Lehigh EES 025 Final Review
Cooperative hunting or foraging is an example of intraspecific cooperation. Select one: True False
True
Decomposers are able to obtain energy and carbon from ALL trophic levels.
True
During disruptive selection, the least common phenotypes have a higher reproductive success (i.e. Fitness). Select one: True False
True
Evolution is defined as a change in allele frequencies over time for a population Select one: True False
True
Food webs are a better representation of trophic relationships in ecosystems because many organisms derive their energy from multiple trophic levels.
True
Herpes is an example of a retrovirus that utilizes the lysogenic cycle of reproduction.
True
In many aquatic ecosystems, nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, or iron can regulate primary production.
True
In the Calvin-Benson cycle, the conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose (fixation) requires ATP and reduced NADP by does NOT DIRECTLY require light
True
In the absence of selection pressure or genetic drift, allele frequencies will remain unchanged over time Select one: True False
True
Which of the following is NOT true regarding population growth models? Select one: a. ALL of these statements are true. b. "K strategists" have a high intrinsic rate of growth which they use as a competitive strategy. c. The intrinsic rate of growth is the maximum growth rate which may be attained by a particular population. d. The slope of the plot of ln(N) vs. time is "r", the population growth rate. e. As the population size (N) approaches the carrying capacity (K), the population growth rate (r) approaches zero.
"K strategists" have a high intrinsic rate of growth which they use as a competitive strategy.
Put the following events into the correct chronological order (from oldest to more recent):
1 - Appearance of bacteria-like organisms 2 - Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) 3 - Cyclic photosynthesis 4 - Non-cyclic photosynthesis 5 - Aerobic respiration 6 - Appearance of metazoans (multicellular organisms)
Put the following root structures in the correct order based on the direction of water flow (e.g. 1 = outermost; 5 = innermost).
5 → Steele 3 → Endodermis 4 → Pericycle 1 → Epidermis 2 → Cortex
How many moles of ATP are produced from 1 mole of glucose through anaerobic respiration? Select one: a. 1 b. 36-38 c. 2-4 d. 16-18
2-4
How many moles of ATP are produced from 1 mole of glucose through aerobic respiration? Select one: a. 16-18 b. 36-38 c. 1-2 d. 2-4
36-38
Based on the logistic growth model, what would the population growth rate be if the following conditions existed: 1) "r max" was 10%, 2) the carrying capacity (K) was 100 individuals, and 3) the current population size (N) was 60 individuals. Select one: a. 6% b. 4% c. 2% d. 40% e. 0.6%
4%
Match the terms with the appropriate phrase or definition.
7-celled female gametophyte. - Megaspore Gives rise to plant shoot and primary leaves. - Epicotyl Female reproductive part. - Pistil Pollen grain-- male gametophyte. - Microspore Has 2 nuclei and stores energy for the developing embryo. - Endosperm Male reproductive part. - Stamen
Match the terms with the sentence most closely related to it
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that code for a specific protein linked to a recognizable inherited characteristic- Gene Specific location of a gene on a chromosome-Locus Different forms of a gene which code for a specific genetic characteristic-Allele Combination of alleles present in a particular individual-Genotype Chromosomes one provided by each parent, which code for a specific genetic characteristic-Homologous Pair
Match the terms with the most appropriate definition or statement. All of the responses are used.
ALL bacteria have this structure. - Plasma Membrane A colony of spherical cells that look like a bunch of grapes. Bacteria of this type cause MRSA. - Staphylococcus A thick layer of lipo-polysaccharide deposited on the outside of bacteria cell wall that provides additional protection from the environment. - Capsule This is a simple test that provides information about the cell walls and membranes of bacteria. - Gram Stain A resistant structure formed by some bacillus bacteria to withstand extreme environmental conditions. - Endospore Describes bacteria with a cork-screw shape. - Sprillum
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to biogeochemical cycles? Select one: a. ALL of these statements are true. b. Turnover time (yr) = Reservoir size/Flux. c. Matter of similar state or chemical composition is partitioned into pools or reservoirs (units = Kg). d. A flux is defined as the rate of movement of matter from one reservoir to another (units = Kg/yr). e. Matter CYCLES through ecosystems and is not created or destroyed.
ALL of these statements are true.
Match the statement with the appropriate step of respiration. Some steps may be used more than once or not at all.
ATP is produced by the F1 protein which channels protons (H+) through the membrane. - Chemiosmotic Synthesis of ATP Does not directly produce ATP but operates a proton (H+) pump. - Electron Transport Chain Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) largely consists of this step. - Glycolysis Step which produces the greatest amount of ATP. - Chemiosmotic Synthesis of ATP Input is glucose and the outputs are ATP, NADPH, NADre), and pyruvic acid. - Glycolysis Stage in aerobic respiration which DIRECTLY REQUIRES oxygen. - Electron Transport Chain This step requires the input of acetyl CoA which is produced from pyruvic acid. This step mostly produces NADPH (NADre) rather than ATP. - Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle This step REQUIRES an initial input of energy (2 ATP) to start the process. - Glycolysis
Match the following
Aerobic respiration - glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmotic synthesis Fermentation - glycolysis Krebs cycle -Converts pyruvic acid to CO2, NADPH, and a little ATP via the citric acid cycle Electron transport chain - this directly provides energy for the proton (H+) pump Chemiosmotic synthesis - ATP synthesis through membrane transport of protons (H+) through the hollow F1 protein
Which of the following is not true? 1, All Mastigophora have cilia adapted either for locomotion, feeding, or for defense 2,All mastigophora have flagella 3, Some are free living in various aquatic environments 4,Some mastigophora are parasitic, causing diseases such as chagas or african sleeping sickness
All Mastigophora have cilia adapted either for locomotion, feeding, or for defense
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to animal-like protista? Select one: a. They are often referred to as protozoans. b. The phylum Ciliata is characterized by abundant cilia and a variety of sub-cellular organelles. c. The subphylum Sarcodina are generally ameboid. They may be naked or surrounded by a calcified shell as in radiolarians or foraminiferians. d. All are prokaryotic.
All are prokaryotic.
Which of the following statements is NOT true with respect to the animal like protists? 1,They are often referred to as protozoans 2,All are prokaryotic. 3,The phylum ciliata is characterized by abundant cilia and a variety of subcellular organelles 4, The subphylum Sarcodina are generally ameboid. They may be naked or surrounded by a calcified shell as in radiolarians or foraminiferans.
All are prokaryotic.
Which of the following statements would NOT be true of interactions among individuals within a population? Select one: a. Altruism, cooperative foraging, and hunting are examples of intraspecific interactions which can benefit populations. b. Competition between individuals in a population is the basis for evolution by natural selection. c. All interactions between individuals in a population have negative consequences. d. Some of the negative aspects of competition within populations can be "managed" by the use of territories and/or social structure.
All interactions between individuals in a population have negative consequences.
Which of the following lines of evidence would NOT be used in attempting to generate a phylogenetic tree for a group or organisms? Select one: a. Morphology b. Fossil evidence c. Histology and embryology d. Molecular biology e. All of the lines of evidence listed here may be helpful in determining a group's phylogeny.
All of the lines of evidence listed here may be helpful in determining a group's phylogeny.
Which of the following is true with respect to primary producers: Select one: a. On the surface of the Earth, primary producers are dominated by plants and algae. b. Chemolithotrophic bacteria, like those growing around seafloor vents, are primary producers. c. None of the statements listed here are true. d. Primary producers are all autotrophic (i.e. do not require previously formed organic matter). e. Only a relatively small proportion (about 10%) of total global primary production is actually consumed by primary consumers (herbivores). f. All of the statements listed here are true.
All of the statements listed here are true.
Match the following terms with the correct definition. Some items may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
An environmental or geographic gradient that may lead to differences in selection pressure. - Cline The modern theory of evolution that seems to be supported by the fossil record. The theory suggests that the rate of evolution can be rapid. - Neo Darwinian Theory (Punctuated Equilibrium) Polyploidy is an example of this form of speciation. - Sympatric Speciation The difference in beak shape of Darwin's finches was caused by this mechanism and resulted in a decrease in competition for food resources. - Character Displacement A mechanism that occurs during adaptive radiation in which phenotypes that allow individuals to live at the extreme edges of a niche are highly adaptive. - Character Displacement This form of sympatric speciation often results from the non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis - Polyploidy The theory of evolution as proposed by Darwin and Wallace. - Gradualism A form of speciation that requires a geographic barrier to gene flow. - Allopatric Speciation Local population of a particular species. - Deem This is an example of a mechanism that can genetically isolate populations during the process of speciation. - Seasonal Isolation
Which of the following statements is NOT true about angiosperms? Select one: a. Angiosperms represent the first evolutionary appearance of seed plants. b. Angiosperms can be broadly divided into 2 groups: monocots and dicots. c. Male and female reproductive parts are both found in the flower. d. They became the dominant plant in the fossil record during the Cretaceous period 135 million years ago.
Angiosperms represent the first evolutionary appearance of seed plants.
Match the terms with the most appropriate definition or statement. Responses can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Appendage modified for use as a feeding structure in the subphylum uniramia. → Mandible Evolution by a reduction in the number of segments and grouping the remaining segments according to their function. → Tagmetization Structure of all arthropods which requires that growth is always accompanied by molting. → Exoskeleton Bilaterially symmetrical larvae of echinoderms. → Trochophore Feature of hemichordates that will evolve into the pharyngeal slits found in all chordates. → Atrial pores Anatomy unique to echinoderms. → Water vascular system. An appendage modified for use as a pincer-like structure. → Chilicerae Structure utilized by terrestrial arthropods as a way of removing nitrogenous waste while conserving water. → Malpighian tubules Modern members of this phylum are ancestors of an evolutionary link between annelids and arthropods. → Onychophora Bilaterially symmetrical larvae of hemichordates. → Dipleurula
Which of the following is NOT an important milestone in the evolutionary history of vertebrates? Select one: a. Evolution of internal fertilization and complete development in the uterus. b. Evolution of tetrapody. c. Evolution of a cranium and bony vertebrae. d. Evolution of the amniotic (terrestrial) egg. e. Evolution of the jaw from gill arches.
Evolution of internal fertilization and complete development in the uterus.
Which of the following is NOT true of orographic effects on climate? Select one: a. Rainfall tends to increase as you move an air mass up slope on the windward side of a large mountain. b. The Mojave Desert is an example of an climate controlled in part by orographic effects. c. Relative to the windward side, the leeward side of a mountain is usually more arid (i.e. in a rain shadow). d. Arid regions are typically found on the windward side of major mountain ranges.
Arid regions are typically found on the windward side of major mountain ranges.
Which of the following is NOT a direct cause of genetic variation in populations: Select one: a. Mutations b. Crossing over c. Sexual reproduction d. Attributes accumulated during the life of an organism.
Attributes accumulated during the life of an organism.
Which of the following designs of bacteria would be LEAST likely to be Gram positive? 1 ,Bacteria with a plasma membrane only 2, Bacteria with a plasma membrane, cell wall, and layers of peptidoglycan. 3, Bacteria with a plasma membrane and cell wall 4, Bacteria with a very simple cell wall structure
Bacteria with a plasma membrane, cell wall, and layers of peptidoglycan.
Tell whether the statements relate to protostomes, deuterostomes, BOTH protostomes AND deuterostomes, or NEITHER protostomes nor deuterostomes. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Blastopore becomes anus; radial cleavage; mesoderm forms from pouches. → Deuterostomes Molluscs, annelids, and arthropods. → Protostomes Organisms that have a true coelom. → BOTH protostomes AND deuterostomes Acoelomate organisms such as tape worms and flukes. → Neither protostomes nor deuterostomes
Matching. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Body form with only single line of symmetry. - Bilateral symmetry Tissue layer of animals that is specifically adapted to line the body cavity and cover organs. - Mesoderm Tissue layer of animals that is specifically adapted to absorb nutrients. - Endoderm Condition in which both male and female gonads are found in one individual. - Hermaphroditic Body form with multiple lines of symmetry. - Radial Symmetry Tissue type found in animals that is specifically adapted to provide a protective outer surface. - Ectoderm (epidermis)
Match the organelle of protists with its correct function.
Can be modified for locomotion, food handling, or defense (or predation). - Cilia Regulates water concentration and dissolved waste products in the cell. - Contractile vacuole Digests food and eliminates solid waste to the environment. - Food vacuole Helps to maintain a hydrodynamic shape while the organism moves through the water. - Pellicle
Match the statement with the correct definition or term.
Carbon storage product resulting from the CAM cycle. - Malic or isocitric acid Site of oxaloacetate storage in C4 plants- bundle sheath cells Carbon storage product resulting from the C4 cycle. - Oxaloacetate Enzyme responsible for fixing CO2 in the CAM and the Hatch-Slack pathway - PEPase Structure that regulates the opening and closing of stomata.- Guard cells Enzyme responsible for fixing CO2 in the Calvin-Benson cycle. - RUBISCO (RuBP)
Match the following terms with the correct definition or statement. Each response is used once.
Category of bacteria capable of growth at low pH. - Acidophiles Kingdom of bacteria frequently found in extreme environmental conditions. - Archaebacteria Category of bacteria capable of growth in high salt concentrations. - Halophiles Category of bacteria capable of growth at high temperatures. - Thermophiles
By matching, tell whether the statements relate to the phylum Aschelminthyes, Annelida, Mollusca, or ALL three phyla. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Characterized by repeating, nearly identical segments. → Annelida Has ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm tissue. → Aschelminthyes, Annelida, and Molluska (ALL three phyla) Exhibits variable differentiation with respect to mantle, foot, and visceral mass. → Mollusca Has a pseudocoelom. → Aschelminthyes Has a closed, pressurized circulatory system (blood always in veins arteries). → Annelida Includes nematodes and rotifers. → Aschelminthyes
Place the following plant groups in evolutionary order (from oldest to more recent):
Chlorophyta (green algae) - 1 Bryophyta (mosses) - 2 Lycopsida (club mosses) - 3 Pteropsida (ferns) -4 Gymnosperms (conifers, gynkos, etc.) - 5 Angiosperms (flowering plants) -6
All chordates have 3 structures in common during some point in development: Notocord, hollow dorsal nerve cord, and pharngyl slits.
True
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ancestral and derived characteristics? Select one: a. Organisms with ancestral characteristics are usually placed closer to the root of a phylogenetic tree. b. Ancestral characteristics are primitive and derived characteristics are advanced. c. Classification of a morphological characteristic as ancestral or derived would not play a role in generating a phylogenetic tree. d. Organisms with derived characteristics are usually placed in the outer branches of a phylogenetic tree.
Classification of a morphological characteristic as ancestral or derived would not play a role in generating a phylogenetic tree.
All plants exhibit alternation of generation in which life forms alternate between haploid and diploid forms.
True
Which of the following statements is NOT true? Select one: a. Dissolved organic carbon is found in high concentrations in open ocean environments (i.e. far from continents). b. Dissolved organic material may stain water a yellow-brown color. c. Dissolved organic matter may lower the pH (making it more acidic) of aquatic ecosystems. d. The penetration of light may be greatly reduced in aquatic ecosystems with high concentrations of dissolved organic matter. e. Dissolved organic material is formed from the decomposition of plant material in soils and bogs.
Dissolved organic carbon is found in high concentrations in open ocean environments (i.e. far from continents).
Place the following taxonomic categories in order from the most general to most specific
Domain - 1 Kingdom - 2 Phylum (division for plants) - 3 Class - 4 Order - 5 Family - 6 Genus - 7 Species - 8
Match the terms with the most appropriate definition or phrase. All of the responses are used.
Domain of organisms that has a low level of complexity and is noted by the absence of cellular organelles. - Prokaryota A group of bacteria named for the type of environment they typically inhabit. - Archaebacteria Exchange of genetic material between bacteria that is aided by retroviruses. - Transduction Exchange of genetic material between bacteria that involves the formation of a bridge. - Conjugation Exchange of genetic material between bacteria by picking up material from the environment. - Transformation Domain of organisms that has a high level of complexity and is noted by the presence of cellular organelles. - Eukaryota
Which of the following is NOT true of the Mona Loa atmospheric carbon dioxide record? Select one: a. The saw-tooth pattern represents seasonal variation in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. b. Upward trends in the saw-tooth pattern represent net ecosystem respiration in the northern hemisphere. c. Downward trends in the saw-tooth pattern occur during the northern hemisphere winter. d. There is an overall increasing trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the period of record.
Downward trends in the saw-tooth pattern occur during the northern hemisphere winter.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding gas exchange in leaves? Select one: a. Due to active transport, gas exchange is not dependant upon the size of the surface area of the spongy mesophyll. b. Gas exchange must cccur across a thin film of water on mesophyll membranes. c. The opening and closing of stomata regulate exchange of gases between the leaf and the atmosphere. d. Transport of gases is dependant upon diffusion. e. Closed stomata will cause O2 to increase and CO2 to decrease in the leaf.
Due to active transport, gas exchange is not dependant upon the size of the surface area of the spongy mesophyll.
According to the pressure flow model of transport.... Select one: a. None of these statements are true. b. Sources and sinks may be NOT be interchangeable in a plant based on differences..in the relative size of production and utilization of photosynthetic products. c. During photosynthesis the leaves constitute the sink and the root cortex constitutes the source. d. Solute is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the osmotic pressure needed to transport water. e. Solutes move from a lower concentration in the source to a higher concentration in the sink.
During photosynthesis the leaves constitute the sink and the root cortex constitutes the source.
Anthrax is an example of an endospore-forming bacteria. Select one: True False
True
Which statement is NOT true with respect to endosymbiosis? Select one: a. Endosymbiosis explains the evolutionary origin of eucaryotes. b. Endosymbiosis is supproted by the fact that genetic material is found in organelles such as mitrchondria. c. Endosymbiosis is supproted by the fact that some organelles are roughly the size as bacteria in divide using a similar method. d. Endosymbiosis explains the origin of sub-cellular fungi such as Plasmodium. e. Endosymbiosis is supproted by the fact that bacteria grow symbiotically inside modern groups of Archaezoans.
Endosymbiosis explains the origin of sub-cellular fungi such as Plasmodium.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of energy and ecosystems: Select one: a. The ultimate source of energy for most of Earth's ecosystems is the sun. b. The "cost of doing business" for an organism describes energy used for metabolism (digestion, temperature regulation, respiration, etc), excretion, energy cost of looking for food, etc. c. The second law of thermodynamics limits the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels. d. Energy lost from an ecosystem as heat can be recaptured by organisms at certain trophic levels.
Energy lost from an ecosystem as heat can be recaptured by organisms at certain trophic levels.
Which of the statements is NOT true regarding the EFFICIENCY of energy transfer between adjacent trophic levels? Select one: a. The low relative abundance of top carnivores on Earth is a function of inefficient energy transfer between trophic levels. b. The efficiency of energy transfer between adjacent trophic levels is limited by laws of thermodynamics and an organism's cost of doing business. c. Photosynthesis is relatively inefficient because much of the solar energy striking the Earth is not available to plants. d. Energy transfer between primary consumers and secondary consumers is relatively efficient (>10%) because of the high caloric content and high digestibility of meat. e. Energy transfer between plants and primary consumers is relatively efficient ( about 5%) because of the high caloric content and high digestibility of plant material.
Energy transfer between plants and primary consumers is relatively efficient ( about 5%) because of the high caloric content and high digestibility of plant material.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. Equitorial areas of the earth are generally warmer because there is little seasonal variation in solar energy. In addition, solar energy per unit surface area of the earth is higher than in polar regions. b. Polar regions are colder because the 23.5 degree tilt of the earth's axis greatly reduces solar energy during the winter months. c. Polar regions are colder because the solar energy per unit surface area of the earth is less than that of equitorial regions. d. Equitorial regions are generally warmer because a given amount of solar energy is distributed over a much larger surface area of the earth (i.e. lower solar energy per unit surface area of the Earth).
Equitorial regions are generally warmer because a given amount of solar energy is distributed over a much larger surface area of the earth (i.e. lower solar energy per unit surface area of the Earth).
Categorize the following ecosystem processes with respect to materials cycles. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Evapotranspiration of water from a forest canopy. A molecule of water, on average, spends 3,000 years in the ocean. The Antarctic ice cap relative to the hydrologic cycle. Respiration of organic matter by microbes in the leaf litter of a forest. Methane gas hydrate in the ocean sediment.
Evapotranspiration of water from a forest canopy - Flux A molecule of water, on average, spends 3,000 years in the ocean - Turnover Time The Antarctic ice cap relative to the hydrologic cycle - Reservoir Respiration of organic matter by microbes in the leaf litter of a forest - Flux Methane gas hydrate in the ocean sediment - Reservoir
"r" strategists compete by having a higher level of efficiency. They tend to have a low growth rate and high body mass. Select one: True False
False
A change in community composition across an ecocline is termed succession.
False
An example of the importance of temperature in regulating aquatic ecosystems is illustrated by the very low productivity and low species richness observed in polar seas.
False
Common sources of genetic variability other than mutations can provide NEW alleles to a population. Select one: True False
False
Crossing over during meiosis over can provide an important source of NEW alleles to a population Select one: True False
False
Ecoclines are defined as a change in community composition over time.
False
Evolution of the vertebrate lung first occurred in amphibians.
False
In aquatic ecosystems, the highest rate of net primary production and the highest amount of biomass is observed in open ocean ecosystems.
False
Low species diversity and a low degree of species equitability are often characteristics of very stable ecosystems.
False
Mendel used his knowledge of chromosomes to develop the modern theory of inheritance. Select one: True False
False
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a high solute concentration to a low solute concentration. Select one:
False
Permanent plant tissue includes all of the following types of cells: Xylem, phloem, meristematic tissue, and epidermis.
False
Photosynthetic pigments are specifically designed to reflect light
False
The competitive exclusion principal dictates that species may commonly occupy the same realized niche space in nature.
False
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is known with complete certainty. Select one: True False
False
The history of Earth is dominated by climate stability.
False
The opening and closing of stomata is regulated by the need for CO2 during carbon fixation.
False
Under normal dominance, a particular phenotype may result from only one genotype. Select one: True False
False
Viruses are metabolically active prior to the infection of a host.
False
With respect to plants, most of the evolutionary adaptations for life in terrestrial environments occur in the gametophyte forms. Select one: True False
False
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the genetics of sex in humans? Male genotypes are homozygous for sex characteristics Female genotypes are homozygous for sex characteristics Males have lower probability than females of having sex-linked disabilities
Female genotypes are homozygous for sex characteristics
Mendel's ______ law states that elements of inheritance (genes) remain distinct and unchanged (no blending) when new gametes are formed. Select one: a. Ultimate b. Unified c. First d. Second
First
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of spermopsida? Select one: a. Reduced gametophyte phase b. Production of seeds c. Use of pollen as the male gamete. d. Flagellated male gamete (sperm)
Flagellated male gamete (sperm)
Put the following Earth history events in the correct order
Formation of Earth - 1 Appearance of a reducing atmosphere - 2 First acculturation of SIMPLE organic compounds - 3 First accumulation of complex macromolecules via polymerization - 4 Appearance of the first bacteria-like fermenting organisms - 5 Appearance of first organisms using non-cyclic photosynthesis - 6 Formation of an atmosphere with oxygen - 7 Appearance of first bacteria-like organisms using aerobic respiration -8
The genetic copmosition of an organism is referred to as it's ___________. Select one: a. Genotype b. Blood Type c. Phenotype d. Dagurotype
Genotype
Match the following terms with the appropriate sentence or phrase that describes it. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Groupings of 3 consecutive nucleotides code for the same amino acid in ALL organisms on earth. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that code for a specific protein linked to a recognizable inherited characteristic. Chromosomes (one provided by each parent) which usually code for identical genetic characteristics. This represents a diploid condition. The genetic molecule in ALL organisms on earth. Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
Groupings of 3 consecutive nucleotides code for the same amino acid in ALL organisms on earth. - Triplet Code A sequence of DNA nucleotides that code for a specific protein linked to a recognizable inherited characteristic. - Gene Chromosomes (one provided by each parent) which usually code for identical genetic characteristics. This represents a diploid condition. - Homologous Pair The genetic molecule in ALL organisms on earth. - DNA Specific location of a gene on a chromosome. - Locus
Which of the following is an example of primary succession? Select one: a. Growth of a rainforest on the slopes of a volcano in Costa Rica. b. Growth of an oak-maple forest on an abandoned corn field in Pennsylvania. c. Reestablishment of an aspen forest in an avalanche chute in Montana. d. Pine forest returning after a forest fire in California.
Growth of a rainforest on the slopes of a volcano in Costa Rica.
A genotype is said to be ________ when an individual has 2 different alleles for a particular genetic characteristic (e.g. Rr). Select one: a. Heterozygous b. Homozygous c. Allopatric d. Sympatric
Heterozygous
A genotype is said to be ________ when an individual has 2 identical alleles for a particular genetic characteristic (e.g. RR). Select one: a. Allopatric b. Homozygous c. Sympatric d. Heterozygous
Homozygous
Tell whether the statement is most closely related to water movement in the following plant structures: Xylem, Phloem, Apoplast, or all three.
Hydrogen bonding (cohesion between water molecules)is critical to this transport - Xylem Transport Involves osmosis - All 3 Transpiration is critical to transport through this structure. - Xylem Transport Movement of water through the spaces between root cortex cells - Water Movement via the apoplast Uses a molecular pump to change osmotic potential - Phloem Transport Moves water and products of photosynthesis(sugars) - Phloem Transport
Prions are Infectious strands of genetic material found in the environment Self-replicating proteins that cause diseases such as Kuru and Mad Cow disease A group of ciliated protists A group of dinoflagellates
Self-replicating proteins that cause diseases such as Kuru and Mad Cow disease
Which of the following is NOT true of Batesian mimicry? In this form of mimicry, both populations serve as model and mimic It is exemplified by swallowtail butterflies It arises as a result of coevolution It consists of separate model and mimic populations
In this form of mimicry, both populations serve as model and mimic
The following question relates to the 5 fundamental foundation points of evolution by natural selection. Match the related sentences or phrases. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Individuals in a populations differ substantially with respect to physical appearance and physiology. Variations that occur among individuals in a population are inherited. Variations among individuals in a population means that these individuals do not have the same level of fitness. More offspring are produced than can be supported by the environment. Less fit individuals tend to produce less offspring.
Individuals in a populations differ substantially with respect to physical appearance and physiology. - Phenotypic variability in populations Variations that occur among individuals in a population are inherited. - Phenotypic variations are heritable Variations among individuals in a population means that these individuals do not have the same level of fitness. - differential adaptiveness More offspring are produced than can be supported by the environment. - Excess progeny leads to intense competition for scarce resources Less fit individuals tend to produce less offspring. - Differential reproductive success
Which of the following is NOT a step in the lytic cycle. Select one: a. Replication and transcription of the viral genome. b. Release of new viruses, possibly due to host cell lysis. c. Assembly of new virus particles. d. Insertion of viral DNA into the host chromosome. e. Attachment to the host cell membrane.
Insertion of viral DNA into the host chromosome.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic exclusive to vertebrate chordates? Select one: a. Myelin sheath covering nerve fibers. b. An elaboration of tissue types not seen in other animals. c. Internal skeleton which develops around the notocord. d. Internal fertilization and complete development in the uterus. e. A tail f. A gland for the storage and delivery of iodine.
Internal fertilization and complete development in the uterus.
Which of the following is not true of genetic drift It is a form of neutral selection It represents random changes in allele frequency It is a form of natural selection It can be caused by genetic bottlenecks It can be caused by founder effects
It is a form of natural selection
Which is NOT true with respect to a phylogeny: It is rooted with the taxonomic group with the most ancestral characteristics It is a record of the evolutionary history of related taxonomic groups It is known for certainty for most taxonomic groups Taxonomic groups with the most derived characteristics are typically placed farthest from the base of the phylogeny It should form the basis for taxonomic classification of organisms
It is known for certainty for most taxonomic groups
An intrinsic isolating mechanism plays what role in speciation? These mechanisms are responsible for the geographic barriers to gene flow It promotes genetic isolation of the new species by reducing or eliminating hybridization These mechanisms are responsible for increasing gene flow between populations It always operates to physically separate new and old populations
It promotes genetic isolation of the new species by reducing or eliminating hybridization
Which of the following characteristics of chordates is NOT present during some point in their development. Select one: a. Notocord b. Hollow dorsal nerve cord c. Larvae are bilateral and motile while the adults are radial and sedentary. d. Pharyngeal slits
Larvae are bilateral and motile while the adults are radial and sedentary.
Which of the following is NOT true of the early evolution of life on earth? Select one: a. Natural selection played an important role in the evolution of early life. b. The triplet code is the same for ALL organisms on earth. c. Life on earth is polyphyletic, meaning that it evolved numerous times from different prebionts during (i.e. the phylogenit tree has many different roots). d. Evolution has produced an increase in the diversity (number) of organisms through time. e. All organisms are based on genetic material composed of nucleic acids (mainly DNA).
Life on earth is polyphyletic, meaning that it evolved numerous times from different prebionts during (i.e. the phylogenit tree has many different roots).
Why are there generally so few top carnivores in any given ecosystem? Select one: a. They are usually hunted into extinction. b. Little energy available for organisms at the top of the trophic pyramid. c. Biological magnification leads to greater mortality (from toxicity) at higher trophic levels. d. The digestibility of prey items decreases as the trophic levels increases.
Little energy available for organisms at the top of the trophic pyramid.
Match the following statements with the correct terms. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Made mostly of a compound called chitin. Must be shed for growth to occur. → Exoskeleton A group of extinct arthropods. → Trilobita Excretes waste products in terrestrial arthropods. → Malpighian tubule The most successful arthropod group (based on numbers of species) which is mostly terrestrial and often capable of flight. → Insecta Evolutionary mechanism of arthropods in which segments are grouped together into head, thorax, or abdomen. → Tagmetization
Which of the following statements is NOT true about gymnosperms? Select one: a. Gymnosperms represent the first evolutionary appearance of seeds. b. Megaphyllous leaves rolled into needles. c. Male and female reproductive structures (gametangia) combined in a single structure. d. Male and female reproductive structures (gametangia) located in separate cones.
Male and female reproductive structures (gametangia) combined in a single structure.
Match the answers to the appropriate statement. An answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Maximum sustainable population size for a given resource base "r max" In this model the plot of ln(N) vs. time is a straight line with slope equal to r In this model "r" = r max * [(k-n)/k] In this model "r" is constant and typically equals "r max"
Maximum sustainable population size for a given resource base - Carrying Capacity, K "r max" - intrinsic growth rate In this model the plot of ln(N) vs. time is a straight line with slope equal to r - Exponential growth In this model "r" = r max * [(k-n)/k] - Logistic Growth In this model "r" is constant and typically equals "r max" - exponential growth
Match whether the statements refer to: Endosymbiont hypothesis, Ciliate hypothesis, or the Plakula hypothesis.
May explain the evolution of organisms having both endoderm and ectoderm tissue. - Plakula hypothesis May explain the evolutionary origin of eumetazoans (multicellular organisms) from multinucleate protistans. - Ciliate hypothesis Supported by the fact that mitochondria have DNA and are roughly the size of bacteria. - Endosymbiont hypothesis May explain the evolutionary progression from prokaryotes (monera) to eucaryotes. - Endosymbiont hypothesis
Aerobic respiration can produce up to 16x more oxygen per mole of glucose than fermentation
True
Use matching to tell..whether the statements refer to: the Endosymbiont hypothesis, the Ciliate hypothesis, or the Plakula hypothesis. Hypotheses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
May explain the evolutionary origin of eumetazoans (multicellular organisms) from multinucleate protistans. → Ciliate hypothesis May explain the evolutionary progression from prokaryotes (monera) to eucaryotes. → Endosymbiont hypothesis This hypothesis is supported by the fact that many ciliates have a macronucleus and multiple micronuclei. → Ciliate hypothesis May explain the evolution of organisms having both endoderm and ectoderm tissue. → Plakula
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to the evolution of tetrapody. Select one: a. Tetrapody likely evolved from a group of lobefin fish with lungs. b. The coelacanth is thought to be the only living ancestor of the group that gave rise to tetrapods. c. Modern lungfish are thought to be ancestors of the group that gave rise to tetrapody. d. The homology of bone structures in fins and appendages of early tetrapods provides strong evidence for its evolutionary origin.
Modern lungfish are thought to be ancestors of the group that gave rise to tetrapody.
Which of the following sources of mortality would NOT be an example of density dependent limitation on a population: Select one: a. Mortality due to the effects of an exceptionally harsh winter storm. b. Mortality due to an infectious disease. c. Mortality due to predation. d. Mortality from starvation.
Mortality due to the effects of an exceptionally harsh winter storm.
Use matching to tell whether the statement is related to: Agnatha (e.g. hagfish), Chondrichthyes (e.g. sharks), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia, or Reptilia. Responses can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Most of the common modern fish are representative of this group. → Osteichthyes (bony fish) Jaws present but no true bone (only a cartilagineous skeleton). → Chondrichthyes (e.g. sharks) Cartilagineous skeleton and no functional jaw. → Agnatha (e.g. hagfish) Produces an amniotic egg. → Reptilia Metamorphosis during development; juveniles are aquatic but adults are terrestrial. → Amphibia
Match the following
Multicellular and often differentiated into holdfast, stipe, blade, etc. NOT evolutionarily related to land plants - phaeophyta (Brown algae) Single celled or colonial with pill-box design and silica deposited in cell wall - Chrysophytes (Diatoms) Single or multicellular; stores energy as starch, has centrioles, photosynthetic pigments are similar to land - chlorophytes (green algae) Paired flagella, important in marine primary production, may be photo-luminescent - pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Blue green algae are an example of photosynthetic eubacteria. Select one: True False
True
Which of the following prebionts has demonstrated ability to store genetic information AND synthesize organic matter? Select one: a. Naked RNA b. Coacervate bodies c. Proteinoid microspheres d. Anaerobic bacteria
Naked RNA
Match the following with the correct type of population interaction. A "+" means that a population benefits, a "-" indicates that a population is harmed, a "0" means that the interaction of populations has no effect. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Neutralism Parasitism Commensalism Symbiosis or mutualism
Neutralism (0,0) Parasitism (+,-) Commensalism (+,0) Symbiosis or mutualism (+,+)
Which of the following is probably NOT true regarding the origin or organic carbon on Earth? Organic carbon was generated on Earth during the formation of the moon The first organic compounds were simple and later polymerized to form more complex macromolecules Organic carbon was formed on Earth through the interaction of common energy sources and compounds found in the atmosphere Organic carbon was transported to Earth via extra-terrestrial objects such as asteroids and comets
Organic carbon was generated on Earth during the formation of the moon
Which of the following statements regarding the origin of organic carbon on earth is NOT correct? Select one: a. Standley and Uray performed experiments to determine whether simple organic compounds could have been generated on the earth under early environmental conditions. b. Simple organic compounds probably accummulated in the oceans of earth over long periods of time (100s of millions of years). c. Simple organic compounds can be generated from energy sources and inorganic compounds thought to have been present in Earth's early atmosphere. d. Organic carbon was present on the earth since its origin 4.6 billion years ago. e. Organic carbon could have been accummulated through intense bombardment by asteroids and comets.
Organic carbon was present on the earth since its origin 4.6 billion years ago.
Which of the following statement is NOT true? Select one: a. Over the past 160,000 years, changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide have resulted in global scale changes in Earth's climate. b. Aerosols in the earth's atmosphere can reflect solar radiation, resulting in global scale cooling. c. The greenhouse gas found in greatest concentration in Earth's atmosphere is water vapor. d. The Milankovitch Cycle describes long term changes in solar radiation due to our Earth's orbital dynamics around the sun and wobble on its rotational axis. e. A decrease in solar activity (i.e. decrease in sunspot activity) may have been responsible for one of the largest changes in global climate in the past 1,000 years (i.e. Maunder Minimum).
Over the past 160,000 years, changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide have resulted in global scale changes in Earth's climate.
Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas? Select one: a. Oxygen b. Methane c. Water vapor d. Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Match the statement or description with the appropriate group of protists.
Paired flagella; important in marine primary production; may be photo-luminescent. - Pyrrhophyta (Dinoflagellates) Single celled or colonial with candy box design and silica deposited in cell wall. - Chrysophytes (Diatoms) Multicellular and often differentiated into holdfast, stipe, blade, etc. NOT evolutionarily related to land plants. - Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Single or multicellular; stores energy as starch; has centrioles; photosynthetic pigments similar to land plants. - Chlorophytes (Green Algae)
Match the plant tissue with the appropriate statement or description. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Permanent tissue that moves water and dissolved organic substances up AND down. - Phloem Permanent tissue that provides a protective covering on plants. - Epidermis Undifferentiated tissue responsible for primary growth (i.e. length). - Apical Meristem Permanent tissue that moves water and dissolved inorganic substances up. - Xylem Permanent tissue that provides support. - Schlerenchyma Permanent tissue that provides support. - Vascular cambium or laterial meristem
The actual physical expression (appearance) of an organism's genetic composition is referred to as it's __________. Select one: a. Phenotype b. Dagurotype c. Genotype d. Blood type
Phenotype
With respect to elemental cycles which of the following is NOT correct: Select one: a. Freshwater represents a MINOR fraction of all the water in the hydrologic cycle. b. Diffusion is a major flux that moves carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the ocean. c. The units of "flux" is mass per unit time. d. Photosynthesis is a flux that returns carbon from plants material to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. e. The largest carbon reservoir on Earth is found in marine sediments.
Photosynthesis is a flux that returns carbon from plants material to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Which of the following does NOT provide evidence that plants evolved from green algae (e.g. division Chlorophyta)? Select one: a. Plants and green algae both have chlorophyll a, b, and carotinoid. b. Plants and green algae both have cell walls composed of cellulose. c. Plants and green algae have cell walls composed of silicon. d. Plants and green algae both produce starch as a storage product. e. Plants and green algae both have centrioles.
Plants and green algae have cell walls composed of silicon.
Place the following classes into the correct phylum. Names of phyla may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Polychaeta - Annelida Oligochaeta - Annelida Bivalvia - Mollusca Gastropods - Mollusca Cephalopoda - Mollusca Nematodes and rotifers - Aschelminthyes
Match the following: Prevents an electron deficit in the photo-system by splitting water Does NOT produce molecular oxygen as a byproduct The photo-system contains a variety of pigments which are designed to capture photons from a band of the visible spectrum of light Formed in primitive photosynthesis prokaryotes (bacteria)
Prevents an electron deficit in the photo-system by splitting water - non cyclic photosynthesis Does NOT produce molecular oxygen as a byproduct - cyclic photosynthesis The photo-system contains a variety of pigments which are designed to capture photons from a band of the visible spectrum of light - Both cyclic and non cyclic photosynthesis Formed in primitive photosynthesis prokaryotes (bacteria) - cyclic photosynthesis
Colonization of terrestrial ecosystems posed serious problems for aquatic plants. Match the problem with the solution provided by plant evolution. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Problem of protecting delicate reproductive structures in an environment subject to rapid change. - Jacket cells or other protective structures associated with the gametangia of plants Problem associated with evaporative water loss through parts of plant exposed to air. - Waxy cuticle Problems associated with lack of support when growing in air. - Vascular system Problems obtaining and moving water and nutrients in plants. - Vascular system
Match the following terms with the appropriate sentence or phrase that describes it. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Process an organism might use to repair cell damage. Crossing over can occur during this event. The new cells produced are genetically identical to the original cell. Metamorphosis Always results in a 50% reduction in chromosome number. Used to form gametes such as egg and sperm.
Process an organism might use to repair cell damage. - Mitosis Crossing over can occur during this event. - Meiosis The new cells produced are genetically identical to the original cell. - Mitosis Always results in a 50% reduction in chromosome number. - Meiosis Used to form gametes such as egg and sperm. - Meiosis
Which of the following statements is NOT true of proxy records of climate? Select one: a. Fossilized shorelines can be used to indicate relative changes in sealevel, thus providing a proxy record for global climate. b. Fossil records of microorganisms such as foraminiferans, radiolarians, and diatoms in dated marine sediments can provide a proxy record of past climatic conditions. c. Proxy records of climate are frequently not necessary because there are often direct observations of past climatic conditions. d. Remains of plants in rodent middens (burrows) can provide a proxy record of past climatic conditions. e. Air bubbles in ice cores can provide a direct measurement of past atmospheric composition (as opposed to being a proxy record of atmospheric composition).
Proxy records of climate are frequently not necessary because there are often direct observations of past climatic conditions.
Which of the following factors is NOT responsible for populations most often being distributed in clumps? Select one: a. The fact that resources are distributed heterogeneously in nature. b. A population's method of reproduction. c. Random distributions of individuals in a population. d. Advantages to individuals which are distributed in clumps (e.g. parental behavior, defense, feeding, etc.).
Random distributions of individuals in a population.
Match each statement with the appropriate mechanism of speciation
Responsible for the radiation of Darwin's finches species on the Galapagos islands-Sympatric speciation Speciation by polyploidy or character displacement-Sympatric speciation Can result in divergent speciation-Both allopatric and Sympatric speciation Evolution promoted by physical barriers such as plate .... And continental drift-Allopatric Speciation
Albedo, a measure of the reflectivity of the earth's surface, can be an important factor in the planet's heat budget.
True
When a gene for a non-sex characteristic is carried on the X or Y chromosome, it is said to be ... Select one: a. Cuff-Linked b. Phenotype-Linked c. Sex-Linked d. Allele-Linked
Sex-Linked
Which of the following is NOT true about polymerization of organic carbon? Select one: a. Evaporation of tidal pools and ponds could have aided polymerization by increasing the concentration of reactants. b. Minerals such as mica and clay can aid polymerization by helping to orient the reactants. c. Living organisms can polymerization simple organic compounds into macromolecules through the aid of enzymes. d. Simple organic carbon polymerized to form Earth's first living organisms. e. Polymerization is the process of combining simple organic compounds to form complex organic compounds like macromolecules.
Simple organic carbon polymerized to form Earth's first living organisms.
Match the terms with the correct definition.
Structures with similar appearance but not derived from a common ancestor. - Analogous Structures The evolutionary history of a particular taxonomic group. - Phylogeny Accumulation of heritable differences by closely related species or groups of organisms. Process which leads to speciation. - Divergent Evolution Structures in different species that have a similar appearance and are derived from a common ancestor. - Homologous Structures The discipline of naming and classifying organisms. - Taxonomy or Systematics Organisms not closely related evolve similar structures due to similar selection pressure. - Convergent Evolution
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the early evolution of life on earth ? 1, All organisms are based on genetic material composed of nucleic acids 2, Natural selection played an important role in the evolution of early life 3, Evolution has produced an increase in the diversity of organisms through time 4, Successful life probably evolved numerous times from different probionts during early evolution
Successful life probably evolved numerous times from different probionts during early evolution
Punctuated equilibrium: Is the classical definition of evolution as described by Darwin and Wallace Is evolution by slow and steady process Is NOT supported by the fossil record Is the neo-impressionist theory of evolution Suggests that evolution may occur in rapid spurts separated by long periods of equilibrium
Suggests that evolution may occur in rapid spurts separated by long periods of equilibrium
Math the term with the most appropriate description or definition.
Term describes the exchange of genetic material between adjacent bacteria via a cytoplasmic bridge - conjugation Exchange of genetic material between bacteria with the help of a virus- transduction Exchange of genetic material among bacteria by picking it up from the environment - transformation Simplest domain of living organisms - prokaryotes Domain of living organisms containing organelles- eukaryotes Kingdom of bacteria known for their ability to inhabit harsh environmental conditions - archaebacteria
Which of the following would NOT be considered examples of a high degree of physical structure and complexity in aquatic ecosystems? Select one: a. The abyssal plain on the bottom of the ocean floor. b. Reef structures. c. A rocky intertidal zone. d. Floating and submerged vegetation around the edges of a lake.
The abyssal plain on the bottom of the ocean floor.
Which of the following statement is NOT true of..industrial melanism? Select one: a. It represents a form of directional selection. b. It was observed in moth populations in England during the beginning of the industrial revolution. c. It is an adaptation that resulted in protective coloration. d. It resulted because of darker colored moths..were consumed less frequently by predators. e. The dark coloration resulted in a decrease in fitness.
The dark coloration resulted in a decrease in fitness.
Match the following terms with the appropriate description. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
The diploid and haploid life forms are identical in appearance. - Isomorphic This life form of plants is "1n" and produces gametes.- Gametophyte Form of reproduction in which the female gamete (egg) is larger and fixed in one place. The male gamete is smaller and motile through the use of flagella. - Oogamy The male and female gametes are different in appearance. - Heterogamous The diploid and haploid life forms are different in overall appearance.- Heteromorphic Both the male and female gametes are identical in appearance (and often flagellated). - Isogamous
Match the term with the best description or definition.
The dipole moment of water causes it to stick to the walls of the xylem. - Adhesion Water molecules form hydrogen bonds due to their dipole moment. - Cohesion Region of sieve tube being UNLOADED with water and sugar. - Sink Region Region of sieve tube being LOADED with water and sugar. - Source Region As water is evaporated from the leaf, the solute concentration increases. Water moves from the xylem to the leaf via osmosis. - Tension Water evaporates from leaves through the stomata. - Transpiration
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the formation of the moon via the Big Splash? Select one: a. Increased magnetic field of the earth and a subsequent reduction in cosmic radiation at its surface. b. Stabilization of the earth's obliquity and causing a 23 degree tilt. c. Slowing the rotation of the earth from 8 to 24 hours. d. Generation of tidal cycles. e. Formation of the Pacific Basin f. The first appearance of life on Earth.
The first appearance of life on Earth.
The two main equations of the Hardy-Weinberg are p^2+2pq+q^2=1 and p+q=1 The frequency of p+q in a population must be less than 100% 2pq is the frequency of the heterozygote genotype in the population p2 represents the frequency of one of the homozygous genotypes in the population P and q represent the frequency of two different alleles in the population
The frequency of p+q in a population must be less than 100%
Which of the following statements is NOT true with respect to plant gametophytes and sporophytes? Select one: a. The gametophyte form is haploid and produces gametes via mitosis. b. The sporophyte form is diploid and produces spores via meiosis. c. Dominance of the gametophyte form is a primitive evolutionary condition in plants. d. The sporophyte form produces spores via mitosis. e. All plants exhibit some form of alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte forms.
The sporophyte form produces spores via mitosis.
Which of the following is NOT true of radiolarians and foraminiferians: Select one: a. They are significant parasites in many under-developed countries. b. They are classified in the group sarcodinia which includes amoeba. c. They are a type of amoeba that form a hard shell d. They are an important component of marine sediments and can be used to reconstruct past climate. e. They can feed using a process called phagocytosis.
They are significant parasites in many under-developed countries.
Which of the following is NOT true of radiolarians and foraminifera 1,They feed using a process called phagocytosis 2,They are classified in the group sarcodinia with includes ameba 3,They are significant parasites in many underdeveloped countries 4,They are an important component of marine sediments and can be used to reconstruct past climate 5,They are a type of amoeba that form a hard shell
They are significant parasites in many underdeveloped countries
Match the description or definition with the appropriate phrase...Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
This process generates free O2 and electrons for the P680 molecule of Photosystem - Non Cyclic Photosynthesis This is the site of the dark reactions in the chloroplast. - Stroma This is one of the primary products of the light reactions of photosynthesis. - ATP Biochemical reactions involved in carbon fixation (dark reaction). - Calvin Benson Cycle Light reaction found in eucaryotes. - Non Cyclic Photosynthesis A compound which provides energy for biochemical reactions within all cells. - ATP A specific segment of the solar spectrum which can be utilized in photosynthesis. - PAR This is said to be the most abundant enzyme on earth and is involved in the initial stages carbon fixation. - RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) This is the site of the light reactions in the chloroplast. - Thylakoid Membrane (Granna) Type of photosynthesis found in primitive bacteria. - Cyclic Photosynthesis
Tell whether the statements relate to the following phyla: Cnidaria (Hydra, corals jellyfish), Acoelomates (planarian, flukes, proboscis worms, etc.), or Porifora (sponges). Phyla may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Thought to be evolutionarily related to ciliates through its planula larval form. - Cnidaria (Hydra, corals jellyfish) Only have ectoderm and endoderm; Often polymorphic with polyp and medusa stages. - Cnidaria (Hydra, corals jellyfish) Sessile filter feeder with flagellated collar cells. - Porifora (Sponges) Contains groups which are highly adapted to parasitic life in the digestive or circulatory systems of vertebrates. - Acoelomates (planarian, flukes, proboscis worms, etc.) First evolutionary appearance of mesoderm and a complete digestive tract occurred in this group. -Acoelomates (planarian, flukes, proboscis worms, etc.)
Match the terms with the most appropriate phrase or definition. Each is used only once.
Transcription - Host's biochemical machinery translates the viral genome and assembles new viruses Viral Genome - May be double or single stranded DNA or RNA Capsid - Protein Coat Attachment - Facilitated by receptor proteins on the virus and the host cell membrane Lytic Cycle - Viral reproduction that does NOT include placing its genetic material into the host chromosome Lysogenic Cycle - Viral reproduction that includes placing its genetic material into the host chromosome
"Mark and Recapture" methods may be used to determine population size. Select one: True False
True
A conservative morphological characteristic is one that only evolves very slowly and in response to very high selection pressure. Select one: True False
True
A phenotype is defined as the actual manifestation of a genetic characteristic in an individual Select one: True False
True
A population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species that share space and time. Select one: True False
True
A true coelom is defined by the presence of a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.
True
A watershed is defined as the land surface that contributes water and chemical constituents to an aquatic ecosystem.
True
In the most primitive chordates (urochordates), only the larval form may have bilateral symmetry and all of the distinctive chordate characteristics (e.g. notochord, dorsal nerve).
True
Lakes such as Crater Lake, Oregon have very little dissolved or particulate material because the size of the surrounding watershed is so small relative to the size of the lake.
True
Natural selections occurs at the level of the individual; evolution occurs at the level of the population. Select one: True False
True
Prebionts are NOT living organisms but have some of the properties that we attribute to life. Select one: True False
True
Prions are self-replicating proteins responsible for diseases such as Mad Cow Disease and Kuru.
True
Protista are often referred to as acellular because their many organelles allow them to function like more complex multicellular organisms. Select one: True False
True
Sex linked characteristics occur most frequently in males because they only have one copy of the damaged X chromosome. Select one: True False
True
Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that is usually driven by mate selection by the female of a species Select one: True False
True
The Hatch-Slack and CAM pathways for carbon fixation are adaptations of the Calvin-Benson cycle designed to reduce water stress in plants.
True
The accumulation of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is probably the most critical event in the evolution of multicellular organisms. Select one: True False
True
The amount of "structure" found in a community will help regulate the amount of species richness (e.g. biodiversity).
True
The endosymbiont hypothesis explains the evolutionary progression from prokaryotes (monera) to eukaryotes
True
The greatest degree of interaction between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems can be observed in bogs and salt marshes.
True
The location of certain biomes on Earth can can be accurately predicted using only 2 variables: rainfall and temperature.
True
The physical structure of a community is often determined by the plant community and abiotic components (i.e landscape, geology, etc.).
True
The result of most mutation is a decrease in the fitness of an organism. Select one: True False
True
The spongy mesophyll in leaves is the site of photosynthesis.
True
True or False Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) corresponds approximately to visible wavelengths of light
True
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to niches: Select one: a. Two or more populations frequently occupy identical niches in nature. b. A niche is an N dimensional hyperspace. c. A niche may be defined by almost any parameter relevant to a particular species. d. A realized niche can never be larger than a fundamental niche.
Two or more populations frequently occupy identical niches in nature.
Use matching to tell whether the statements relate to: the Radiate group, the Annelida, the Mollusca, or ALL three groups. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Variable differentiation with respect to mantle, foot, and visceral mass. → Mollusca Have no coelom. → Radiate group Have only ectoderm and endoderm tissue. → Radiate group Has a closed, pressurized circulatory system (blood always in veins arteries). → Annelida Characterized by repeating, nearly identical segments. → Annelida
Which of the following characteristic is NOT common in dicot angiosperms? Select one: a. Leaf venation is net-like. b. Flowers have petals in multiples of 4s and 5s. c. Vascular tissue in the stem is scattered and random rather than being organized into bundles. d. The presence of vascular cambium allows stems to grow in girth (like trees).
Vascular tissue in the stem is scattered and random rather than being organized into bundles.
Which of the following statements is NOT true? Select one: a. Vegetation cover in a watershed can greatly influence the associated auqatic ecosystems. b. The most effective way to manage water quality of an aquatic ecosystem is to control what goes on in its associated watershed. c. Land use (anthropogenic influences) in a watershed can greatly influence the associated auqatic ecosystems. d. Watershed management is NOT an effective approach to address water quality issues.
Watershed management is NOT an effective approach to address water quality issues.
Which of the following trends would you NOT expect to see in a community undergoing succession? Select one: a. Increasing community productivity (i.e. the rate of biomass accumulation). b. Increasing community biomass. c. You would expect to see ALL of these trends during succession. d. Increasing community complexity and biodiversity.
You would expect to see ALL of these trends during succession.
Evolution by natural selection can only act on traits that... Select one: a. ... are present in high frequency in a population. b. ... are heritable (i.e. inherited). c. ... have significant implications for the organism. d. ... occur in dense populations. e. ... arise due to mutation.
are heritable (i.e. inherited).
According to Darwin and Wallace, organisms which survive to reproduce in each generation in nature... Select one: a. ... are, on average, the organisms with the highest level of fitness. b. ... are selected randomly. c. ... reproduce at an earlier age. d. ... produce the most eggs and sperm.
are, on average, the organisms with the highest level of fitness.
The coriolis force... Select one: a. causes air and water currents to turn clockwise in the northern hemisphere. b. has no major influence on prevailing winds and ocean currents. c. is the same force that pushes you back in your seat in an accelerating vehicle. d. is only important when you move a mass (i.e. air or water) along the equator.
causes air and water currents to turn clockwise in the northern hemisphere.
An allele is.... Select one: a. ... only carried on the X chromosome. b. ... the structure formed during crossing over. c. ... the physical location of a gene on a chromosome. d. ... different forms of a gene that codes for a specific genetic characteristic.
different forms of a gene that codes for a specific genetic characteristic.
The Casparian strip... Select one: a. provides energy for the active transport of minerals from the soil into the xylem of the plant root. b. is a raunchy street in lower Bethlehem. c. is a waxy cuticle covering plant epidermis. d. ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through the endodermis cell membrane. e. is located between the epidermis and cortex of plant roots.
ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through the endodermis cell membrane.
Neotony is... Select one: a. ... when phylogenetic relationships between groups is found by comparing the morphology of larval stages. b. ... demonstrated when the young of marsupials is delivered into the pouch at a very young developmental state. c. ... evolutionary change by increasing the duration and importance of adaptations present in the larval stage of development. d. ... responsible for the similar apparance of the trochophore and diplurula larva.
evolutionary change by increasing the duration and importance of adaptations present in the larval stage of development.
Mitochondria are the site of photosynthesis in prokaryote
false
The proximity of an aquatic ecosystem to a terrestrial ecosystem can be important because... Select one: a. terrestrial ecosystems are an important source of dissolved and particulate nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. b. ocean currents are enhanced near continental margins. c. shallow water found near continental margins can increase aquatic productivity. d. the water temperature is typically warmer near continental margins.
terrestrial ecosystems are an important source of dissolved and particulate nutrients to aquatic ecosystems.
