Lecture Exam #4/ Final
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? A) aldosterone B) ADH C) epinephrine D) natriuretic peptides E) norepinephrine
ADH
Which statement is true regarding fluid balance in the digestive tract? A) Once within the interstitial fluid, the absorbed water is slowly distributed throughout the ICF. B) As the solute concentration drops in the lumen of the digestive tract, water moves across the epithelium and out of the interstitial fluid. C) Intestinal epithelial cells continuously absorb nutrients and ions, and these activities gradually increase the solute concentration in the lumen. D) All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients.
All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients.
What is a pyelogram? (Module 24.15B)
An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered.
Compare benign prostatic hypertrophy with prostate cancer. (Module 26.17A)
Benign prostatic hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate whereas prostate cancer is a malignancy.
The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the A) corpus spongiosum. B) membranous urethra. C) prepuce. D) corpora cavernosa. E) penile urethra.
corpora cavernosa.
The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the A) corpus cavernosum. B) glans penis. C) penile urethra. D) membranous urethra. E) corpus spongiosum.
corpus spongiosum.
What uterine cycle event occurs when estrogen and progesterone decrease? (Module 26.15B) A) ovarian follicle development B) repair and regeneration of the functional layer C) secretion by uterine glands D) destruction of the functional layer and menstruation E) ovulation
destruction of the functional layer and menstruation
Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra? A) internal urethral sphincter B) trigone C) external urethral sphincter D) detrusor muscle
detrusor muscle
Define vasectomy. (Module 26.16C)
Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens.
How do recently released secondary oocytes reach the uterine tube? (Module 26.11A) A) axonal transport B) smooth muscle contractions C) ciliary fluid currents D) vesicular endocytosis E) vesicular exocytosis
ciliary fluid currents
What process involves a series of mitotic cell divisions without an increase in the size of the daughter cells? A) blastomeres B) cleavage C) pronuclei development D) amphimixis
cleavage
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? A) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD D) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
Contraction of the dartos muscle A) initiates seminal emission. B) elevates the scrotal sac. C) produces an erection. D) propels sperm through the urethra. E) moves sperm through the ductus deferens.
elevates the scrotal sac.
Sperm production occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
Which fertilization event occurs immediately after the formation of the male and female pronuclei? A) release of a secondary oocyte and the first polar body B) spindle formation and cleavage begins C) oocyte activation begins D) cytokinesis begins
spindle formation and cleavage begins
_______ arteries supply blood to the functional zone of the endometrium. A) Arcuate B) Radial C) Spiral D) Straight E) None of the answers is correct; the functional zone of the endometrium is not vascularized.
spiral
Increased sodium levels in the ECF result in which of the following outcomes? A) reduced ECF volume B) stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus C) thirst inhibition D) increased water losses at the kidneys
stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
Metabolic water is A) water produced through anabolic processes. B) water produced through catabolic processes. C) water consumed as liquid. D) the combination of all water consumed per day. E) water consumed in food.
water produced through catabolic processes.
Which structure is associated with the formation of primary follicles? A) corpus luteum B) zona pellucida C) corona radiata D) antrum
zona pellucida
Attachment to and penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as A) fertilization. B) embryogenesis. C) implantation. D) placentation. E) cleavage.
implantation
Cervical dilation is caused by which of the following placental hormones? A) human placental lactogen (hPL) B) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) C) progesterone D) relaxin
relaxin
Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems? A) third trimester B) first trimester C) second trimester D) postnatal development
second trimester
During metabolic alkalosis, the renal tubule cells __________. A) respond by secreting hydrogen ions B) transport the hydrogen ions by diffusion into the ECF C) secrete bicarbonate ions into the tubular fluid D) pump HCO3- into the tubular fluid in exchange for hydrogen ions
secrete bicarbonate ions into the tubular fluid
Which buffer system is most important in the ECF? A) carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system B) hemoglobin buffer system C) phosphate buffer system D) amino acid buffers
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and A) chloride. B) potassium. C) magnesium. D) calcium.
chloride
The extra-embryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the
chorion
What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A) A) dysuria B) pyelonephritis C) renal calculi D) anuria E) oliguria
dysuria
Contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscles result in A) impotence. B) ejaculation. C) erection. D) detumescence. E) emission.
ejaculation
The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus.
endometrium
Spermatozoa functionally mature within the A) seminal gland. B) ductus deferens. C) epididymis. D) seminiferous tubules. E) rete testes.
epididymis.
The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the A) urinary bladder. B) uterus. C) mammary glands. D) vagina. E) ovaries.
urinary bladder
The extra-embryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the
amnion
How many sperm will eventually be produced from each primary spermatocyte? (Module 26.3B)
4
Put the Events in Zygote Formation in order: 1. amphimixis 2. meiosis finishes 3. oocyte activation 4. male and female pronuclei form 5. secondary oocyte present in oviduct 6. acrosomal enzymes disrupt the corona radiata
5, 6, 3, 2, 4, 1
In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water
60
The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is
7.35-7.45
Which of the following statements is most accurate in explaining the value of the large numbers of sperm ejaculated to cause fertilization? A) A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself. B) Hundreds of sperm contacting the oocyte membrane triggers oocyte activation. C) Normally, thousands of sperm reach the site of fertilization. D) A male who ejaculates less than 100 million sperm is functionally sterile.
A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself.
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is A) ADH. B) LH. C) ACTH. D) FSH. E) GH.
LH
The reproductive system does not include A) mammary glands. B) ducts that receive and transport the gametes. C) gonads and external genitalia. D) accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids. E) None of the answers is correct.
None of the answers is correct.
How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C)
The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.
What is the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis? (Module 25.6B) A) The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH. B) The primary challenge is that blood pH must be maintained at exactly 7.0. C) The primary challenge is that only the lungs can increase pH. D) The primary challenge is that buffer systems only work within tissues not in the blood plasma. E) The primary challenge is the difficulty exhaling CO2 causing accumulation of acid.
The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.
Distinguish between the vesico-uterine and recto-uterine pouches. (Module 26.9A)
The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.
The vagina is A) a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia. B) another term for the cervix. C) a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the anus. D) lined by simple columnar epithelium rich in goblet cells. E) similar to the inner lining of the uterus.
a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.
The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization. A) neck B) flagellum C) acrosomal cap D) middle piece E) None of the answers is correct.
acrosomal cap
What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction? (Module 25.10A) A) Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis. B) Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in metabolic acidosis. C) Blood PCO2 would decrease, resulting in respiratory acidosis. D) Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. E) Blood PCO2 would decrease, resulting in respiratory alkalosis.
Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis.
Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B) A) ICF, blood plasma B) ICF, ECF, blood plasma C) ECF, urine D) ICF, urine E) ECF, blood plasma
ICF, urine
Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false? A) An ovum completes meiosis II after it is fertilized. B) Ova develop from stem cells called oogonia. C) About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty. D) Oogenesis begins before birth. E) By the time of their birth, girls have already lost about 80 percent of their oocytes.
about half of the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty
Interstitial cells produce
adrogen and testosterone
When does the placenta become sufficiently functional to continue the pregnancy? (Module 27.7C)
after the first trimester
A secondary oocyte, not a mature ovum, is ejected from the ovary during ovulation. Oocyte activation brings about all of the following changes except: A) increase in the metabolic rate of the oocyte B) completion of meiosis II C) an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte D) prevention of fertilization by more than one sperm
an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte
Describe the chorionic villi. (Module 27.6A) A) contain fluid that surrounds and cushions the embryo or fetus. B) form the yolk sac. C) are structures that extend into the maternal tissues through which maternal blood flows. D) forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the amniotic fluid. E) forms the umbilical cord.
are structures that extend into the maternal tissues through which maternal blood flows
The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the A) areola. B) peripapilla. C) zona reticularis. D) fornix. E) zona pellucida.
areola
The individual cells produced by cleavage are called A) embryos. B) blastocysts. C) blastocytes. D) zygotes. E) blastomeres.
blastomeres
The trophoblast has many of the characteristics of ________ cells. A) smooth muscle B) cancer C) cardiac D) infectious E) None of the answers is correct.
cancer
What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B) A) hydrogen B) carbonic anhydrase C) hydroxide D) carbonic acid E) bicarbonate
carbonic acid
The clitoris A) is topped by vestibular glands. B) is protected by the vesico-uterine pouch. C) is derived from the same embryonic structures as the scrotum in males. D) contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. E) is encircled by the mons pubis.
contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? A) copper B) manganese C) phosphorus D) zinc E) None of the answers is correct.
copper
Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur? A) every 30 seconds or so B) every 2 minutes C) 12-15 times a minute D) once every minute E) It is not known how often these contractions occur.
every 30 seconds or so
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys A) excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions. B) excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions. C) reabsorb bicarbonate ions. D) excrete more bicarbonate ions. E) excrete more hydrogen ions.
excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B) A) external urethral sphincter B) detrusor C) internal urethral sphincter D) trigone E) bulbospongiosus
external urethral sphincter
The period of gestation when the rudiments of all major organ systems are established is the ________ trimester
first
Describe the placenta. (Module 27.5C) A) forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the maternal system. B) forms the interface between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast. C) contains fluid that surrounds and cushions the embryo or fetus. D) forms the interface between the blastocoele and the amniotic cavity. E) a layer of cells that surround the yolk sac.
forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the maternal system.
The presence of which placental hormone (in blood or urine samples) provides a reliable indication of pregnancy? A) relaxin B) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) C) human placental lactogen (hPL) D) progesterone
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Which pathogen is associated with most cases of cervical cancer? (Module 26.17B) A) Syphilis B) Chlamydia C) human papillomavirus D) rhinovirus E) human immunodeficiency virus
human papillomavirus
Regarding fluid shifts and dehydration, when ADH secretion increases to regulate sodium balance by means of increased water retention without additional water consumption (i.e., you lost water but retained electrolytes and didn't drink water], the end result is: A) decreased ECF volume compared to the intermediate condition. B) increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition. C) decreased sodium concentrations. D) water shifting into the ICF.
increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition.
Secretion of potassium into the urine is A) decreased by aldosterone. B) increased by aldosterone. C) increased when the exchange pump binds H+. associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. None of the answers is correct.
increased by aldosterone.
The primary role of FSH in males is to A) initiate sperm production in the testes. B) develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics. C) stimulate the nurse cells to produce inhibin. D) stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. E) influence sexual behaviors and sex drive.
initiate sperm production in the testes.
The opening connecting the uterus to the cervical canal is the A) isthmus. B) ampulla. C) internal os. D) uterine lumen. E) external os.
internal os
Testosterone is secreted by the
interstitial cells
About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. A) intracellular B) vital C) extracellular D) intercellular E) interstitial
intracellular
Near the nipple, each lactiferous duct enlarges, forming an expanded structure called a: A) pectoral fat pad. B) secretory alveoli. C) lactiferous sinus. D) lobule.
lactiferous sinus.
All of the following are true of the vagina except that it A) forms the lower portion of the birth canal. B) receives the penis during coitus. C) loses a portion of its lining during menses. D) serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids. E) holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus.
loses a portion of its lining during menses.
A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in
luteinizing hormone
The onset of the first uterine cycle is called
menarche
A pre-embryo that consists of a solid ball of cells is known as what type of structure? (Module 27.3A) A) blastocyst B) morula C) cytotrophoblast D) trophoblast E) blastomere
morula
The mesoderm forms which of the following? A) epidermis. B) respiratory epithelium. C) the brain. D) muscle. E) the lining of the digestive tract.
muscle
The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the A) dartos muscle. B) acrosome. C) spermatic cord. D) tunica albuginea. E) raphe.
raphe
Metabolic complications of the urinary system associated with diabetes result in: A) dysuria B) polyuria C) urinary retention D) anuria
polyuria
Which ovarian structure remains in a state of suspended development until the individual reaches puberty? A) polar body B) oogonia C) secondary oocyte D) primary oocyte
primary oocyte
What are the functions of the gonads? (Module 26.1A) A) secrete digestive enzymes B) control acid-base regulation C) activate the parasympathetic nervous system D) produce and store gametes E) regulate body temperature
produce and store gametes
Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except A) producing buffers. B) activating the spermatozoa. C) producing spermatozoa. D) propelling spermatozoa and fluids along the reproductive tract. E) meeting the nutrient needs of spermatozoa for motility.
production of spermatozoa
Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of
progesterone
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
progesterone
The organ that surrounds the urethra and secretes an antibiotic protein is the
prostate gland.
Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C) A) vitamins B) lipids C) carbohydrates D) minerals E) proteins
proteins
Contraction of the cremaster muscles A) moves sperm through the ductus deferens. B) propels sperm through the urethra. C) relaxes the scrotal sac. D) pulls the testes closer to the body cavity. E) both relaxes the scrotal sac and propels sperm through the urethra.
pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.
The ________ ligament extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall. A) inguinal B) broad C) tunica albuginea D) suspensory E) ovarian
suspensory
If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with? A) the external urethral sphincter B) the trigone C) the pyloric sphincter D) the internal anal sphincter E) the internal urethral sphincter
the external urethral sphincter
During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, A) the uterine glands enlarge. B) the functional zone of the endometrium is restored. C) the fertilized ovum implants. D) the corpus luteum is forming. E) menses occurs.
the functional zone of the endometrium is restored.
In the hemoglobin buffer system: A) CO2 diffuses into the alveoli for inhalation. B) an acid, which dissociates into water and carbon dioxide, is generated. C) the hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin proteins as the carbonic acid dissociates in the tissues. D) the bicarbonate reserve in body fluids plays a significant role.
the hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin proteins as the carbonic acid dissociates in the tissues.
During amphimixis, A) gametes are formed. B) the male and female pronuclei fuse. C) sperm become capacitated. D) meiosis occurs. E) the zygote is formed with 46 chromosomes.
the male and female pronuclei fuse
Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B) A) A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the ECF and ICF into the solid components in response to an osmotic gradient. B) A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. C) A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the solid compartments into the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. D) A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ICF into the ECF. E) A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ECF into the ICF.
the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide. A) The urinary system B) Metabolically active cells C) Buffer systems D) The respiratory system E) All of the answers are correct.
the respiratory system
The endoderm forms which of the following? A) neural tissue. B) the urinary bladder. C) blood. D) skin. E) muscle.
the urinary bladder
During gastrulation, A) blastomeres form. B) the neural tube closes. C) the placenta penetrates the endometrium. D) three germ layers are formed. E) the blastomeres fuse.
three germ layers are formed
The ________ is formed by a portion of the allantois, blood vessels, and remnants of the yolk sac.
umbilical cord
Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the A) cervix. B) uterus. C) vagina. D) ovary itself. E) uterine tube.
uterine tube
Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally occur?
uterine tube
The embryonic heart starts beating as blood begins to flow through chorionic vessels at approximately ________ of development.
week 3
Name the four extra-embryonic membranes. (Module 27.5A)
yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and the chorion