lecture quiz 3
As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
ACTH
Hypersecretion of growth hormone that occurs during adulthood.
Acromegaly
Main functions: Eye movement, learning, executive functions, decision making, motivation, memory, and behavior (_____).
Basal nuclei (Basal ganglia)
Main functions: Motor speech
Broca's area
Mainly produces small amounts of gonadcorticoids.
C
Produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response...
C
Place the following events of "information transfer across chemical synapses" in the correct order. Use alphabet labels to mark the events (e.g. A, B, C, etc.) Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters
C (Step 3)
Follicle stimulating hormone.
C (Testes and Ovaries)
Which of the following is correctly matched? A) zona glomerulosa — epinephrine and norepinephrine B) zona fasciculata — mineralocorticoids C) zona reticularis — gonadocorticoids D) adrenal medulla — glucocorticoids
C) zona reticularis — gonadocorticoids
Relays sensory messages about audition and balance.
CN IIX
Relays messages about taste and controls throat muscles.
CN IX
Controls facial muscles and relays sensory messages about taste.
CN VII
Sensory and motor nerve and relays message from and to several visceral organs.
CN X
Controls muscles like sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.
CN XI
-Controls the muscle of the tongues.
CN XII
Main functions: Controls voluntary movement like walking, posture, setting, balance, eye movement, and speech
Cerebellum
Specialized in sending and releasing neurotransmitters
Chemical Synapse
Main functions: Produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (______).
Choroid plexus
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.
Cretinism
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.
Cushing's disease
Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.
D
Produces epinephrine.
D
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.
D
Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors
D (Step 4)
Thyroid stimulating hormone...
D (Thyroid)
Fissure
Deep groove
Hyposecretion of the pancreas...
Diabetes mellitus
Desceind directly until thier axons reach end of tracts in spinal cord.
Direct descending/pyramidal pathways
Composed of paired fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis in spinal cord and brain.
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
Tranmit input to somato sensory cortex for touch and vibration.
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics...
E
Adrenocorticotropic hormone.
E (Adrenal cortex)
Binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels, creating graded potentials
E (Step 5)
Occurs when neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated channels allowing Na+ and K+ flow; creates graded potential depolarization; and can trigger AP if threshold is reached.
EPSP
Transmits through synaptic clefts
Electrical Synapse
-Neurotranmitter effects are terminated
F (step 6)
-Rod photoreceptors are found in the fovea centralis of the retina.
False
All amino acid-based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.
False
Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels.
False
Cerebellum contains an outer layer of white matter.
False
Color blindness is a disease that inherited on the "Y" chromosome.
False
Cone photoreceptors are found in the periphery of the retina in the eye.
False
Cones have high sensitivity to light and best suited for night time.
False
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.
False
Gray matter in CNS is composed of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons.
False
In darkness, the retinal or the visual pigment molecule is in the straight form called "all- trans-retinal.
False
Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves' disease.
False
Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.
False
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.
False
Rods are best suited for day time because they have low sensitivity to light.
False
The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.
False
The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.
False
The lateral ventricles of the brain connect with the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct structure.
False
The third and fourth ventricles of the brain are connected via the interventricular foramen structure.
False
Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium.
False
Vision sensory signals are interpreted in the temporal lobe of the brain.
False
When retinal or visual pigment absorbs light it converts to the "bent" form known by 11-cis-retinal.
False
White matter in CNS is composed of short, nonmyelinated neurons, and cell bodies.
False
Central sulcus
Fissure of Rolando
Found along the vermis of cerebellum.
Flax cerebeli
Found in the longitudinal fissure and separates the cerebral hemispheres.
Flax cerebri
Main functions: planning, attention, movement, decision making, and speech
Frontal lobe
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
Gigantism
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
Glucagon
An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland..
Graves' disease
Located in the insula
Gustatory cortex
Aldosterone production...
Hormonal stimulus
Testosterone production...
Hormonal stimulus
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
Hormones
Parathyroid hormone production.
Humoral Stimulus
Main functions: Hormone production, appetite, sexual behavior, emotions, temperature regulation, and addiction
Hypothalamus
Occurs when neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated channels allowing ion flow and cause hyperpolarization
IPSP
They are multisynaptic and referred to by multineuronal pathways.
Indirect descending pathways
Main functions: Plays a role in taste, autonomic control, sensory experience, emotional valence, and visceral sensation
Insula
Involved in establishing memories
Limbic association area
Main functions: Facilitates memory, establishes emotional state, and link consciousness
Limbic system
Epinephrine production..
Neural stimulus
Main functions: vision
Occipital lobe
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.
Pancreas
Primary regulators of blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid glands
Main functions: touch and taste
Parietal lobe
Hyposecretion of growth hormone...
Pituitary dwarfism
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Main functions: Transfers information between cerebellum and motor cortex and involved in controlling sleeping cycles
Pons
Involved in understanding languages and face recognition
Posterior association area
Neuron conducts an impulse toward a synapse
Presynaptic neurons
Gyrus
Ridge
Maintain flexor muscles.
Rubrospinal tracts
In the eye, light passes through all of the following EXCEPT.
Sclera and choroid
Sulcus
Shallow groove
Ascending pathway and they are ventral and dorsal tracts
Spinocerebellar tracts
Convey information about muscles or tendons.
Spinocerebellar tracts
Transmit impulses about pain, temperature, coarse touch, and pressure.
Spinothalamic pathways
Which of the following is NOT a brain ventricle?
Superior sagittal sinus
Later sulcus
Sylvian Fissure
Time needed for neurotransmitter to be released, diffuse across synapse, and bind to receptors
Synaptic Delay
-One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid fire order
Temporal Summation
Main functions: smell, hearing, memory, and emotions (_____).
Temporal lobe
Found in the transverse fissure and separates cerebellum from the brain.
Tentorium cerebelli
Main functions: Relaying signals and regulation of consciousness
Thalamus
They ate Pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex.
Upper motor neurons
The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.
antagonistic hormones
Middle layer of meninges and have pouches known by arachnoid granulations.
arachnoid mater
Hormones that bind to plasma proteins ________.
are usually synthesized from cholesterol
Between axon terminals and other axons (________)
axoaxonal
Between axon terminals and dendrites
axodendritic
Between axon terminals and neuron cell body (soma)
axosomatic
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by.
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?
calcium
First order neurons.
conduct impulses from skin receptors and receptors found in skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of.
cortisol
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
cortisol
Between dendrites of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron
dendrodendritic
Referred to when the neuron cell is just less negative at value of - 55 mv
depolarization
Referred to when the neuron cell is less negative (or positive) at value of 100 points higher than - 70 mv
depolarization
Which of these processes is NOT correct regarding close vision?
dilation of the pupils
Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
direct control of the nervous system
Most superior part of meninges and divides the cranial cavity into three septa.
dura mater
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because.
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Steroid hormones exert their action by.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?
epinephrine
Enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n) ________.
exocrine
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus.
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
All of the following regarding distant vision are correct EXCEPT.
for distant vision, the lens becomes bulgy because the ciliary muscles are contracted
Aldosterone
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?
growth hormone (GH)
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus.
humoral
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
humoral stimulation
Referred to when the neuron cell is more negative at value less than -70 mv
hyperpolarization
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
hypophyseal portal system
Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?
hypothalamus
A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger ________.
increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney
Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Melatonin
is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
leptin
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
Main functions: Regulates breathing, heart rhythm, vasodilation, and reflexes
medulla oblangata
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
parathyroid hormone
The inferior layer of meninges and clings tightly to the brain.
pia mater
Referred to when the neuron cell is just negative at value of - 70 mv
polarization (or polarized)
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
polycythemia
Neuron relays an impulse away from a synapse
postsynaptic neuron
Controls patterned motor skills, coordinates sequential actions, and controls voluntary actions.
premotor cortex
Can lead to smaller EPSPs
presynaptic inhibition
Release of excitatory neurotransmitter by one neuron is inhibited by another neuron
presynaptic inhibition
Located in the top of temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex
Located in middle of temporal lobe (_______).
primary olfactory cortex
Located in the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and contains Pyramidal cells which play a role in conscious control of skeletal muscle movement.
primary somatomotor cortex.
Located in the postcentral gyri of partietal lobe and receives sensory information from skin, muscles, joints, and tendons.
primary somatosensory cortex
79) Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
prolactin
Oxytocin
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Maintain balance.
reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
runs through the infundibulum
Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular.
second messengers
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
secretion is inhibited by alcohol
-Between dendrites of one neuron and cell body (soma) of other neurons
somatodendritic
Located behind the primary somatosensory cortex and integrates input from the same cortex for understanding of objects.
somatosensory association cortex
Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by large number of terminals simultaneously
spatial summation
Which of the following is NOT a brain region?
spinal cord
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism?
steroid
Thyroid hormone (a small, iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to.
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potential
Conducive for learning and memory
synaptic potentiation
Repeated use of synapse increases the ability of presynaptic cell to excite post synaptic neuron
synaptic potentiation
Mediate head movement in response to visual stimuli.
tectospinal tracts
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
testosterone
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
the heart
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
Located in the back of insula
vestibular cortex
Located behind the gustatory cortex
visceral sensory area
In the eye, light gets refracted in these areas EXCEPT.
when entering the retina
AP (Action Potential) arrives at axon terminal of postsynaptic neuron
A (step 1)
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ...
A
Growth Hormone (GH)
A (Bones and Muscles)
Produces aldosterone.
A
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex...
Addison's disease
Is part of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal medulla
Involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
Anterior association area
Second order neurons.
Are interneurons; their cell bodies found in dorsal horn of spinal cord; and their axons extend to thalamus or cerebellum.
Synaptic vesicles are found in this neuron cell part
Axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
Excess hormone levels from this region result in Cushing's syndrome.
B
Mainly produces glucocorticoids
B
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain...
B
Voltage gated Ca channels open and Ca2+ enters axon terminal
B (Step 2)
Prolactin..
B (mammary glands)
Motor neurons found in the ventral horn of spinal cord.
Lower motor neurons
Main functions: Plays a role in visual and auditory signal processing and also regulates eye movement, muscle movement, and motor control (______).
Midbrain
Makes us who we are and helps us to take actions
Multimodal association area
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.
Myxedema
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on.
The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?
They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.
Third order neurons.
Thier cell bodies found in thalamus and axons extend to somatosensory cortex.
Produces the body's major metabolic hormones
Thyroid Gland
Glucagon
Triggers gluconeogenesis
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
True
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.
True
Cones have more visual pigments than rods.
True
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions can serve as second messengers.
True
Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters.
True
For rods to work efficiently, many rods are converged into one ganglion.
True
Gray matter areas can be found in the white matter of the brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum.
True
Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension.
True
In spinal cord, the white matter is external to the gray area.
True
In the brain, the gray matter area is external to the white matter area.
True
Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
True
LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.
True
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.
True
Rodopsin is an opsin protein and found only in rods.
True
Septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles in the brain.
True
The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.
True
The blind spot or optic disc is also the same area of the optic cranial nerve.
True
The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up- and down-regulation.
True
The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
True
The sensory neurons that are found in the retina are bipolar neurons.
True
The term, hyperopia, means farsightedness.
True
The term, myopia means nearsightedness.
True
Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.
True
Visual pigments (photopigments) are housed within the outer segment of photoreceptors.
True
When we walk into dark movie theater rooms, rods get activated.
True
Main functions: Speech comprehension
Wernicke's area
Leptin is secreted by ________.
adipose cells
