Learning & Memory Chapter 8

A symbolic model used for computer-based study of human cognitive processes is described by which of the following? a. All information can be represented in symbols. b. Learning is implicit. c. Information processing involves the synthesis of experience. d. Most information can be represented in symbols.

a. All information can be represented in symbols.

Which of the following is true with regard to learning and awareness? a. Learning involves awareness by definition. b. One may be unaware of what has been learned. c. Learning may not occur without awareness. d. Lack of awareness would negate the usefulness of that learned

a. Learning involves awareness by definition.

______________ (or connectionist) models, premised on PDP machines, consist of interconnected units rather than central processors

Neural network

__________________ computers appear to work more like brains, doing many things simultaneously.

Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

The act of attending to and processing all items simultaneously

Parallel processing

Brains are much slower than computers and far inferior at doing computations, but they are much better at ________________ tasks and at __________ where insight and fuzzy logic are required.

Recognition; reasoning

The act of attending to and processing one item at a time

Serial processing

The ____________ model assumes that knowledge can be represented symbolically and manipulated with rules

Symbolic

What are some conclusions of connectionist models?

They respond very much like humans do They may be better models of human cognitive processes than symbol-based models

What are the three categories that Gardner argues intelligence is categorized into?

1) The ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in a culture 2) a set of skills that make it possible for a person to solve problems in life 3) the potential for finding or creating solutions for problems, which involves gathering new knowledge

What are some conclusions of the symbolic model?

It cannot model all human intellectual functioning It is useful in certain activities (solving problems, learning languages, etc.) Has led to clarification as to how humans learn

In a neural network, patterns and strengths of connections represent ___________

Knowledge

The ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others

Emotional intelligence

What two types of learning are there in the connectionist model?

Explicit and implicit

Accoridng to Cattell, the biological basis of intelligence

Fluid intelligence

What are the three strata of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory?

I - narrow abilities II - broad abilities III - single general ability (g)

This theory says that intelligence is demonstrated in distinctly different ways in individuals, with wide variety between the individuals and between the different cognitive abilities.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory

This model says that the human chess player learns from experience, developing implicit, non-verbalized rules (fuzzy logic).

Connectionist Model

Accoridng to Cattell, the knowledge and skills obtained through learning and experience

Crystallized intelligence

Chess Masters and computers have which of the following in common with regard to chess strategy? a. They both follow explicit rules. b. They both employ a formal logic leading to a single correct solution. c. Neither anticipate consequences of strategies. d. They both follow implicit rules.

a. They both follow explicit rules.

Which of the following would not be associated as a strength of human cognitive processing as opposed to computers? a. spreadsheets b.recognizing anger c. perception of cognitive meaning d. perception of complex geometric shapes

a. spreadsheets

Which of the following represents correspondence in structure between humans and computers? a. wetware / hardware b. hardware / software c. nervous system / software d. peripherals / brain

a. wetware / hardware

If a learner cannot explicitly identify rules of learning, and are not conscious of that which has been learned, the following is true. a. Learning may only take place at a conscious level. b. Learning that has taken place may be observed in behavior. c. A conclusion about learning is not possible. d. A learning disability exists

b. Learning that has taken place may be observed in behavior.

In which of the following ways has artificial intelligence been described? a simulation of intelligent behavior using computers b. a model of the human brain which supersedes its capabilities c. a branch of computer science that tries to make computers smarter d. a clarification of questions about human cognitive processes

b. a model of the human brain which supersedes its capabilities

A heuristic approach to problem solving may be described by which of the following? a. a more fully developed algorithmic approach b. involves strategies which eliminate and select among alternatives c.responsible for the overwhelming success in competition between early chess programs over Chess Masters d.makes use of sheer brute force in consideration of alternatives

b. involves strategies which eliminate and select among alternatives

In comparing the human brain to a computer, Allman concludes a. though what has been learned has been limited, that knowledge has been extremely valuable. b. the comparison is a poor one and unlikely to be productive since there is a fundamental difference between the two. c. a great deal of understanding has been gained with the promise of more to come in the years ahead. d. though what has been learned has been limited, a continued investigation has great promise for what might be learned

b. the comparison is a poor one and unlikely to be productive since there is a fundamental difference between the two.

Which of the following approaches to learning would be most compatible with a computer-as- cognitive processor metaphor? a.Skinner's operant conditioning b.Hebb's psychoneurological approach c. the Gestalt approach d. Pavlov's classical conditioning

b.Hebb's psychoneurological approach

Which of the following does not characterize an instance of learning? a. implicit, non- verbalized rules b. conscious and rule driven c. explicit and unconscious d. explicit and symbol manipulating

c. explicit and unconscious

The human brain exceeds the computer in which of the following ways? a. speed of processing information b. retrieval of information c. information storage d. speed of mathematical calculations

c. information storage

An algorithm, as a problem-solving procedure, may be described by which of the following? a. the most common subtype of a heuristic approach b. used only recently in the creation of programs c. the systematic consideration of alternatives d. easy application due to the minimal impact on memory storage

c. the systematic consideration of alternatives

A parallel distributed processing computer (PDP) would seem to be useful in understanding the functioning of the human brain for which of the following reasons? a. It is a more advanced version of the serial processing digital computer. b. It has been developed specifically for this purpose. c. The brain functions more like a PDP computer which performs functions sequentially and with extreme speed. d. The brain functions more like a PDP computer which performs numerous functions simultaneously.

d. The brain functions more like a PDP computer which performs numerous functions simultaneously.

Which of the following represents correspondence in function between humans and computers? a. stimuli / keyboard b. sense organs / software c. wetware / software d. cognitive acts / software

d. cognitive acts / software