Life Span Chapter 12

Throughout history, children have been given new responsibility and instruction at about age _________. Today, about ______percent of children this age attend school.

7;90

The ______ ____ is a federal project that measures achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time.

National Assessment of Educational Progress

In the United States, the ___ _______ _________ ___________Act is a federal law that mandates annual standardized achievement tests for public-school children.

No child Left Behind Act

14) Which theorist emphasized the critical role of maturation in cognitve development?

a) Piaget's

The concept that objects can be organized into categories according to some common property is ______________.

classification

Mei-Chin is able to sort her Legos into groups according to size. Clearly, she has an understanding of the principle of _____________.

classification. This is the process of organizing things into groups according to some common property.

According to Piaget, school-age children are in the stage of ________ _________ ___________.

concrete operational thought

2) According to piaget, the type of cognitive operations that occur during middle childhood.

concrete.

Although other research has found more ______(continuity/discontinuity) in number skills, it nevertheless has supported PIaget's finding that what develops at this time is the ability to use ________ ____________, more____________ , ______________ and _____________ than younger children can.

continuity; mental categories; flexibly; inductively; simultaneously.

Lana is 4 yrs old and her brother Roger is 7. The fact that Roger remembers what their mother just told them about playing in the street while Lana is more interested in the children playing across the street is due to improvements in Roger's ____________ _____________.

control processes The control processes, which include selective attention, metacognition,and emotional regulation, are the executives of the information-processing system. They regulate the analysis and flow of information.

The mechanisms of the information-processing system that regulate the analysis and flow of information are the _________- ________. These include ____________ ____________, ____________________, and _______________ _____________.

control processes; selective attention; metacognition; emotional regulation

7) Processes that regulate the analysis and flow of information in memory.

control.

Children learn best if teaching reflects their _____________.

culture

12) Which aspect of the information-processing system assume an executive role in regulating the analysis and transfer of information.?

d) control processes The sensory register stores incoming information for a split second. Working memory is the part of memory that handles current, conscious mental actitivy. Long-term memory stores information for days, months, or years.

5) information processing

d) developmental perspective that conceives of cognitive development as the result of changes in the processing and analysis of information.

11) Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others? - sensory register - working memory - emotional regulation - knowledge base

d) knowledge base

7) The term for the ability to monitor and adjust one's cognitive performance - to think about thinking -- is ___________

d) metacognition

15) Of the following, which was NOT identified as an important factor in the difference between success and failure in second-language learning?

d) the difficulty of language national policies, family ethnotheories and socioeconomic status are important factors in in the success and failure in 2nd language learning.

6) During middle childhood, children _______________________.

d) understand classification, demonstrate conservation and develop transitive inference. Pregmatics refers to the practical use of language to communicate with others. The information-processing perspective views the mind as being like a computer. This is the ability to screen out distractions in order to focus on important information.

8) Lanuage "codes" include variations in ___

d.) pronunciation, vocabulary, gestures are all aspects.

Cross-cultural research reveal that U.S. teachers present math at a low level with more ________ but less _____________to other learning. In contrast, teachers in Japan work more ____________ to build children's knowledge.

definitions; connections; collaboratively

11) concrete operational thought

e) Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences.

21) charter school

is a public school with its own set of standards that is funded by the state or local district in which it is located.

13) bilingual schooling

is a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.

12) immersion

is an approach to bilingual education in which the child's instruction occurs entirely in the new language.

16) Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)

is an international assessment of the math and science skill of fourth - and eighth-graders.

18) National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)

is an ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subject.

9) metacognition

is the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine what to do and to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.

3) transitive inference

is the ablity to figure out (infer) the unspoken link (transfer) between one fact and another.

6) long-term memory

is the component of the information-processing system that stores unlimited amounts of information for days, months, or years.

5) working memory

is the component of the information-processing sytem that handle cuurent, conscious mental activity; formerly called short-term memory.

During the school board meeting, a knowledgeable parent proclaimed that the board's position on achievement testing and class size was an example of the district's "hidden curriculum." The parent was referring to _________.

the unofficial and unstated educational priorities of the school district.

The ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact and another is _____________.

transitive inference

15) Juan attends a school that offers instruction in both English and Spanish. This strategy for teaching English-language learning is called _______

a) bilingual schooling

1)True/False: A major objection to Piaget's theory is that he underestimated the influences or context, instruction, and culture. T/F

T

10) Compared with children in the U.S, children in East Asia are more likely to excel on measures of reading, math, and science. T/F

T

4) Working memory improves steadily and significantly every year from about age 4 to age 15. T/F

T

5) Children become better at controlling their thinking as the prefrontal cortex matures. T/F

T

8) Most information that comes into the sensory memory is lost or discarded. T/F

T

8) control processes

(including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.

9) The main characteristic of concrete operational thinking is the ability to use _____________.

.logic

During middle childhood, some children learn as many as ________ new words a day. Unlike the vocabulary explosion of early childhood, this language growth his distinguished by ________ and _______. At this time, children also become much better able to understand _________, ___________ and ____________.

20; logic; flexibility; metaphors; jokes; puns

14) ESL (English as a second language)

ESL (English as a second language) is an approach to bilingual education in which children are taught separtely, and exclusively in English, to prepare them for attending regular classes.

6) English as a second language

ESL.

In ESL., or _________ ____ ___ __ _________ programs, chIldren must master the basics of English before joining regular classes with other children.

English as a second language

6) Culture affects only what children learn, not how they learn. T/F

F Culture affects not only what children learn but also how they learn.

2) Immersion is the best strategy for teaching. English-language learners.T/F

F No single approach to teaching a second language is best for all children in all contexts.

7) Socioeconomic status does not affect bilingualism. T/F

F The likelihood of parents, school, or culture encouraging bilingualism in children dedpends on the family's socioeconomic status.

9) Information-processing theorist believe that advances in the thinking of school age children occur primarily because of changes in long-term memory. T/F

F They believe that that changes are due to basic changes in control processes.

3) Vygotsky emphasized the child's own logical thinking. T/F

F This is true of Piaget. (Cognitive- logical)

11) Charter schools are regulated by the same standards as the public schools in a given school district. T/F

F charter schools set their own standards.

After moving to new country. Arlene's parents are struck by the greater tendency of math teachers in their new homeland to work collaboratively and to emphasize social interaction in the learning process. To which country have these parent probably moved?

Japan

8) Psychologist who developed an influential theory of cognitive development.

Piaget.

Educators', and psychologists', understand of how children learn is based on the framework that was laid down by ______________and embellished by ________________.

Piaget; Vygotsky

The international approach to objective assessment of fourth-grade children's achievement in reading is the _______ __________ _______ _____ ______.

Progess in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

The following statement indicate that the child has grasped the principle of reversibility " I have one sister and no brothers. My parent have two children."

Reversibility is the logical principle that something that has been changed (suchas the height of lemonades poured from one glas into another) can be returned to its original shape by reversing the process of change (pouring the liquid back into the other glass.)

Science and math achievement is tested in the _____________________________________________________________.

Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)

5) Cross-cultural research on children's cognition reveals ________

a ) the same patterns of development worldwide.

2) Low-SES children usually have poorer linguistic skills than high-SES children, primarily because they __________

a) hear less language at home, and adult expectations for their learning are low.

5) The Nathional Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).

a) measures achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time.

8) Long-term memory is _______ permanent and ________ limited than working memory.

a) more;less

PT2: 1) The first component of the information-processing system is ___________ ________.

a) sensory memory

5) Cross-cultural research on children's cognition reveals

a) the same patterns of development worldwide (this is on the previous chapter quiz)

6) control processes

a)mechanism for regulating the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.

Control processes develop spontaneouly with ________, but they are also taught, either ________________through instruction or through __________learning.

age: explicitly; discover

National differences in curriculum content ______________(are/are not) notable.

are

9) Passed in 2001 , the federal law that mandates annual standarized achievement test for public school children is the __________________.

b) National Assessment of Educational Progress

13) Which of the following is the primary international test of reading ability?

b) PIRLS

7) Which of the following is especially helpful in making it easier to master new information in a specific subject?

b) a large knowledge base The sensory register briefly stores incoming sensations. Its capacity does not change with maturation.Working memory and long-term memory are important in all forms of learning. Unlike a broad knowledge base in a specific area, however, theses memory processes do not selectively make it easier to learn more in a specific area.

4) Information-processing theorists contend that major advances in cognitive development occur during the school years because ______________

b) children become better able to process and analyze information. -Information-processing theorist use the mind-computer metaphor at every age. -Although increasing automatization is an important aspect of development,the information-processing perspective does not suggest that most mental activities become automatic by age 13.

4) When psychologists look at the ability of children to receive, store, and organize information, they are examining cognitive development from a view based on _________- ___________.

b) information processing

10)Retaining information in memory is called ____________________.

b) storage Retrieval is the accessing of already learned information Automatization is the process by which well learned activities become routine and automatic. Metacognition is the ability to evaluate a task and to monitor and adjust one's performance on it.

9) When we refer to a child's improved memory capacity, we are referring to _________________

b) the amount of information the child is able to hold in working memeory.

2) reversibility

b) the idea that a transformation process can be undone to restore the original conditions

2) Research regarding Piaget's theory has found that ___________.

b) the movement to a new level of thinking is much more erratic than Piaget predicted.

3) The approach to teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter is called the _______ __________.

b)phonics approach In the whole-language approach, reading is taught by encouraging all language -- talking, listening, reading and writing. There is no such thing as the abc or sound-it-out approach.

For the first time, 7 yr old Nathan can remember his telephone number. This is probably the result of _________

b.) increase capacity of working memory The capacity of working memory increases during middle childhood.

7 yr old Kyra has just moved to the United States from Colombia and knows very little English. Her school believes that she will best learn English, if classes are in both Spanish, her native language,and English. This strategy is referred to as ______ _______.

bilingual schooling

11) An approach to teaching a second language in which the teacher instructs the children in school subjects using their native language as well as the second language.

bilingual.

14) Which of the following most accurately states the relative merits of the phonics approach and the whole-language approach to teaching reading? ______ - The phonics approach is more effective - The whole-language approach is the more effective approach.

c) Both approaches have merit.

10) Which therorist believed that cultures (tools, custom,) and people____________ teach children best?

c) Skinner Piaget emphasized the importance of maturation in cognitive development. c&d) Skinner and Chomsky each developed a theory of language development

11) Which aspect of memory is most likely to change during the school years?

c) The speed and efficiency of working memory. During middle childhood, speed of processing increases and automatization improves, thus improving the efficiency of working memory.

1) According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development in which a person understands specific logical ideas and can apply them to concrete problems is called ________.

c) concrete operational thought - Preoperational thought is "pre-logical" thinking. - Formal operational thought extends logical reasoning to abstract problems

12) 8 yr old, who recently emigrated from Mayanmar, attends a school in Canada in which all subjects are taught in English. Cho's school is using which strategy to teach English-language learners? _____________

c) immersion In bilingual education, instruction occurs in both languages. Hidden curriculum is not a method of instruction. ESL children are taught intensively in English for a few month to prepare them for regular classes. It is not clear that Cho received this type of preparatory instruction.

6) The logical operations of concrete operational thought are particularly important to an understanding of the elementary-school subject of_____________.

c) math

4) charter

c) public school with its own set of standards.

13) Many American children attend charter schools. These are ____________.

c) public schools that set their own standards.

A public school with its own set of standards and, often, private funding, is called a _________ _______. Through the use of a ____________, parents in some school districts are able to choose which school their children will attend.

charter school; voucher

Because control processes organize, prioritize, and direct mental operations, they are also called ___________processes.

executive

The knowledge base also depends on ________, current _________, and personal ____________.

experience; opportunity; motivation

10) total immersion

f) an educational technique in which instruction occurs entirely in the second language.

Children are able to change from proper speech, or a __________ _________, to a colloquial form, or ___________ _________, with their peers.

formal code; informal code

7) retrieval

g) accessing previously learned information

22) voucher

give parents permission to choose which school their child will attend, with some or all of the cost of that child's education born by the local government.

8) storage

h) holding information in memory

Every nation creates its own _________ ______________, the unofficial rules and priorities that influence every aspect of school learning

hidden curriculum

3) classification

i) the logical principle that things can be organized into groups

The approach to biligual education in which the child's instruction occurs entirely in the second language is called _______________. In __________ __________ programs, teachers instruct children in both their native language and English.

immersion; bilingual education

15) Progress in International Reading Literacy study.

inaugurated in 2001, is a 5 yr cycle of trend studies or reading ability of fourthgraders around the world.

The idea that the advances in thinking that accompany middle childhood occur because of basic changes in how children take in, store, and process data is cental to the _____________ - ___________ theory.

information-processing

Dr. Larsen believes that the cognitive advances of middle childhood occur because of basic changes in children's thinking speed, knowledge base, and memory retrieval skills. Dr. Larsen evidently is working from the _______________ - ______________ perspective.

information-processing (information-proessing speed) referred to by todays'psychologists.

7) knowledge base

is a broad body of knowledge in a particular subject area that has been learned, making it easier to learn new information in that area.

17) No child left Behind Act

is a controversial law, enacted in 2001, that uses multiple assessments and achievements standards to try to improve public education in the United States.

20) whole-language apprroach

is a method of teaching reading by encouraging children to develop all their language skills simultaneously.

19) phonics approach

is a method of teaching reading by having children learn the sounds of letters before they begin to learn words.

4) sensory memory

is the first componenet of the information-processing system that stores incoming stimuli for a split second, after which it is passed into working memory, or discarded as unimportant; also called the sensory register.

2)classification

is the logical principle that things can be organized into groups according to some common property.

11) hidden curriculum

is the unofficial, unstated, or implicated rules and priorities that influence and academic curriculum and every other aspect of school learning.

Matching Items: 1) working memory

j) area where current, conscious mental activity occurs

9) metacognition

k) the ability to evaluate a cognitive task and to monitor one's performance on it.

Memory ability improves during middle childhood in part because of the child's expanded ________ ________.

knowledge base

10) The body of knowledge that has been learned about a particular area.

knowledge base.

12) voucher

l) permission to choose the school your child will attend

Cross Check: Across: 3) The part of memory that stores unlimited amounts of information for days, months, or years.

long-term

The part of memory that stores information for days, months, or years is ___________________ _____________ __________. Crucial in this component of the system isn't only storage of the material but also its _________________.

long-term memory; retrieval

In the United States, math was traditionally taught by _________________ number facts. A more recent approach replaces this type of learning by making instruction more _____________ and _____________.

memorizing; active; engaging

The ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine what to do - and to monitor and adjust one's performance - is called ____________.

metacognition

9 yr old Rachel has made great strides in her ability to evaluate and monitor her learning and mastery of specific tasks. In other words, Rachel has shown great improvement in her _________.

metacognition. Metacognition has been referred to as "thinking about thinking."

4) The ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine what to do .

metacognition...

4 yr old Tasha, who is learning to read by sounding out the letters of words, evidently is being taught using the ______________ approach. Tabatha, on the other hand, is learning by talking and listening, reading and writing. She is being taught using the _________ - _______ approach.

phonics'; whole-word

Two distinct approaches to teaching reading are the _______approach, in which children learn the sounds of letters first, and the ____________ ___________ approach, in which children are encouraged to develop all their language skill at the same time. Most developmentalist believe that __________(both approaches/neither approaches/ only or phonics approach/only the whole-language approach) make (s) sense.

phonics; whole-language; both approaches

The practical use of language is called ___________.

pragmatics

10) pragmatics

refers to the practical use of language, including the ability to adjust it according to the context in which it is used.

12) The principle that thing can return to their original state.

reversibility

Key Terms 1) concrete operational thought

school-age children can think logically about direct experiences and perceptions but are not able to reason abstractly.

Incoming stimulus iniformation is held for a split second in _______-_________, after which most of it is lost.

sensory memory (the sensory register)

5) The aspect of memory that holds information for only a split second.

sensory.

Piaget called the knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series _________ .The idea that a transformation process can be reversed to restore the original condition is ________.

seriation: reversibility

Andy, who is 7 yrs old. spends many hours playing w/ Ronny, a friend who lives down the street. Vygotsky would say that this _____ ______ is important to Andy's cognitive development.

social interaction. Vygotsky believed that peers and teachers provide the bridge between the child's developmental potential and the needed skills and knowldege, via guided participation.

Vygotsky's emphasis on the ______________ context contrasts with Piaget's more _____________ approach.

sociocultural; maturational

Decades of research throughout the world have found a strong correlation between academic achievement and ______ _______. This connection is revealed by the fact that chIldren from _______ - _______families are least likely to succeed in school. Their difficulty is generally in the area of __________and includes having smaller ___________ and using simpler ________ and ____________sentences.

socioeconomic status; low-income; language; vocabularies; grammar; shorter

13) According to the theorist in 8 across, cognitive development occurs in ____________.

stages

The ability to figure out an unspoken line between two facts is called ____________ ____________. Later research connects this ability to the maturation of the _________________.

transitive inference; hippocampus

Internationally, girls are slightly ahead of boys in ___________skills, while boys traditional were ahead in ________ and _________ skills, but the recent TIMSS found this no longer to be true. According to the _______________ -_______________ hypothesis, males, females are similar on most measures. One exception is in the early grades, when girls typically get higher ______________ than boys do. This difference decreases in _____________.

verbal: math: science: gender-similarites; grades: adolescence

Three factors that have been shown to be casual are limited early exposure to ____________ teachers' and parents' ____________ , and __________________ resources.

words; expectations; macrosystem

1) Down: The part of memory that handles current, conscious mental activity.

working memory

Meaningful material is transferred into ________ _________, which was formerly called ________ - _____ ______. This part of memory handles mental activity that is ____________. Improvement in this type of memory occurs in two areas: the ________ ______, which stores sounds, and the _________ - _________ __________, which stores sights.

working memory; short-term memory; conscious; phonological loop; visual-spatial sketchpad

Unlike PIaget, Vygotsky believed that in the child's _____ _________ ____ ________ instuction by ______ is crucial to cognitive development. In his view, formal education _______ (is/is not) the only context for learning.

zone of proximal development; others; is not