LEQ Prompts
Compare and contrast the foreign policy goals of Metternich and Bismark
Background: End of the Napoleonic era Metternich: -feared the spread of liberalism -refused to surrender Poland in Congress of Vienna -promoted principle of intervention to maintain new conservative order meaning the great powers could intervene militarily in other countries in order to crush revolutionary movements against legitimate rulers -wanted to create legitimate rulers -diplomacy -promote Hapsburg absolute monarchy -tried to achieve Metternich's 3 points Bismarck: -often was a defender of peace because he believed that the advantages won from war "no longer justifies the risks involved" -foremost practicioner of Realpolitik: the politics of reality -blamed liberals for the breakdown of the constitutions government of prussia -in the three wars he waged, bismarck's victories were just as much diplomatic and political as they were militarily
In the 17th century, what political conditions accounted for the increased power of both the parliament in England and the monarch in France?
Background: -Death of Elizabeth I in 1603 ended Tudors -beginning of Louis 13th after death of Henry 4th 1610 -spread of mercantilism Bodies: 1)Parliament -"power of the purse" -parliament had to approve spending of the king -Petition of Right (1628) -habeas corpus & martial law -long parliament called because Charles needed money to fight the Scots. Parliament demanded more power and passed laws limiting royal power. -Trennial Act(1641)act requires that Parliament meet for at least a fifty-day session once every three years. -Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Rights 1689 2)Monarchy: -paulette- made offices hereditary, for an annual payment to the crown of one-sixtieth of an office's value, that office could be sold or bequeathed rather than revert to the crown on the death of the holder. -intendant system gave more political power to royals and weakened political power of nobility -Richelieu and the sale of offices to robe nobles -divine right of Kings -strengthened central government
Describe and analyze the ways in which sixteenth century Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation.
During this period of time, the Catholic church responds to the Protestant reformation with a counterreformation with several components. Pope Paul III: -starting with Pope Paul III, the new generation of popes committed themselves to defining and clarifying the church doctrine, reforming church practices, reaffirming papal authority, creating new religious orders -reaffirming papal authority -reinvigorating the religious experience The Council of Trent -reaffirmed church doctrines -rejected Luther's justification by faith and said salvation is achieved by both faith and good works -reformed church abuse -reasserted traditional practices The Jesuits -led by ignatious loyola -spiritual excersizes book detailed a system of meditation, prayer and study -founded schools for upper and middle class boys -combated protestantism -missionary work spread the work faster
The revolution accomplished from Copernicus to Newton has been called the greatest spiritual adjustment that modern civilization has had to make.
Intellectual -copernicus discovered heliocentric theory -kepler discovered 3 laws of planetary motion -galileo discovered mountains of moon, moons of jupiter rings around saturn, and sunspots -newton discovered law of gravity -bacon= inductive method -descartes= deductives method Social -medici family sponsored academy of experiments in florence -using logic and reason instead of superstition and tradition -bacon and the inductive method incouraged people to research on their own -people less reliant on church or info religious -catholic church disapproved of heliocentric theory -catholic church condemned galileo challenged church tradition of geocentric theory galileo contended the Bible was not a reliable authority on scientific methods
How Enlightenment addressed religious and social issues in the 18th century
Religious beliefs: -Voltaire believed in secularizing church from state affairs and advocated religious tolerance -Denis Diderot and the Encyclopedia challenged religions but Diderot said all things must be examined without regard for anyones feelings -Rousseau's "natural education" should replace the rigid educational system at the time -equality -logic and reason challenged religions social issues: -The general will and the Social Contract we have with one another and Rousseau mentioned it is important to do action that is right and good for all -philosophes believed social progress -General will- people have the right to overthrow their government -life, liberty, and property, John Locke and protect human/natural rights
The renaissance was a rehearsal for the enlightenment
Social: -Renaissance individualism was prevalent, similar to the individualism seen during the enlightenment advocated by Rousseau -Humanism brought about the study of human nature rather than traditional ideology -Utopia included communal ownership of property, like John locke's natural rights; life, liberty, and property Religious: -Religious tolerance, the book Utopia by Thomas More -the spread of new ideas challenged religions; The Encyclopedia and the printing press were both forms of media -desiderius erasmus published greek and latin forms of the new testement to spread knowledge over an ignorant europe Education: -Utopia includes humanist education for both men and women, which mirrors the enlightenment idea of equality -the enlightenment stressed education
Analyze the responses of the democracies to the military aggression by italy and germany during the 1930s.
Social: -Stresa front(1934-35) GB, F, IT met to talk about containment of Hitler -Italy attacked Ethiopia- League of Nations put economic sanctions and embargos on trade with Italy -GB & France pledged to support Poland if germany attacked Political: Berchtesqaden - Charmberlain met with Hitler after German annexation of Sudenten land in Czech to Germany -Germany disregarded the Treaty of Versailles by rearming military Military -Geneva disarment conference tried to disarm countries -Anglo-German naval treaty (1935) -Germany agreed to limit navy to 35% of Great Britian -Great Britian and Ferdinand war on Gemany 1939 because Germany invaded Poland Synthesis: WW1- Everyone surpresses the government
Describe and analyze the background, nature and outcome of the civil and religious wars in France in the sixteenth century
background: -Emperor Charles V abdicated his many thrones in 1556. He left his territories to his bro Ferdinand -Charles left his son Phillip a vast empire that included Spain, Milan, Naples, the Netherlands, and the overseas empire in the Americas nature: -Philip threatened traditional liberties by imposing the inquisition and dispatching troops to support it. -Phillips ill-considered actions provoked riots against spanish authorities -the english felt threatened by Phillips aggressive actions to the netherlands -philip assembled the spanish armada to invade England, but was defeated outcome: -although still a formidable military power, spain began a long period of political and economic decline -now independent, the dutch began a golden age of commercial prosperity and artistic creativity -as spain's influence declined, england's power increased. the english were now free to develop their overseas trade and to colonize north america
The Renaissance was a rehearsal for the enlightenment.
religious: because people in europe became more secular and started to use logic instead of ignorantly following church doctorines socially: as the aristocracy began to discuss ideas with one another and focused education promoted secular idealogy as well as religion education: promoted secular ideology as well as religion
To what extent and in what ways did nationalist tensions in the Balkans between 1870 and 1914 contribute to the outbreak of WW1
serbians: -wanted bosnia-herzegovina -pan-slavism and guardians of balkans wanted to be free from austrian influence -black hand= terrorist group and assasinated archduke francis ferdinand -serbia demanded part of bulgarias share of macedonia russia: -bosnian crisis ended with russian humiliation -failed crimean war went to balkans -wanted warm water ports in balkans -russo turkish war= more power for russia -protectors of christians and serbs in Balkans austria: -austria annexed bosnia-herzegovina 1908 from ottomans -dual alliance with germany and austria to protect themselves against russia -at the end of 1st balkan war, austrians urged creation of a new balkan state; albany to contain serbias expansion -hungarians wanted independence