Lecture 8 -- Pathophysiology

What is the normal serum level range of potassium?

3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

The degree of fluid loss required to compromise homeostasis in an adult is _______________

30%

What is a lymphocyte?

A type of white blood cell that attacks cells directly or produces antibodies

Which chemical, which prevents proper transmission of nerve impulses, do pesticides block?

Acetylcholinesterase

Which hormone controls electrolyte and water levels in the body by promoting sodium retention in the kidneys?

Aldosterone

Which of the following disorders is characterized by cortical atrophy and loss of brain tissue?

Alzheimer Disease

The primary (initial) immune response takes place during the body's first exposure to a/an:

Antigen

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n)

Autoimmune disorder

Distributive shock occurs when

Blood pools in expanded vascular structures

Which cardiovascular disorder involves thickening of the heart muscle?

Cardiomyopathy

The body first reacts to stress by releasing

Catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine)

An alteration of the size, shape, and organization of cells, most often found in epithelial cells that have undergone irregular, atypical changes in response to chronic irritation or inflammation.

Dysplasia

A person is more likely to develop colorectal cancer if:

His or her parent had colorectal cancer

In _____________________, B-cell lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins, which recognize a specific antigen and then react with it.

Humoral Immunity

A callous constitutes which type of cell/tissue adaptation?

Hyperplasia (an increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue.)

Which of the following is the body's defense reaction to any substance it recognizes as foreign?

Immune response

Coronary Heart Disease

Impaired circulation to the heart

Hypertrophy

Increase in the size of the cells due to synthesis of more subcellular components, which leads to an increase in tissue and organ size.

In which of the following circumstances would a permissive hypotensive procedure most likely be carried out?

Internal bleeding

What cellular metabolism impairment prevents the body from properly using Oxygen and Glucose?

Lactic Acid is produced

What is the first step of the cellular inflammation event sequence?

Margination (activation is second step) (adhesion is third step)

The reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

Metaplasia

Andrew is 5 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 230 pounds. In which weight category does this place him?

Obese (BMI >30kg/mL)

Acquired Immunity

Occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader.

Pathophysiology is defined as the study of:

Physiology of altered functioning in the presence of disease

Carpopedal spasm is a classic sign of

Respiratory Alkalosis

A type III hypersensitive reaction is an immune complex disease

Rheumatoid arthritis is an example.

Which of the following wounds would most likely heal by primary intention?

Surgically debrided wound

What would you anticipate the vital signs to be in a patient with anaphylaxis?

Tachycardia and hypotensive with decreased ETCO2

Cell-mediated Immunity

The process by which T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and secrete lymphokines that kill the infected cells.

Which of the following is an example of autoimmune disease?

Type 1 diabetes (not HIV-- but AIDS is)

Which type of hypersensitive reaction does TB fall into?

Type IV