Learning Curve 10b)

Esmeralda is able to accurately and consistently apply gender labels, such as using "Mister" for men and "Ms." for women. Esmeralda is at LEAST _____ years old.

2

Matt is able to accurately and consistently apply gender labels; he can point out who is a boy, who is a man, who is a girl, and who is a woman. Matt is at LEAST _____ years old.

2

Damon is beginning to be very rigid about gender roles, stating very clearly what boys are allowed to do and what girls are allowed to do. Damon is about _____ year(s) old.

4

Helena prefers pink toys and clothes over other colors. She also plays with dolls instead of trucks. She tells her mother that only boys can play with trucks. Helena is about _____ year(s) old.

4

Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Sharon's father has a(n) _____ parenting style.

Authoritarian

_____ theory explains gender differences through the concept of gender schema, or children's understanding of sex roles and differences.

Cognitive

_____ theorists believe that gender roles develop as a result of males and females attempting to attract each other in order to reproduce.

Evolutionary

How does behaviorism explain gender differences?

Gender roles are learned as a result of ongoing reinforcement and punishment, as well as social learning.

How does cognitive theory explain gender differences and sex-role development?

Gender roles are the result of children's gender schema, or their understanding of sex differences.

How does evolutionary theory explain gender differences and sex-role development?

Gender roles develop as a result of males and females attempting to attract each other in order to reproduce.

_____ is a disciplinary technique in which parents talk with their child to help the child to understand why his or her behavior is wrong.

Induction

Sigmund Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this the _____ complex.

Oedipus

What was a limitation of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles?

She overlooked children's temperamental differences.

What was one limitation of Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles?

The sample had little economic, ethnic, or cultural diversity.

A disciplinary technique in which a child sits in a chair apart from others for a few minutes is an example of:

a time-out.

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is MOST representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without question and are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Joan's parents are:

authoritarian.

Manny is an eighth-grader who has been caught smoking at school. Manny's parents yell at him, ground him for a month, and take away his screen and media privileges for two weeks. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Manny's parents are:

authoritarian.

Hailey's parents demand her strict obedience; "back talk" is not tolerated. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but they are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Hailey's parents are _____; Isabella's are _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

Maura and Trish are eighth-graders who have been caught smoking at school. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her screen and media privileges for two weeks. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern. Additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking; Trish is expected to discuss her findings with her parents each night at dinner. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Maura's parents are _____; Trish's are _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

Consider child-to-parent and parent-to-child communication. Communication is high in both directions in _____ caregiving.

authoritative

Leon's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself, and they also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Leon's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritative

According to some longitudinal studies, children who become successful, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were:

authoritative.

Joe works hard to be respectful and fair toward his children. He tries to consistently enforce preset rules, but he can be flexible and strongly believes in natural and logical consequences for his children's behavior. According to Diana Baumrind, Joe's parenting style could be BEST described as:

authoritative.

Jonah's parents are firm but likely to reason with him and explain the consequences of his behavior. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Jonah's parents are:

authoritative.

Tina is an eighth-grader who has been caught smoking at school. Tina's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern. Additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking; Tina is expected to discuss her findings with her parents each night at dinner. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Tina's parents are:

authoritative.

Kyle is 3 years old. Anytime he attempts to play with his sister's dolls or in her play kitchen, he is scolded by his parents and given toy trucks and sports equipment instead. This example of punishment and rewards that is meant to instill gender roles is reflective of _____ theory.

behavioral

Which theory asserts that gender roles are learned as a result of ongoing reinforcement and punishment, as well as social learning?

behaviorism

Sex differences are:

biological differences between males and females.

Lexie and Michael listen very patiently to their children. They consistently try to talk out problems as they occur and understand their children's point of view. This aspect of Lexie and Michael's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

communication

Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their children to exhibit self-control or to take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

expectations for maturity

Sean and Maria are very cold toward and critical of their children. They rarely hug and kiss them or tell them that they love them. This aspect of Sean and Maria's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

expressions of warmth

Suzy is 4 years old. She likes to play with dolls, wear dresses, and pretend she is a princess. These preferences are reflective of her:

gender

Jackson is 5 years old. He likes to play with trucks, wear pants and sneakers, and pretend he is a knight fighting a fierce dragon. These preferences are reflective of his:

gender.

Culture dictates _____ differences, while biology determines _____ differences.

gender; sex

In terms of sex and gender differences, 2-year-old Aaron would most likely know:

how to correctly label males and females.

Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on the board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. In Freudian terms, Jacob's actions are BEST explained by:

identification.

"It's not nice to take your friends' toys without asking. You would feel angry if Lenny took your games without telling you," Tammy tells her son. Tammy is using a disciplinary technique called ______.

induction

Mira is uninvolved in the lives of her children. She does not seem to know or care what they are doing. Her parenting style might be BEST described as:

neglectful.

Diana Baumrind's _____ parenting style tends to result in children who become unhappy and lack self-control.

permissive

Johanna believes that her children can do no wrong and that they should be allowed to develop without interference. Accordingly, she accepts whatever they do without control or discipline. According to Diana Baumrind, her parenting style could be best described as:

permissive

Germaine says to her son, "After all the cooking and cleaning I've done for you, you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don't pick up your toys." This disciplinary technique is called ______ control.

psychological

Biological differences between males and females are referred to as _____ differences.

sex

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ is the caregiving dimension reflecting how parents explain, criticize, punish, and persuade.

strategies for discipline

According to Freud, the _____ is the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.

superego

A 4-year-old girl states, "When I grow up, I'm going to marry Daddy." According to Sigmund Freud, this is evidence of:

the Electra complex.

Lately, 5-year-old Liam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings toward his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing:

the Oedipus complex.

Sigmund Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this:

the Oedipus complex.

Spanking is more common in ______ than in ______.

the southern United States; New England

Ellen and Andrew have just sent 4-year-old Stephen to the corner to sit in a chair apart from his brothers because he was not listening to his parents. They will have him stay in the chair for four minutes. They are using the disciplinary technique called:

time-out.

Sigmund Freud believed that the purpose of identification was:

to defend one's self-concept.