurons. C. increase in glutamate released from the sensory neurons. D. increase in the number of motor neurons.

C. increase in glutamate released from the sensory neurons.

In Aplysia, sensitization results from a(n): A. decrease in the number of sensory neurons. B. increase in the number of motor neurons. C. increase in glutamate released from the sensory neurons. D. decrease in glutamate released from the sensory neurons.

C. increase in glutamate released from the sensory neurons.

Recordings of activity in the _____ during eyeblink conditioning in rabbits show activity that occurs _____ the response is made. A. cerebellar cortex; a few milliseconds before B. cerebellar cortex; at the same time as C. interpositus nucleus; a few milliseconds before D. interpositus nucleus; at the same time as

C. interpositus nucleus; a few milliseconds before

The reason behaviorism lost its appeal is that: A. its ideas could not be specified mathematically. B. its methods were not precise enough. C. it could not explain higher-level cognitive processes. D. it focused too much on internal representations.

C. it could not explain higher-level cognitive processes.

When synaptic transmission becomes less effective as a result of recent activity, it is known as: A. retrograde potentiation. B. long-term potentiation. C. long-term depression. D. inhibition.

C. long-term depression.

You read about an experiment where a rabbit was classical conditioned to appropriately respond with an eyeblink when either a tone or light was presented but to withhold responding with the compound cue of both tone and light was presented. This is an example of _____. A. sensory preconditioning B. discrimination conditioning C. negative patterning D. a generalization gradient

C. negative patterning

The process by which an organism learns to produce a specific response in order to avoid or obtain an outcome is: A. classical conditioning. B. observing. C. operant conditioning. D. learning.

C. operant conditioning.

A pigeon is given a choice between pecking an upper key on a VI 2' schedule and pecking a lower key on a VI 4' schedule. According to the matching law of choice behavior, the pigeon should: A. always peck the upper key. B. peck the lower key twice as frequently as the upper key. C. peck the upper key twice as frequently as the lower key. D. always peck the lower key.

C. peck the upper key twice as frequently as the lower key.

While driving to work one day, Jennifer heard her favorite song on the radio. Soon after the song started playing, she was rear-ended by another car. Now, her favorite song causes her to feel nervous and tense. If she wishes to use extinction to stop these unpleasant feelings from occurring when her favorite song comes on, she should: A. try to get in an accident while a different song is playing on the radio. B. play the song in a safe and pleasant environment such as her room. C. play her favorite song whenever she drives anywhere without getting in an accident. D. listen to music other than her favorite song whenever she drives.

C. play her favorite song whenever she drives anywhere without getting in an accident.

Swatting a dog with a newspaper would be _____ of the behavior of chewing up one's favorite socks. A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement

C. positive punishment

The main difference between reinforcement and punishment is that: A. punishment involves removing a consequence, while reinforcement involves adding a consequence. B. punishment involves adding a consequence, while reinforcement involves removing a consequence. C. punishment decreases a behavior, while reinforcement increases a behavior. D. punishment increases a behavior, while reinforcement decreases a behavior.

C. punishment decreases a behavior, while reinforcement increases a behavior.

To use extinction to prevent relapses in a recovering drug addict, one would: A. keep the addict in a rehabilitation center for as long as possible. B. reward the addict for every day he stays off drugs. C. put the addict in his normal drug-taking environment without the drugs present. D. keep the addict away from the places where he normally takes drugs.

C. put the addict in his normal drug-taking environment without the drugs present.

Regarding spatial learning, it has been found that: A. rats learn to navigate mazes primarily by learning a sequence of movements. B. wasps rely on an internal sense of direction, rather than environmental cues, to navigate to and from their nests. C. rats can learn spatial layout even if they are not rewarded during learning. D. conscious effort is required for people to learn spatial layout.

C. rats can learn spatial layout even if they are not rewarded during learning.

The matching law of choice behavior states that, given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will: A. give only the response that provides the better rate of reinforcement. B. give both responses at roughly equal rates. C. respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response. D. become confused and stop responding altogether.

C. respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response.

My friend from high school was on the TV show The Bachelor. After she was in US Weekly, I also became something of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of _____. A. overshadowing B. latent inhibition C. sensory preconditioning D. higher-order conditioning

C. sensory preconditioning

In delay conditioning: A. the CS begins before the US and ends before the onset of the US. B. the US begins before the CS and ends before the onset of the CS. C. the CS begins before the US and stays on until the US has occurred. D. the US begins before the CS and stays on until the CS has occurred.

C. the CS begins before the US and stays on until the US has occurred.

Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations? A. the sensory cortices B. the ventral tegmental area C. the dorsal striatum D. the orbitofrontal cortex

C. the dorsal striatum

A conditioned eyeblink response can be produced by stimulating: A. both the inferior olive and the pontine nuclei as the CS. B. the pontine nuclei as the CS. C. the inferior olive as the US. D. the inferior olive as the CS.

C. the inferior olive as the US.

Which area of the brain was informally known as the "pleasure center" after Old's experiment where the rats "liked" the electrical stimulation? A. the orbitofrontal cortex B. the nueral cortex C. the ventral tegmental area D. the substantia nigra pars compacta

C. the ventral tegmental area

According to the dual process theory of learning: Selected Answer:C. there are two mechanisms, both of which are activated to some degree.Answers:A. the habituation mechanism is only activated by intense stimuli.B. there is just one mechanism that accounts for learning.C. there are two mechanisms, both of which are activated to some degree.D. there are two mechanisms, only one of which is activated at any given time.

C. there are two mechanisms, both of which are activated to some degree.

Classically conditioning animals by using one electrode to generate neural firing patterns that would occur during the sensation of a sound and pairing that with stimulation from a second electrode that provokes a reflexive motor response is known as what kind of training? A. classical B. transcranial magnetic stimulation C. virtual reality D. operant

C. virtual reality

The unconditioned response occurs: A. with training or conditioning. B. after repeated pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. C. without any training or conditioning. D. in response to a neutral stimulus.

C. without any training or conditioning.

A professor gives her class donuts every Monday. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A. variable-ratio B. fixed-ratio C. variable-interval D. fixed-interval

D. fixed-interval

Which statement demonstrates operant rather than classical conditioning? A. Hearing the music of an ice cream truck causes children to get excited. B. A diner begins salivating as soon as he sees the waiter bringing dessert to the table. C. A toddler squeals and curls up in a ball when his mother moves her fingers as if she is going to tickle him. D. A car salesperson receives a bonus for doing a good job at work. Afterwards, she continues to work hard at selling cars.

D. A car salesperson receives a bonus for doing a good job at work. Afterwards, she continues to work hard at selling cars

In which example would one MOST likely see a steady rate of responding without any noticeable pauses? A. A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday. B. A college student gets a call from home every Friday morning. C. A blueberry picker receives $1 each time he fills three boxes. D. A charitable organization receives a donation for every 10 phone calls it makes on average.

D. A charitable organization receives a donation for every 10 phone calls it makes on average.

In rats, dopamine is released from the VTA/SNc is triggered by encounters with: A. food. B. secondary reinforcers. C. sex. D. All of the answers are correct.

D. All of the answers are correct.

Who proposed the extreme form of behaviorism known as radical behaviorism? A. Clark Hull B. Edward Thorndike C. John B. Watson D. B. F. Skinner

D. B. F. Skinner

When a conditioned compensatory response occurs, the: A. CR is the same as the UR. B. US is the same as the CR. C. US is the same as the CS. D. CR is the opposite of the UR.

D. CR is the opposite of the UR.

If one pairs a tone with a shock, a rat can learn that the tone predicts the shock. If one then pairs a tone and light with a shock, the person finds that the rat gives a: A. UR only to the tone. B. CR to the tone and light together. C. CR only to the light. D. CR only to the tone.

D. CR only to the tone.

In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? A. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning. B. Classical conditioning can be used to train animals to make responses they would not normally make; operant conditioning cannot be used to do this. C. In classical conditioning, learning is fastest during the early trials, while, in operant conditioning, learning is fastest during the later trials. D. In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.

D. In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.

Which statement is TRUE about punishment? A. It is considered a good way to change behavior, regardless of how it is used. B. There is a general agreement that it is an ineffective way to change a behavior. C. It is most effective when one begins with a weak punishment and gradually works up to a stronger punishment. D. Its effects can be counteracted if the punished behavior is simultaneously being reinforced.

D. Its effects can be counteracted if the punished behavior is simultaneously being reinforced.

_____ expresses that, if an organism has the option to perform, highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior. A. Preference response B. The matching law of choice C. Response deprivation D. The Premack principle

D. The Premack principle

Which statement is NOT one of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection? A. The trait must be inheritable. B. The trait must vary. C. The trait must make the individual more fit to survive. D. The trait must be able to be learned.

D. The trait must be able to be learned.

In the peak shift effect, discrimination training results in a maximum response to: A. a stimulus value that is closer to the nonreinforced stimulus value. B. the non-rewarded stimulus. C. the rewarded stimulus. D. a stimulus value that is far away from the nonreinforced stimulus value.

D. a stimulus value that is far away from the nonreinforced stimulus value.

The nervous system is: A. considered the seat of learning and memory. B. mainly involved in cooling the blood. C. a relatively simple anatomical system. D. devoted to the distribution and processing of information.

D. devoted to the distribution and processing of information.

A doctor is concerned that Martha has dysfunction involving the axons of her brain. Which neuroimaging technique would BEST be able to detect this problem? A. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) B. positron emission tomography (PET) C. computed tomography (CT) scan D. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

D. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

It has been suggested that drug addicts should use small amounts of their drug during therapy to extinguish their habit. This is because: A. drug use has become a US. B. the addict will experience less withdrawal. C. the addict will experience fewer cravings. D. drug use is part of the context.

D. drug use is part of the context.

The view that all the ideas are the result of experience is called: A. nativism. B. associationism. C. dualism. D. empiricism.

D. empiricism.

The incentive salience hypothesis says that dopamine: A. is involved in predicting future rewards. B. gives food its "goodness" qualities. C. reduces the ability of an organism to enjoy food and other rewards. D. provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement.

D. provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement.

Behavioral addictions: A. do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms. B. activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions. C. do not usually produce cravings. D. seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.

D. seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.

If a little boy can hear his mother moving around in the kitchen downstairs in the morning, he can be fairly certain that it is time to get up and have his breakfast. The discriminative stimulus in this example is the: A. little boy. B. kitchen. C. breakfast. D. sounds of his mother moving around.

D. sounds of his mother moving around.

Every day when Isabelle returns home from work, her son gives her a big hug as soon as she walks through the front door. Now, the sight of the front door makes Isabelle feel happy. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is: A. Isabelle's son. B. a big hug. C. Isabelle. D. the front door.

D. the front door.

In Siegel et al.'s study of heroin tolerance in rats, which group experienced the LOWEST mortality rate when given a large dose of heroin? A. the group that received the large dose in a different environment from where the group had received smaller doses B. All groups had about the same mortality rate. C. the group that had not previously been exposed to heroin D. the group that received the large dose in the same environment as the group that had received smaller doses

D. the group that received the large dose in the same environment as the group that had received smaller doses

Which brain structure is especially important for remembering one's eighth birthday party? A. the thalamus B. the basal ganglia C. the amygdala D. the hippocampus

D. the hippocampus

Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex? A. the orbitofrontal cortex B. the substantia nigra pars compacta C. the nueral cortex D. the ventral tegmental area

D. the ventral tegmental area

The orbitofrontal cortex is particularly important for learning: A. automatic S-R associations. B. R-O associations. C. the hedonic value of a stimulus. D. to predict the outcomes of behaviors.

D. to predict the outcomes of behaviors.