Lecture 7

Write down the differences between DNA and RNA

- Composition DNA= 2 strand RNA= 1 strand - RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom) -RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine

Briefly discuss about the nucleotide structure with the example of schematic diagram

- a nitrogenous base called adenine (upper right), - sugar - and one phosphate group

in short... DNA

- carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. - DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids that are one of the four major types of macromolecules (essential biomolecules) that are essential for all known forms of life. - The four major macromolecules are: proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) and DNA

Alleles

Different forms of a gene a speceific gene respomsible for pigmentation

DNA's CODE

•The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). •Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.

Briefly discuss about the structure and function of DNA

•The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). •Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. •The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. •Double Helix •Stores "Data" about you the carrier of genetic information •Involved in new cell and organism reproduction and protein creation The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides polynucleotides are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides

Nucleotide

a monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and one to three phosphate groups •DNA - made of small subunits called nucleotides •Four types of nucleotides, each contains a different base= A, T, G, C •A always pairs with T •G always pairs with C Bases: A= Adenine T= Thymine G= Guanine C= Cytosine

somatic cells

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. •Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix •carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. •DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules (essential biomolecules) that are essential for all known forms of life. •The four major macromolecules are: proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) and DNA

nucleoside

nitrogenous base + sugar; consists of a nitrogenous base covalently attached to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) but without the phosphate group

What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide? Discuss with example

nucleoside consist of a nitrigenous base and a sugar base but does not have a phosphate group; wheareas nucleotides are monomers of nucleic acids made of 5 - carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Define "biomolecules". How many major biomolecules are available in all living organisms? Write down the name of those biomolecules with example

organic molecules which combine to form living organisms; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template DNA to RNA

genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. •genetic drift may cause alleles to disappear completely from a population and reduces genetic variation Genetic drift (also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect) is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms. ... A population's allele frequency is the fraction of the copies of one gene that share a particular form

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

polynucleotide

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA. •The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides •polynucleotides are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides The fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Nucleotides in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine •DNA is made from the same four nucleotides for all organisms •Attached to the sugar of the backbone •Two types: -Double ring, larger (purines) •A (adenine) and G (guanine) -Single ring, smaller (pyrimidines) •T (thymine), C (cytosine) and U (uracil for RNA)

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. •Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). •Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use.

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Which one is beneficiary in terms of variation discuss with example?

Asexual reproduction is a process that involves the reproduction of an organism where the offspring is identical and can be traced back to one organism. Whereas, Sexual reproduction involved two parents that combine their genetic makeup and produce a new organism that is distinct from any other creature.

What is cell division? Write down the name of types of cell division occurs in all living organism.

Cell division occurs when the parent cell divides into two daughter cells and each new cell get a copy of the DNA-- the new "daughter" cells contain same genetic info as the parent cell Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones), occurs in somatic cells, Mitosis is cell division for every other cell than a sex cell. Meiosis separates the chromosomes into two complete but separate, Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells, meiosis occurs in reproductive cells.

Replication

Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

DNA vs RNA

DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule. ... DNA and RNA base pairing is slightly different since DNA uses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.

What is DNA/RNA base? Write down the name of each type of base found in DNA and RNA.

DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code. Adenine (A) matches with T Thymine (T) [only used in DNA] matches with A Guanine (G) matches with C Cytosine (C) matches with G Uricile (U) [only used in RNA] matches with A

diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.