learning curve ch. 13

Vann is the type of person who conforms to other people's behaviors. This is perhaps because he was raised in a(n) _____ culture.

collectivistic

Dr. Jimenez is evaluating the effectiveness of different types of requests in gaining compliance. As part of the study, participants are asked to try to skip a line at the grocery store. Which request is likely to get the greatest compliance?

"Could I jump ahead of you? I really need to get out of here because I'm late for an appointment."

Professor Dragic is quizzing his students in class today. He asks them to name the psychologist who was interested in determining the extent to which obedience can lead to behaviors that most people would consider unethical. They should respond:

"Stanley Milgram."

Milgram reported that when confederates show signs of refusing to obey the authority figure, research participants were far less likely to cooperate. In this type of setting, only _____ of the research participants were willing to carry on with the learning experiment.

10%

Professor LaVine is considering replicating Milgram's studies on obedience to authority. She anticipates that _____ of participants will administer what they believe to be painful shocks.

61-90%

_____ are the relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses one has toward people, situations, ideas, and things.

Attitudes

The important elements of persuasion were first described by _____, an American psychologist.

Carl Hovland

_____ is sometimes necessary in social psychology research because people do not always behave naturally when they know they are being observed.

Deception

Which person is using the door-in-the-face technique?

Devya, who first asks for something large that is likely to be rejected and then asks for something smaller

_____ is the sharing of duties and responsibilities among all group members. It can lead to feelings of decreased accountability and motivation.

Diffusion of responsibility

_____ refers to seeing the world only from the perspective of one's own group.

Ethnocentrism

If Asch's experiment had involved being able to see the confederates' answers and being able to submit an answer anonymously, how would the study results likely have differed?

Fewer people would have conformed.

Which statement accurately describes conformity?

It involves self-directed change.

Which statement about debriefing is true?

It is an ethical component of disclosure in which researchers provide useful information related to the study.

Which statement accurately describes prosocial behavior?

It is behavior aimed at benefiting others.

Tenner is studying for an upcoming psychology exam. He is matching researchers with their experiments. Which researcher does Tenner pair with the experiment on obedience to authority figures?

Milgram

Tamera is writing a paper about Milgram's obedience study. Which title would be appropriate?

Just Following Orders: Obedience to Authority

Unity tells her brother she cannot believe that people would hurt others just because they were told to do so. Her brother shares _____ research to show that this can happen.

Milgram's

What is likely to happen as like-minded members of a group work together?

Their positions tend to become more extreme.

_____ is how we view ourselves within our social group.

Social identity

_____ explores the way individuals behave, think, and feel in relation to others and groups.

Social psychology

Before class, Charles' teacher asked him to go to the school office to pick up a package. While Charles was gone, the teacher explained that she was going to show the student two cards and ask them make a "visual judgment" to determine which comparison line was closest in length to the standard line. The teacher instructed everyone to give the same wrong answer to see how this affects Charles' answer. This teacher is replicating the work of:

Solomon Asch.

_____ are often associated with a set of perceived characteristics that we think describe members of a group.

Stereotypes

What happened to the students in Rosenthal and Jacobson's study who were expected to be superior?

They actually became superior even though all the children were comparable on intelligence tests to begin with.

Sunil just completed a task assigned by the researcher. He then meets with the researcher, who tells him that the purpose of the experiment was not what Sunil thought it was. The researcher goes on to explain the real research goal. This is an example of:

a debriefing.

Satsuki believes that her mother never goes out to socialize because she has always been a shy, reserved person. This is an example of:

a dispositional attribution.

If someone were re-creating Milgram's studies, they would ask participants to:

administer what they believed to be electric shocks to another person.

The _____ of an attitude refers to an emotional evaluation regarding objects, people, or situations, such as positive or negative feelings.

affective component

Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins suggest that _____ may run in families.

aggression

Intimidating or threatening behavior or attitudes intended to hurt someone are called:

aggression.

The relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses one has toward people, situations, ideas, and things are referred to as:

attitudes.

Feelings and beliefs can guide the _____ of an attitude, or the way one responds.

behavioral aspect

Markeshia is the CEO of her company. She tells Logan that she needs him to come in early the next day. When he arrives early, he is:

being obedient.

The _____ is the tendency for people to avoid getting involved in an emergency they witness because they assume someone else will help.

bystander effect

Last night, Dylan heard a loud crash on the street that sounded like a car accident. She briefly considered calling the police but then thought, "I'm sure someone else already did." Her neighbors thought the same thing. This phenomenon is known as the:

bystander effect.

Patton is on a solo road trip when his car breaks down along the side of a remote country road. A passerby stops and offers help. This would have been less likely to happen on a busier road due to the:

bystander effect.

The _____ of an attitude refers to one's beliefs or ideas about an object, person, or situation.

cognitive aspect

Gael is a smoker. He realizes that it is bad for his health. However, like many smokers, he reduces his experience of _____ about smoking by suppressing his thoughts on the health implications of his habit.

cognitive dissonance

Dr. Oliynyk is conducting a study. Her team calls people and asks if they would hypothetically participate in a noninvasive scientific study. A few days later, she then calls to ask the same people if they will participate in a real study. Dr. Oliynyk's study is about:

compliance.

Jonah wants to go on vacation, but he thinks his boyfriend, Oskar, will be resistant to taking time off for a big trip. Jonah decides to first suggest that they take a 2-week hiking trip in Europe. When Oskar says that's not possible, Jonah suggests a long weekend in the mountains. Oskar agrees to this. This is an example of:

compliance.

Professor Yelich is training several of his research assistants to play the role of bystanders in a study he will be conducting on helping behavior. As _____, these research assistants will have specific lines they will use when talking to the research participants.

confederates

Yesterday, Shane was describing Milgram's classic studies on obedience to authority to his girlfriend. He noted that Milgram had used several _____ to play the roles of learners.

confederates

Joshua used to wear ties and jackets to work. After realizing that no one else dressed like this, he adopted their more relaxed style. His change in behavior is an example of:

conformity.

Zandy is waiting in line for the restroom at a hockey game. She notices most people are lined up against the wall, so she takes a step closer to the wall as well. This is an example of:

conformity.

Zelda is at her first team lunch at a restaurant. It is a late lunch, so her supervisor tells everyone they can order an alcoholic beverage if they would like. Zelda was considering ordering a beer, but when she notices that all of her teammates are ordering nonalcoholic drinks, she ultimately does the same. This is an example of:

conformity.

Yusra is designing a senior research project. She has decided she is going to include a(n) _____, whose members will not be exposed to the independent variable.

control group

Ariel is trying to find a speaker to come to a meeting on sustainability at her college. She knows that in terms of the power of persuasion, the _____ of the person who will be speaking is critical in terms of the message they are trying to send.

credibility

Next week, Tobin will start her new job as a research assistant. She is excited because she will be in charge of _____ the participants. One of her key responsibilities will be making sure the participants were not harmed or upset by their involvement in a study.

debriefing

Eduardo has just finished participating in a research study. He has been taken into an office in the laboratory, where the experimenter is reviewing aspects of the research that were initially unknown to Eduardo. This process is called:

debriefing.

Reid agrees with the many critics of Milgram's studies who were concerned that the research went too far with its:

deception.

After an upsetting verdict in a criminal case, a large group of protesters took to the streets. Some vandalized businesses and cars. This behavior is consistent with behavior expected when _____ occurs.

deindividuation

Reduced inhibition and decreased feelings of personal responsibility are associated with:

deindividuation.

While at work, D'quan noticed an odd pattern of behavior when children came in to the museum in large groups. In groups, the children were more likely to act wild and run through the halls. D'quan knows from his psychology class that this is suggestive of:

deindividuation.

Males tend to show more _____, or physical displays of aggression.

direct aggression

A _____ is a belief that some characteristic of an individual is involved in the cause of a situation, event, or activity.

dispositional attribution

Landon believes that his girlfriend is unemployed because she is a perfectionist waiting for the perfect job. This belief is an example of a:

dispositional attribution.

Professor Nguyen is going to try to get his students to change their attitudes about coming in for extra study sessions. He is going to show them a comedy and feed them popcorn first, because research shows that _____ impacts the likelihood of people being persuaded to change attitudes; when people are happy and well fed, they are more likely to be persuaded.

emotional state

According to the _____, beauty characteristics are good indicators of reproductive potential.

evolutionary perspective

Brianna is re-creating the classic study conducted by Rosenthal and Jacobson. Brianna is studying the effect of _____ on academic performance.

expectations

The _____ suggests that aggression may occur in response to frustration.

frustration-aggression hypothesis

When Stevie heard her brother hadn't done any work on his paper over the past week, she accused him of being lazy. When she found out that her brother was caring for a sick friend, she realized she had been wrong to blame her brother. Stevie fell prey to the:

fundamental attribution error.

Paul is meeting with other parents to discuss the new school bus policy being implemented in the upcoming school year. He feels strongly that the policy is too restrictive and could leave students with no way to get to school. After meeting with the other parents, who think like Paul does, Paul is even more livid about the proposed change. In fact, everyone's language about the policy has become more intense. This is an example of:

group polarization.

Shiro helps his aging parents with a variety of chores. He also volunteers on weekends. Research suggests that his helping others could reduce his stress and increase his:

happiness.

Researchers have found considerable _____ of altruistic tendencies and other prosocial behaviors in twin studies.

heritability

Lautaro believes it is important to arrive to meetings early to avoid making others wait for him. He enters all appointments into an online calendar and leaves early for each meeting. He feels relaxed when he arrives early and very uneasy if he happens to arrive late. Which aspect of this reflects the cognitive component of his attitude about punctuality?

his belief that it is important to be punctual

Verity is not the type of person to conform to the behaviors of others. This is perhaps because she was raised in a(n) _____ culture in which people are less likely to conform.

individualist

Social loafing is more likely to occur in societies in which people place a high premium on:

individuality and autonomy.

Professor Newman is looking out at his new class of students. He notices that many of them are looking to each other for confirmation because they are uncertain about what they should be doing. This _____ is one reason people conform and do as others do.

informational social influence

Benigno is carefully preparing a talk to give to his student government tomorrow. He knows from his psychology class that one important factor to determine the power of his message is the degree to which it is:

logical and to the point.

Robert Sternberg proposed that there are different kinds of _____ resulting from three elements: Passion, intimacy, and commitment.

love

All psychology research affiliated with colleges and universities must be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to ensure:

no harm will come from participation.

Changing behavior because one has been ordered to do so by an authority figure is called:

obedience.

Zuly is a teacher at an elementary school. When she tells her class to line up to go to the cafeteria, they all do. This is an example of:

obedience.

Kordell has developed beliefs to explain his sister's behaviors. A psychologist would identify him as a(n) _____ making these attributions.

observer

One reason people conform is because they:

obtain new information from a perceived expert.

A person agrees to be a confederate in a psychological research study. What has this person agreed to do?

perform certain behaviors that are part of the experimental manipulation

With the _____ route to persuasion, people pay attention to issue-irrelevant cues, such as the credibility or appearance of the individual who relays the message.

peripheral

Harlow is going to try to persuade his colleagues to change to a more sustainable work environment. He knows from the elaboration likelihood model that if he is going to use _____ , the focus is not on the content but on extra message factors, such as the credibility or attractiveness of the source.

peripheral route to persuasion

Darlene is intentionally trying to make her fellow students change their attitudes and beliefs about the new student fees at the college. Her attempt to _____ may lead to changes in their behaviors.

persuade them

Umar wants people to adopt rescue animals rather than buying animals from breeders. He carefully crafts a message and shares it with others, hoping to change their behavior. Umar is engaging in:

persuasion.

The fundamental attribution error can lead to errors in:

reasoning.

We sometimes conform to others because they belong to a certain _____ we respect, admire, or long to join.

reference group

Deepak thinks that his success in school is due to his hard work and critical thinking. If he does not do well on an exam or paper, he tends to blame the instructor. Deepak is exhibiting the:

self-serving bias.

Margie was trying to respond to her brother's outburst this morning, and she interpreted his anger based on what he told her last night. Margie was using:

social cognition.

Professor Park examines the way people think about others, attend to social information, and use this information in their lives, both consciously and unconsciously. She does research on:

social cognition.

Addison has learned that a lot of her classmates are engaged in volunteer work in the community. She admires what they are doing and decides to start volunteering as well. Addison's change in behavior is attributable to:

social influence.

Professor Álvarez does research on how interactions with other people impact us in many ways. She studies the phenomenon of:

social influence.

Sterlin is interested in interpersonal and group dynamics. He is especially interested in how people make decisions and how a person's social perceptions affect their interactions with others. What course should his college advisor recommend he take?

social psychology

Bella is reading her textbook, and she is learning about how researchers study the way people's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are influenced by others. She is reading the chapter on:

social psychology.

Researchers report that people are more likely to act on their attitudes when:

something important is at stake.

Last night, Mason admitted he was desperate, because it seemed that his boss was never going to change. Mason has always felt his boss treats him poorly because of long-standing jealousy. Mason is making a(n) _____ attribution.

stable

Rosenthal and Jacobson's study on social influence found that _____ seemed to transform students' aptitudes and facilitate substantial gains.

teachers' expectations

Hanami is going to try to persuade her colleagues to change to a more sustainable environment. She knows from the elaboration likelihood model that if she is going to use _____, the focus should be on the content of her message, and thinking critically about it.

the central route to persuasion

Eric is really enjoying his chemistry class. He is happy, because it has been easy to work with his lab partners, and they are even turning out to be good friends. Eric's experience is supported by at least one study that found that sitting in nearby seats and being assigned to the same work groups in a college classroom correlated with:

the development of friendships.

Korbin asked his parents for a trip to Bermuda for graduation. They said no. He then asked for a three-night trip to the beach nearby, and they said yes. What is this an example of?

the door-in-the-face technique

Katrina is an advocate for consumer rights. She wants to change the laws to better protect consumers. First, she creates an online petition to collect signatures. She then reaches out to those who signed the petition to ask for donations to support her cause. Katrina is using:

the foot-in-the-door technique.

Xayvion noticed that a group of students he admires often arrive at school early and study together. He soon starts going to school early as well to study. Xayvion is conforming to others because:

they belong to a reference group he wants to join.

Support for a possible genetic component to attitudes comes from _____ studies.

twin

Mackenzie is convinced her boyfriend stood her up last night because of an unusual emergency at work. She is making a(n) _____ attribution.

unstable

Which reflects the cognitive component of an attitude?

why a person thinks something is important