Life Span Ch. 3/4 SmartBook
Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?
-Synchronous -Reciprocal
What are the purposes of reflexes?
-They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried -They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment
The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between _____ and 24 months.
18
About _____ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.
2 million
The average North American newborn is _____.
20 inches
What is the recommended amount of calories per day for each pound an infant weighs?
50
Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. This tells you that Cole is at least _____ months of age.
6
At approximately what age do babies begin babbling?
6 months
The average North American newborn weighs just over _____ pounds.
7
By the second birthday, the brain is about _____ of its adult weight.
75%
More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults...
Cannot receive paid leave
What is NOT one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Caudal
The physical growth pattern in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top of the body (head) and proceeds from top to bottom is called the _____ growth pattern.
Cephalocaudal
The reason that infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps is reflected in the _____.
Cephalocaudal pattern of growth
What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
Concepts
_____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
Concepts
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called _____.
Cooing
What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?
Cooing
The first form of vocalization an infant makes, starting at birth, is _____.
Crying
Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?
Crying
_____ is the republican of behavior after a time delay of hours or days.
Deferred Imitation
Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?
Deferred imitation
_____ is the replication of behavior after a time delay of hours or day.
Deferred imitation
Generally, the axon carries signals away from the cell body, and the _____ carry signals toward the cell body.
Dendrites
Generally, the axon carries signals away from the cell body, and the _____ carry signals towards the cell body.
Dendrites
Which theory of motor development suggests that perceptions are necessary for infants to fine-tune their movements and that motor skills represent solutions to the infants' goals?
Dynamic systems theory
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an _____.
Emotion
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an _____.
Emotion
_____ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
Emotions
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture
What type of memory involves the conscious or intentional recall of facts and other information that can be stated or declared?
Explicit
_____ memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.
Explicit
_____ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
Face-to-face
True or false: Intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.
False
True or false: The axon and dendrites are inside the neuron's cell body and send signals in and out.
False
A recent analysis found that _____ were the MOST frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome.
Fathers
Movements that involve finger dexterity are called _____ motor skills.
Fine
Skills that involve finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity are called...
Fine motor skills
The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and _____.
Frontal
The region of the brain associated with producing language, called Broca's area, is located in the left _____ lobe.
Frontal
An infant waving bye-bye is an example of _____.
Gesture
An infant smacking its lips to indicate that it wants food or drink is an example of _____.
Gesturing
Which of the following statements represents the interactionist view of language acquisition?
How much of language acquisition is biologically determined and how much depends on social interaction is a matter of debate.
Memory without conscious recollection is known as...
Implicit
_____ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.
Implicit
The action of a child crawling across the room to grab a colorful toy would be an example of intermodal perception because it...
Integrates information from multiple sensory modalities
The _____ view emphasizes that language acquisition occurs because of both biological and environmental influences.
Interactionist
Gross motor skills...
Involve large-muscle activities
_____ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
Language
The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called brain _____.
Lateralization
Which of the following concepts describes the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?
Lateralization
Eleanora is aware of where her mother is in the house by the sound of her voice. This positioning is known as _____.
Localization
Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?
Memory
_____ is the retention of information over time.
Memory
Piaget believed that we build _____ structures that help us understand the world and adjust to new environmental demands.
Mental
Infants should consume _____ an adult's requirement of calories per pound.
More than twice
To develop _____ skills, infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to find-tune their movements.
Motor
_____ is the process by which nerve cells are coated with fat cells that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system.
Myelination
What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development?
Neuroconstructivist
Nerve cells are also referred to as _____.
Neurons
The dynamic systems view states that new perceptual-motor coupling is not _____ accomplished; rather, the infant _____ develops a skill to achieve a goal.
Passively; actively
Which of the following is not a component of language?
Perceptual categorization
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _____.
Personality
The process of myelination begins _____ and continues into _____.
Prenatally; adolescence and emerging adulthood
Researchers have found that nearly twice as many of the neural connections made in an infant's brain will ever be used. The unused connections will be _____.
Pruned
_____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
Pruning
Research shows that an infant can understand words that refer to body parts, such as "hand" but they cannot yet speak these words. This is an example of _____.
Receptive vocab
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are _____, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.
Reciprocal
_____ are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way.
Reflexes
Prone sleeping (sleeping in a face-down position), low birth weight, and passive exposure to cigarette smoke are all risk factors for ______.
SIDS
Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are known as _____.
Schemes
Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of _____, according to Piaget.
Schemes
_____ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.
Secure
Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.
Secure - sensitive, consistent Avoidant - unavailable, rejecting, irritable Resistant - inconsistent, unaffectionate Disorganized - neglectful, abusive
What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of "me"?
Self-conscious emotions
The term _____ refers to when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
_____ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. This tells you that Cole is at least _____ months of age.
Six
The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal _____.
Socialization
Words a child uses are called _____ vocabulary.
Spoken
Millicent knows what a ball is but cannot say the word "ball." She has not yet incorporated the word into her...
Spoken vocabulary
_____ _____ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die.
Sudden Infant
_____ is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
Telegraphic speech
Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?
Telegraphic speech is not limited to two words
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her _____.
Temperament
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the _____ of a person's personality.
Temperament
At birth, an infant's brain contains _____ nerve cells.
Tens of billions
Which structure in a neuron is responsible for carrying signals away from the cell body?
The axon
The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is...
The dynamic systems view
Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?
The interactionist view
Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experimental contribution to language development?
The interactionist view
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) usually happens during...
The night
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as _____.
Transactional
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
True
Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?
Tying shoes
Receptive vocabulary refers to the words a child can...
Understand
The rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months of age is called the...
Vocabulary spurt
The region of the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension is known as...
Wernicke's area
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
-4 year old sam, who feels shame -7 year old harry, who is embarrassed
According to Piaget, cognitive development is a process sculpted by...
-Biology -Experiences
The neuroconstructivist view states that a combination of which of the following factors influence brain development?
-Experiences -Gene expression
Which of the following statements regarding the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are true?
-Infants who sleep on their stomachs are at greater risk -Infants who co-sleep are at higher risk
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?
-It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age -It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures
_____, the brain is about 25% of its adult weight
At birth
Baby Michelle looks intently at her mother, who is singing a song. What is Michelle demonstrating.
Attention
_____ refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information.
Attention
The production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations such as "ma-ma-ma" is called _____.
Babbling
Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the _____.
Brain
