Levels of Prevention in Population-based Nursing care

The public health nurse is visiting an elementary school to speak about primary prevention at an assembly for third through sixth graders. Which prevention intervention(s) would the nurse select to present to this audience?

1. A lead screening blood test 2. A video about proper bike helmet use 3. A slideshow about how to read hazard stickers on household chemicals 4. A demonstration of the proper use of crutches to promote healing in broken bones 5. A discussion about the importance of taking medication as prescribed for respiratory infections 2, 3- Teaching proper bike helmet use is a good example of primary prevention in this age group. Primary prevention aims to keep problems from occurring. Teaching how to read hazard stickers on household chemicals is a good example of primary prevention in this age group. Primary prevention aims to keep problems from occurring.

Which population-based nursing interventions are examples of tertiary prevention?

1. Advising a teenager with a broken arm about cast care and sling use 2. Administering medication to an individual to manage chronic mental illness 3. Promoting mammograms according to a recommended screening schedule 4. Creating an exercise program for older adults with physical mobility limitations 5. Leading a support group for individuals caring for loved ones with incurable cancer 2, 4, 5- Administering medication to an individual to manage chronic mental illness is tertiary prevention because it limits further negative effects from a chronic condition. Creating an exercise program for older adults with physical mobility limitations is tertiary prevention because it limits further negative effects from immobility. Leading a support group for individuals caring for loved ones with incurable cancer is tertiary prevention because it aims to limit further negative effects from the incurable condition.

A population-based approach to prevention presumes that prevention may occur at which points during disease progression?

1. After a disease occurs 2. Before a disease occurs 3. At no time during active disease progression 4. When disease has begun, but before signs and symptoms appear 5. Only when disease has reached a certain frequency in a population 1, 2, 4

According to the National Vital Statistics System (2015), heart disease is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Which intervention would the nurse select to addresses this epidemiologic data at the tertiary level of prevention?

1. Conducting cardiac rehabilitation for a patient following coronary bypass surgery 2.Providing a toll-free phone number to a smoking cessation hotline to patients in a primary care office 3. Providing instructions regarding function of an automated blood pressure monitoring unit for home use 4. Discussing the benefits of moderate exercise at least three times a week for 30 minutes at a time 1- Managing the effects of existing heart disease, such as conducting cardiac rehabilitation for a patient following coronary bypass surgery, is an example of prevention at the tertiary level. Tertiary prevention aims to limit the negative effects of existing disease.

Which population-based nursing interventions are examples of secondary prevention?

1. Conduction blood sugar checks to detect prediabetes 2. Administering prescribed treatments to cure an infection 3. Developing an annual flu vaccination program in a workplace 4. Advising populations about mammogram screening schedules 5. Advocating for improved mental health services for chronically mentally ill 1, 2, 4- Conducting blood sugar checks to detect prediabetes is a screening and detection intervention, which is secondary prevention. Administering prescribed treatments to cure an infection is secondary prevention because it treats and resolves a short-term health condition. Advising populations about mammogram screening schedules is a screening-related intervention, which is secondary prevention.

Which population-based nursing interventions are examples of secondary prevention?

1. Developing a plan for community walking paths 2. Conducting blood pressure checks at a health fair 3. Administering prescribed medication to cure an acute infection 4. Administering insulin to an individual to manage chronic diabetes 5. Advising individuals about recommended age-specific health screenings 2, 3, 5- Conducting blood pressure checks at a health fair is a screening intervention, which is secondary prevention. Administering prescribed medication to cure an infection is secondary prevention because it treats and resolves a short-term health condition. Advising individuals about recommended age-specific health screenings is a screening-related intervention, which is secondary prevention.

Match the level of prevention to its aims.

1. Early detection, treatment, and cure of disease, illness, or injury- Secondary prevention 2. Improvement of general well-being and protection from specific disease- Primary prevention 3. Limitation of existing disease progression and mitigation of debilitation- Tertiary prevention

Which population-based nursing interventions are examples of tertiary prevention?

1. Educating generally well populations about healthy eating 2. Providing skin care for individuals with permanent incontinence 3. Creating a support group for school-age children with chronic diabetes 4. Designing a swim therapy program for adults with the chronic condition of muscular dystrophy 5. Using social media to promote colonoscopies according to a recommended age-specific schedule 2, 3, 4- Providing skin care for individuals with permanent incontinence issues is tertiary prevention because it limits further negative effects from incontinence. Creating a support group for school-age children with chronic diabetes is tertiary prevention because it aims to limit further negative effects from diabetes. Designing a swim therapy program for adults with chronic muscular dystrophy is tertiary prevention because it aims to limit further negative effects from the chronic condition of muscular dystrophy.

Which group describes the main target audience of tertiary prevention strategies?

1. Essentially well individuals 2. Populations living with chronic disease 3. Individuals who have been cured of an infection 4. Populations that would benefit from health screenings 2- Tertiary prevention strategies target populations that live with chronic disease or injury.

Which group describes the main target audience of secondary prevention?

1. Generally healthy populations 2. Populations with incurable cancer 3. Populations living with chronic disease 4. Populations with specific disease risk factors in common 4- Secondary prevention targets populations with specific disease risk factors in common. Secondary prevention detects and treats problems in their early stages.

How does epidemiological data guide the selection primary prevention activities?

1. ID's target populations with chronic disease and injury 2. Indicates determinants associated with increased or decreased risk of disease 3. Guides screening and disease treatment interventions and best practices 4. Provides evidence for rehabilitation strategies for individuals living with chronic disease 2- Primary prevention relies on epidemiological information to indicate determinants (behaviors, conditions or interventions) that are associated with increased risk of disease, and those that are associated with decreased risk. Primary prevention aims to reduce population exposure to determinants that increase risk of disease and promote determinants associated with decreased risk.

Which group describes the main target audience of primary prevention strategies?

1. Individuals living with chronic disease 2. Populations living with chronic disease 3. Populations of essentially well individuals 4. Individuals with specific disease risk factors 3 Primary prevention strategies target essentially well populations.

What are the goals of tertiary prevention?

1. Limit debilitating effects of a disease 2. Keep an existing injury from getting worse 3. Promote health in essentially well populations 4. Detect and treat disease and injury in their early stages 5. Assist individuals with disease to achieve their optimal level of functioning 1, 2, 5- Tertiary prevention limits further negative effects from an existing health problem, such as a disease. Tertiary prevention keeps existing problems, such as injury, from getting worse. Tertiary prevention alleviates the effects of disease and injury and aims to restore individuals to their optimal level of functioning.

What is the goal of primary prevention?

1. Limit negative effects of disease 2. Keep health problems from occurring 3. Prevent progression of chronic disease 4. Ensure rapid treatment of a disease or injury 2- Primary prevention aims to keep problems from occurring in the first place.

What is the main focus of secondary prevention?

1. Managing serious chronic disease 2. Keeping health problems from occurring in the 1st place 3. Promoting health and protecting against threats to health 4. Detecting and treating health problems in their early stages 4- Secondary prevention focuses on detecting and treating problems in their early stages. It aims to keep problems from causing serious or long-term effects or from affecting others.

Data from a statewide health survey indicate an increase in falls at home among adults over the age of 65. The public health nurse launches a campaign to address this increase. Which strategies would be appropriate secondary prevention activities to include in this campaign?

1. Offering daily check-ins by home health aides for older adults with a high fall risk 2. Conducting fall risk assessments and screenings for older adults living at home 3. Providing physical therapy to increase muscle strength in individuals with chronic muscle weakness 4. Creating a short online video describing the benefits of daily exercise for older adults, including fall risk reduction 2- Conducting fall risk assessments and screenings for older adults living at home is an example of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention focuses on detecting problems in early stages and modifying risks or hazards before the problem becomes more serious.

Epidemiologic data indicate an increase in dental caries (cavities) in a certain population. The population-based nurse launches a health promotion campaign promoting basic oral hygiene at home, and lobbies for fluoridation of water in the area. This epidemiologic data influenced changes to public health services at which level of prevention?

1. Primary 2. Tertiary 3. Secondary 4. Prevalence 1. Primary- The intervention changes proposed (health promotion and specific prevention) occur at the primary level of prevention

Which population-based nursing interventions are examples of primary prevention?

1. Promoting active healthy lifestyles 2. Organizing handwashing campaigns 3. Creating a campaign against drug use 4. Coordinating mammogram screenings 5. Developing a plan for community walking paths 1, 2, 3, 5- Promoting active healthy lifestyles is a primary prevention intervention, as it aims to prevent health problems or diseases from developing. Organizing handwashing campaigns is a primary prevention intervention, as it aims to keep a disease (infection) from developing. Creating a campaign against drug use is a primary prevention intervention, as it aims to keep a problem from developing. Developing a plan for community walking paths is a primary prevention intervention, as it aims to prevent health problems or diseases from developing.

Which intervention is an example of primary prevention?

1. Screening for colon cancer 2. Hearing tests at an older adult center 3. Commencing exercise therapy after a stroke 4. Providing health education about healthy eating habits 4- Primary prevention aims at prevent problems before they occur.

Match the prevention strategy to the level of prevention.

1. Tertiary prevention- Management of chronic heart disease 2. Primary prevention- Immunization for polio 3. Secondary prevention- Treatment of sexually transmitted infection

Data from a study of a new laboratory test to identify a certain sexually transmitted disease (STD) shows increased efficacy and decreased cost over existing testing methods. For which prevention activity is the population-based nurse likely to recommend changes based on this finding?

1. The treatment protocol for confirmed cases of the STD 2. The health education program related to transmission of the STD 3. The screening method for the STD in local clinics and care centers 4. The care plan for individuals living with a chronic infection of the STD 3- The data indicate that the screening method for possible disease would benefit from change. This would be a change in secondary prevention strategies.