Learning, Teaching, and Assessment Final Exam

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

A child listens quietly during story time after being praised for that same behavior.

Which of the following represents positive reinforcement?

A child who has a tendency to be boisterous in class responds to praise for good behavior from his teacher by continuing to sit quietly.

Which of the following situations reflects inert learning or knowledge?

A student does well on classroom tests, but is unable to use the information she learned when trying to write a term paper for that same class.

Under which of the following conditions would the use of an aptitude test be most appropriate?

A teacher must choose the ten students most likely to succeed in a limited-enrollment course.

Which of the following best reflects the focus of critical constructivism?

A teacher strives to minimize his or her expectations about what students can accomplish based on their racial, ethnic, or SES background.

Self-efficacy has been shown to affect which of the following?

All of these answers

Self-regulated learning refers to

All of these answers

Which of the following students is exhibiting a characteristic of a self-regulated learner?

All of these answers

According to the constructivist viewpoint, the meaningful learning of new ideas is strongly influenced by

All of these answers.

Self-questioning is a highly recommended learning tactic because it leads to increased performance on tests of

All of these answers.

When scoring performance tests, teachers should use scoring rubrics because

All of these answers.

Whenever Rosa has to learn new material she thinks about all of the factors that could affect how well she learns that particular material and then creates a learning plan. One way of characterizing Rosa's behavior is to say that she is a __________________ learner.

All of these answers.

Which of the following is a requirement of the No Child Left Behind law?

All of these answers.

Which of the following phrases best reflects the concept of assessment of learning?

All of these answers.

Which of the following is not an example of constructivist-oriented teaching?

An English teacher presents lessons, assigns homework, and, based upon student scores, plans to reteach.

Which of the following best demonstrates the concept of measurement?

Anna scored in the 96th percentile on a math aptitude test.

If you wanted to know how well students have learned various concepts and terms that they have recently covered in history class, you could give them a(n)

Any of these tests.

Which of the following objectives would be better evaluated using criterion-referenced grading rather than norm-referenced grading?

Assess how well students have mastered English grammar.

Which of the following would be a good problem-solving technique for writing a comprehensive term paper?

Break the task into manageable parts.

Which of the following would be considered a good tactic for writing an end-of-the-term report for your job?

Break the task up into its component parts.

Which of the following is a good example of contingency contracting?

Carlos and his teacher agree that if he completes his workbook exercises successfully for four successive days, he may join the rest of the class in watching a movie on Friday.

Clarence is a fifth-grade student with a learning disability. He and his classmates recently took a standardized reading achievement test. Clarence's percentile rank for that test was 20. The norm group for this test did not include any students with learning disabilities. What inference can be made on the basis of Clarence's test scores?

Clarence's scores cannot be meaningfully interpreted, given the standards for evaluation.

Which of the following is a good assignment to give a fifth-grade student with intellectual disability?

Classify a group of animals according to size, skin type, and diet.

Which of the following approaches to instruction would be most consistent with the work of B. F. Skinner?

Clearly express instructional goals, teach subject matter in a logical sequence, allow students to learn at their own pace.

Which of the following is a norm-referenced approach to grading?

Compare the score of each student to the scores of other students.

A teacher who believes that the social and cultural environments of some students make it more difficult for them to actively construct meaningful new ideas, but who refuses to adopt simpler materials or methods to teach these students, reflects which of the following theoretical frameworks?

Critical constructivism.

Which of the following instructional objectives is best suited to criterion-referenced evaluations rather than norm-referenced evaluations?

Determine how well students have learned specific terminology.

Which of the following is not an example of a learning tactic?

Determining ahead of time how best to go about studying for the German exam you will have in three weeks.

A student who has an adequate IQ, yet experiences learning problems, exhibits inappropriate behavior, and has difficulty with peer relationships, is classified in which of the following categories included in IDEA?

Emotional disturbance

Which of the following would be considered a good technique for instructing children who are seriously withdrawn?

Encourage them to participate in cooperative play activities.

Time-out is an appropriate remedy in all but which of the following situations?

For the third time this week, Gracie forgets to complete her homework.

If you wanted to improve your students' self-efficacy for mathematical problem solving by applying the results of social cognitive research, which of the following would you do?

Have your students observe peers who successfully solve mathematical problems.

Which would be the best brief motto to use as a guide when trying behavior modification techniques?

Ignore bad behavior; reinforce good behavior.

You call the post office for a ZIP code that you need, just after you looked up the phone number. Unfortunately, you dial the wrong number. You attempt to dial again, only to discover that you've forgotten the phone number. From an information-processing standpoint, how can this be explained?

Information in working memory began to disappear after twenty seconds or so.

Which of the following best represents an evaluation?

Katrina earned an A in algebra.

Removing a child's name from the detention list after late homework was completed is an example of

Negative reinforcement.

Jermaine was an average to above average student in all respects until he reached the fourth grade. Then, during subject matter instruction, he frequently "tuned out" the teacher, daydreamed instead of working on classroom assignments, often blurted out answers to the teacher's questions without first thinking about a reasonable answer, and frequently left his seat to sharpen pencils or visit with other students. These behaviors rarely occurred, however, during art and music instruction. On the basis of this description, would you propose that Jermaine be classified as having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

No, because Jermaine's behavior is not consistent over time or situations.

All but which of the following apply to the concept of contingency contracting?

One party can alter the contract at any time.

Which of the following most clearly represents the practice of inclusion?

Philip, a student with mild retardation, is educated in a regular classroom for the entire day.

If an English composition teacher came to you and asked for a suggestion to improve the quality of students' writing that was based on social cognitive research, what would you say?

Provide opportunities for students to observe peers who think aloud as they write.

Which of the following is not true of reciprocal teaching?

Reciprocal teaching improves reading comprehension scores, but the gains fade unless maintained by constant teacher support.

According to Thorndike and Woodworth's view of transfer, if you were to teach first uppercase, and then lowercase, printed letters, which of the following letters would tend to promote the most transfer?

S

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the research on self-efficacy, self-regulation, and achievement?

Self-efficacy and self-regulation processes are related to each other and both are related to achievement.

Identify the statement below that is not consistent with the findings of research on self-questioning tactics.

Self-questioning is equally effective for students regardless of whether they have been trained to generate high-level questions and answers.

Which of the following is the clearest illustration of the Premack principle?

Students are allowed to engage in an activity of their own choice as soon as they finish a workbook assignment.

Which of the following instructional activities is consistent with the constructivist view of meaningful learning?

Students attend an art fair and are required to write about their interpretations of the meaning of particular works.

Which of the following does not fall within the domain of performance tests?

Students sit for the SAT exam in hopes of gaining entrance to a college or university.

The federal law known as No Child Left Behind contains several requirements regarding annual testing of students. Which of the following is not one of those requirements?

Students whose scores fall below the proficient level must repeat the grade they are in the following year.

Which of the following statements best reflects the research on the relationship between epistemological beliefs and achievement?

Students with more advanced epistemological beliefs earned higher grades than students with less advanced epistemological beliefs.

Dr. Eisner, an art professor, is a constructivist. Which of the following activities do you think he would choose to increase meaningful learning for his students?

Take students to an art museum and then ask them to complete an analytical paper based on their own views and opinions of a work of their choice from the museum.

How does between-class ability grouping influence teacher effectiveness?

Teachers of high-ability groups tend to have different goals and more effective instructional techniques than do teachers of low-ability groups.

Several arguments have been raised against high-stakes testing programs. Which of the following is not one of those arguments?

Teachers will be held more accountable for the performance of such traditionally underserved groups as ethnic and racial minorities, students with disabilities, and limited English speakers.

Which of the following statements is true of learning tactics?

They are specific learning techniques.

Which of the following is not an advantage of using selected-response tests?

They encourage meaningful learning.

Advantages of mnemonic devices stressed in the text include all but which of the following?

They facilitate maintenance rehearsal.

Teachers should use scoring rubrics when assessing performance tasks for all but which of the following reasons?

They help produce a distribution of scores that approximates a normal curve.

Which of the following aspects of performance testing is a challenge for teachers to overcome?

They may be used less frequently because of the popularity of standardized tests in assessing students' mastery of state standards.

Which of the following does not pertain to short-answer questions?

They require recognition rather than recall.

Which of the following is an advantage of short-answer tests?

They require students to recall information.

What is the purpose of the least restrictive environment provision of IDEA?

To ensure that children with disabilities are educated with nondisabled children whenever possible.

Which of the following is supported by research findings regarding the effectiveness of ability grouping for science and math instruction?

Within-class grouping and the Joplin Plan seem to be effective.

When, in order to explain some complicated geometric concepts, you ask your students to imagine a flagpole and its shadow, you are employing _______________ as a means of helping them understand the concept.

a concrete analogy

If a teacher wants to assess a student's specific strengths and weaknesses in a basic subject, the most appropriate kind of test to use is

a diagnostic test.

Which of the following is consistent with the IDEA definition of learning disability?

a disorder in basic processes that produces learning difficulties not attributable to other causes

A good example of a variable ratio schedule is

a gambler who plays a slot machine for hours after winning twenty dollars.

If you were a special education teacher, you would expect most of the students in your class to be classified as having

a learning disability.

The serial position effect is most likely to operate for which of the following types of material?

a list of spelling words

Erik and his classmates recently took a standardized test. Erik earned a grade equivalent score of 8.3 overall. This information indicates that he and his classmates took

a norm-referenced test.

The term high-stakes test refers to

a standardized achievement test whose scores are used to punish or reward students, teachers, and administrators.

Some psychologists believe that information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized in terms of schemata. Schemata can be defined as ___.

abstract structures of information.

If you memorized the colors of the visible light spectrum by remembering the name ROY G BIV, you would be using a(n) _______________ mnemonic device.

acronym

If you take the first letter of each state that borders one of the Great Lakes and create the words IM NO WIMP to help you recall the names of those states, you are using a(n)

acronym

If you create the sentence "Men very easily make jugs serve useful new purposes" and then use the first letters of each word to help you recall the name of each planet in our solar system, you are using a(n) _____________ mnemonic.

acrostic

What types of behaviors do students with behavior disorders often demonstrate?

aggressive or withdrawn

Selected-response tests do all but which of the following?

allow instructors to assess what students can do with what they've learned

A teacher who wants to determine how much her students have learned about social studies should administer which of the following?

an achievement test

According to a federal definition, any student who would be labeled gifted and talented must demonstrate superior ______________ capability.

any of the above

The 1988 definition of the category gifted and talented includes

any of the following: artistic, creative, intellectual, or leadership skills.

The standard deviation of a test indicates the extent to which

any score in a distribution varies from the mean.

Mr. Bringas is a seventh-grade English teacher. He wants to make sure that his students understand and know how to use the writing skills that he has been explaining and illustrating, so he gives them a short in-class writing assignment every day. He then uses the results to decide if he needs to reteach a particular topic or move on to a new one. The assessment approach Mr. Bringas is using is best captured by which of the following phrases:

assessment for learning

Summative assessment is synonymous with the phrase

assessment of learning.

If you decide to use a mastery approach (by following procedures recommended in the text), you would do all of the following except

assign grades by comparing students' scores to one another.

Which of the following represents the proper sequence of cognitive processes that occur as we process information?

attention, recognition, transformation, storage, retrieval

A student who is taking a course in educational psychology for the first time scans through the information-processing theory chapter and notes the word metacognition, which is unfamiliar. This student's selective focusing on the term metacognition is known as

attention.

To help her students improve their ability to solve multiple-step problems, Ms. Pohlmann uses the following procedure: First she shows them an example with all three of the steps worked out. Then she shows them a similar example that has only the first two steps worked out and requires them to complete the last step themselves. Then she gives them another similar example that has only the first step completed and requires them to work out the last two steps themselves. Finally, she gives them a fourth problem for which they have to work out all three steps. This procedure is called

backward fading.

When Chelsea was in second grade she learned that broccoli and spinach are both green because they are plants and that plants are green because they contain chlorophyll. She did not think that her green ball contained chlorophyll because she knew it was not a plant. This is an example of meaningful learning according to which of the following theories of learning?

cognitive constructivism

An approach to learning that is based on a student's ability to effectively assimilate information into existing schemes and to develop new schemes and operations in response to novel or discrepant ideas is called

cognitive constructivism.

Within social cognitive theory, the concept of self-regulation refers to

consistently using self-control skills in new situations.

When you review a U.S. history exam, you notice that several of the items reflect European history. You have reason to suspect that the test may have low

content validity.

A student who is having a problem solving a mathematical word problem realizes that she might figure out a solution more quickly by depicting the elements of the problem in a drawing. This problem-solving technique is often referred to as

creating an external representation of the problem.

A third-grade teacher wishes to evaluate students regarding their knowledge of the social studies unit that they have just completed. The teacher should use a _______________ test to best accomplish this task.

criterion-referenced

Sarah received a percentile rank of 30 on the quantitative portion of a fourth-grade standardized test. Her teachers can best use this information in all but which of the following ways?

decide which grade to give Sarah in math

Under IDEA, the initial purpose of the multidisciplinary assessment team is to

determine whether a student needs special services.

A competency test is given to

determine whether the reading, writing, and math skills of high school seniors are sufficiently high to merit graduation from high school.

The primary reasons why teachers use standardized tests include all but which of the following?

determining the grades students should receive in a course

Norm-referenced grading can be used for all of the following purposes except

determining which students have achieved specific objectives.

Margaret enjoys rock climbing but hates algebra because it is too confusing. In an effort to help her become a better math student, her instructor asks her to put in order the steps required to get to the top of a large rock. She then asks Margaret to list some similarities between algebra and rock climbing. Soon, Margaret begins to make the connection between the logical processes involved with each activity. The form of learning that Margaret's instructor has asked her to engage in is

discovery learning.

Students for whom English is a second language need to understand the difference between words such as for and four. That is, they must learn to

discriminate.

According to the constructivist viewpoint, the formation of new ideas is most strongly influenced by

discussing ideas with people who have different points of view.

If you were required to help your students learn the capitals of all fifty states, the best approach to follow would be to ___.

divide the states into groups of five and have them study a group during fifteen-minute periods spread out through the week.

The practice of mainstreaming suggests that every disabled child should be

educated with nondisabled children when feasible.

Jiang, who is learning about adverbs, enhances her understanding of them by noticing that adverbs describe verbs in the same way that adjectives, a familiar concept, describe nouns. Which of the following concepts best describes her behavior?

elaborative rehearsal

Meaningfulness, as described by information-processing theorists, is most similar to ___.

elaborative rehearsal.

Having a French storyteller come into your French class to tell a story will probably ___.

enhance learning since unusual events often command a student's attention.

A teacher decides not to pay attention to Robert's wild hand-waving and calls on another student. Robert always launches into long, involved stories that change the direction of the class discussion. This teaching technique is most related to

extinction.

A teacher decides to praise Imad's progress on the long-division workbook problems every twenty minutes. This teacher is using a _______________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval

Christi works diligently until her teacher checks her homework problems. Then she slows her work pace until the time approaches when the teacher will check her homework again. At this point, Christi increases the intensity of her work. The schedule of reinforcement being used by the teacher is

fixed interval.

You choose to respond positively to every other correct math problem that Susan completes. You are using a _______________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

If you decided to give many homework assignments in order to determine student progress, but did not count them toward a final grade, you would be using

formative assessment.

Both Jean and Sandra are A students at a university, and both major in general studies. Jean takes an introduction to physics course after having completed a chemistry course the previous semester. Sandra takes the same physics course without having previously taken any other college-level science course. Sandra has a much more difficult time learning the material than Jean does. Jean's learning was probably facilitated by

general transfer.

If you praise a child for learning that the plural of sheep is sheep and the plural of deer is deer and the child cries excitedly, "Look at all the goat!" on seeing a herd of goats, this illustrates the learning theory principle of

generalization.

If Ms. Choi, a third-grade teacher, decides to engage in formative assessment, she should

give tests periodically to find out how well students are progressing.

An important prerequisite to teaching students how to represent or frame problems is that the students must

have a good grasp of the concepts that express the problem.

Social cognitive research suggests that the best way to raise students' self-efficacy for mathematical problem solving is to

have students observe peers who successfully solve mathematical problems.

One reason why colleges use the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is to determine how well students will do during their first year in college. Which of the following is necessary for a test to be used for this purpose?

high predictive validity

If you wanted to use a musical aptitude test to help you decide which students should be admitted to a musical conservatory, such a test would have to have evidence of

high validity.

The purpose of the sensory register is to ___.

hold information briefly for possible processing.

Suppose you are watching a news program that is addressing the issue of whether women should be legally prosecuted for abusing drugs while pregnant if their newborns show signs of drug-related damage. This issue is a(n)

ill-structured problem that arouses strong emotion.

An issue is a(n)

ill-structured problem that arouses strong emotions.

Trying to determine whether to allow a student to graduate a year early from high school is a(n)

ill-structured problem.

Information already stored in long-term memory ___.

influences what we attend to and find meaningful.

Information held in long-term memory has the effect of ___.

influencing what we selectively perceive and find meaningful.

Norm-referenced grading

is based on the absence of external criteria.

One advantage of norm-referenced grading is that

it can be used to assess advanced levels of learning.

The label behavior disorder has come to be used by many psychologists in preference to the term seriously emotionally disturbed because

it emphasizes the problem behavior that needs to be changed.

The Spanish word for cat is gato, which looks and sounds somewhat like gate-o. If you visualize a cat sitting on an o-shaped gate to remember this Spanish word, you are using a(n) _______________ mnemonic.

keyword

Listed in order, the three types of disabled students most frequently served under IDEA are classified as

learning disability, speech impairment, mental retardation.

Mainstreaming is a policy that is related to which of the following provisions of IDEA?

least restrictive environment

Which of the following is an example of a learning strategy?

looking through a chapter ahead of time, determining how to go about studying for the final, and thinking about how much time will be required for it

Bringing a juggling clown into your eighth-grade classroom to aid you in teaching some elementary physics concepts ___.

may work well, since unpredictable changes or unusual events often command a child's attention.

Selena overhears a classmate from her educational psychology class state that Piaget's theory of cognitive development implies a teacher-centered approach to instruction rather than a student-centered approach since cognitive development is more effectively stimulated and guided by those who are more knowledgeable and skilled. Selena is fairly certain that this reflects Vygotsky's theory but decides to first check Chapter 2 of Psychology Applied to Teaching. Selena's behavior best reflects the effect of ___.

metacognition.

Sonya, a student in an educational psychology course, is studying for an exam, and it is very late at night. She suddenly realizes that she has not comprehended the paragraph that she has just read. Which concept refers to the ability that allowed Sonya to recognize her failure to comprehend?

metacognitive processing

"Attaching" information to familiar, physical locations in order to better recall it is the essence of which type of mnemonic?

method of loci

The four conditioning principles discussed in the last chapter are reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. You remember them by imagining walking into your living room and seeing the following: an extra beam in the ceiling to reinforce it; on the countertop an ant that you extinguish; a general sitting at your living room table eating lunch; and playing in the family room, a pair of twins between whom you must learn to discriminate. You are using a(n) _______________ to learn these conditioning principles.

method of loci

Completing homework assignments in order to avoid being given an undesirable required assignment in school is an example of the operant conditioning technique of

negative reinforcement.

A teacher who announces that only 10 percent of the class will be able to earn A's for the course is indicating his or her intention to use

norm-referenced evaluation.

The basic purpose of giving a standardized test is to

obtain an accurate, representative sampling of some aspect of student behavior.

Integrated learning systems are based on which of the following theories?

operant conditioning

When Charlie the cat was a kitten, he just happened to be near the kitchen when his owner used an electric can opener to open a can of tuna for him to eat. Curious about this strange sound, Charlie went to the kitchen and found the tuna in his dish. Now, no matter how deep his coma-like sleep is when someone uses the electric can opener for any reason, Charlie scrambles to his feet and sprints to the kitchen. This story about Charlie is an example of

operant conditioning.

Students with learning disabilities tend to have difficulties with

perception, attention, memory, and metacognition.

Mrs. DuBose wants to know how well her students can independently create a color wheel. This type of knowledge would be best measured by a(n) _______________ test.

performance

Questions of reliability and validity are of concern in the use of

performance tests.

A typically boisterous child is praised enthusiastically by his teacher for sitting quietly and attending to the day's lesson. In response to his teacher's praise, the child sits quietly during the next day as well. The teacher is changing the child's behavior by using

positive reinforcement.

One reason why school psychologists use intelligence tests to help them determine whether a student is eligible for special education services is because such tests have evidence of

predictive validity.

Carmen feels very confident that she can put together a winning argument for the upcoming class debate on the pros and cons of preserving wilderness versus allowing it to be developed for commercial purposes. As a result, Carmen is likely to

prepare early by identifying and reading relevant articles.

Organizing material to be learned (as in the text illustration involving minerals) is an effective information-processing technique because it ___.

provides cues and reduces the number of individual items to be learned.

One of the problems with testing preschool children to see if they are ready for first grade is that

readiness tests used for placement decisions in the early grades tend to have low reliability.

The sensory register ___.

registers stimuli very briefly while we decide if they will be processed further.

If you were using a standardized test to determine your students' aptitude for science and found that students who took the test a second time got scores quite different from those they received on the first attempt, you would question the test's

reliability.

Which of the following best illustrates maintenance rehearsal?

repeating an address over and over while you write it on an envelope

Which of the following tactics is the least efficient means of learning new information?

rote memorization

Alberto is learning algebra. His teacher provides him with classroom instruction and exercises to work at home and also solves problems with the class. When concepts are new, the teacher interacts often with Alberto and his classmates, showing them how to perform operations, giving subtle hints, asking leading questions, and making suggestions. As Alberto becomes more competent in his new skills, his teacher begins to back off, allowing him to work with increasing independence. Alberto's teacher has used the constructivist principle of

scaffolding.

A standardized test includes which of the following characteristics?

scores reported according to norms

Mr. Schreiber is called out of the classroom for several minutes. Before leaving, he tells his students to read the next ten pages in the text and answer the questions at the end of the chapter. A minute later, however, several students are talking about sports, other students, and what they're going to do after school. But Jada continues to read and formulate answers to the questions in the text. Jada's behavior is an example of

self-control.

Aubry, a sixth-grade student, remarks, "Analyzing fictional literature is too hard. I just can't do it." According to social cognitive theory, Aubry likely has low feelings of

self-efficacy

To prepare for an exam in chemistry, Ramon decides that nothing less than a grade of B+ will be acceptable, decides how much material he will need to study each day, and chooses study skills that will help him meet the teacher's objectives for this test. Moreover, because this approach has been successful in the past, Ramon uses it for his other subjects. Ramon's behavior is an example of

self-regulation.

Penny, a kindergartner, wants to learn how to draw a letter Q the way it appears in her coloring book. Penny's teacher watches her carefully and reinforces every attempt Penny makes to draw the letter Q correctly until the child actually draws the letter properly. This best demonstrates

shaping.

Eighth-grade students are participating in a nationwide science learning project. Students, business professionals, and scientists from across the country communicate via the Internet. They discuss various ways to solve particular problems that are set in realistic contexts. They also have opportunities to solve real problems, like protecting their local environments. Students are exposed to a variety of viewpoints, new information, and alternate solutions. This is an example of meaningful learning according to which of the following theories?

social constructivism

Quite often, children who grow up on farms and learn to drive tractors have an easier time later learning to drive cars than do children who had no such previous experience. This phenomenon is referred to as

specific transfer.

Dimitri's undesirable behavior disappeared for a while but has now returned, even though the teacher is certain that the behavior is no longer being reinforced. Which concept would best help the teacher understand this behavior?

spontaneous recovery

James frequently seems to act out in the classroom. When the teacher has stopped paying attention, James's acting-out behavior has decreased considerably, but occasionally this behavior returns unexpectedly. The return of this unwanted behavior can be explained by the process of

spontaneous recovery.

The phrase assessment as learning means

students learn what they have and have not learned and teachers learn how successful their teaching was.

A cumulative final exam at the end of a college course would be best categorized as an example of a _______________ assessment.

summative

A minimum competency exam at the end of high school would be best categorized as an example of a _______________ assessment.

summative

If you want to use a test to measure students' self-concepts, and if you are concerned about the test's construct validity, you are concerned about whether the

test can identify students with strong self-concepts and those with weak self-concepts.

Long-term memory (LTM) refers to information ___.

that is permanently stored and available for possible retrieval.

The term "standardized" test includes the word "standard," which refers to all but which of the following?

the conversion of raw scores to either z or T scores

Remembering an important date in history because it is the same date as your father's birthday is an effective type of learning because ___.

the new information is associated with something you already know.

The value of a token economy is that

the reward system is flexible; tokens can be cashed in for various rewards of predetermined value.

Before a student can be placed in a special education program,

the student must be given a complete evaluation, which should include valid and appropriate tests, non test sources of information, and input from a multidisciplinary team.

If a standardized test score is reported as having a percentile rank of 53, the score would indicate that

the student scored as well as or better than 53 percent of the students in the norm group.

Note taking and reviewing notes are believed to improve learning because

they maximize the effects of maintenance rehearsal.

A student on a class field trip misbehaves on the bus and is told to sit by herself for ten minutes. This technique represents an attempt at implementing

time-out.

Mari Jo is concerned about next week's social studies test and asks her best friend, Lindsay, to show her how to use concept mapping on a chapter of their textbook. Since Mari Jo thinks she and Lindsay are very much alike, she feels confident that she can learn to use this technique to improve her reading comprehension. Mari Jo's increased self-efficacy lowers her anxiety about next week's social studies test and motivates her to use concept mapping for her other subjects. This scenario demonstrates which of the following models of learning?

triadic reciprocal causation

Which of the following does not constitute a learning strategy for accomplishing a goal?

using the sentence "Every good boy does fine" to remember the notes on the lines of the treble staff (EGBDF)

You decide to check on your students' progress after they have completed an average of five questions at the end of the chapter. This is a _______________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

The task of solving an algebra problem can be best described as a(n)

well-structured problem.