Life Span Development Final Exam
What is occurring when the phenotype is influenced primarily but not exclusively by the dominant gene?
incomplete dominance
During young adulthood, the heart muscle starts to become __________, but this is not noticeable except during times of __________.
more rigid; intense physical activity
When the Yup'ik of Alaska took standard IQ tests, those that demonstrated the qualities most valued among the Yup'ik people __________.
scored high on practical intelligence
Which of the following is a practice that requires children to sit still in a designated place for a period of time in an effort to reduce undesired behaviors?
time out
What is the feeling of knowing information that is in long-term memory but being unable to retrieve it at the moment?
tip-of-the-tongue states
What is the primary goal of having children attend preschool in the United States and China?
to learn basic academic skills
Why do most cultures use euphemisms to refer to death when speaking to children?
to protect children from the fear of death and the pain of losing a loved one
According to Anne Case and Angus Deaton (2017), the main cause of rising mortality of midlife White Americans with low education is __________.
unemployment
Adolescents and emerging adults have a high rate of __________, which in turn allows them to engage in deviant behaviors such as alcohol and marijuana use.
unstructured socializing
Which of the following is a common activity that emerging adults engage in with their friends?
unstructured socializing
Charlotte is 34 years old and is beginning to see the first wrinkles appear __________.
around her eyes
When do most neonates begin breathing?
as soon as they are exposed to air
In northern Europe and in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, when do children generally leave home?
at the beginning of emerging adulthood
According to ______, Development results from the bidirectional interactions between genotype and environment.
Epigenetics
Which of the following is the best example of continuous development?
Jenny learns how to play the piano by first learning notes and then playing them in a sequence
If you were a permissive parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner?
"Great, let's go for it!"
Which statement best describes children who lack classification?
"They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group."
Ashton is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and asks which of the shapes has more clay. If Ashton is in Piaget's preoperational stage, he will reply, __________.
"the long one," indicating Ashton lacks conservation
Sex chromosome disorders in neonates occur at rates of approximately_______.
1 in 500
Between the ages of 12 and 18 months, a toddler learns to speak __________ new words per week.
1-3
Macy and Stacy are identical twins. They are __________ genetically similar and are more likely than ordinary siblings to __________.
100%; differ in handedness
Based on statistics presented by the United Nations, how high is the human population projected to be by the year 2100?
11 billion
The Jewish holy book, the Talmud, describes the life span as consisting of __________ segments.
14
What percentage of the adult population in the United States smokes today?
15%
At what age do toddlers show the first signs of readiness to begin toilet training?
18-30 month
In the United States, children ages 2 to 8 spend an average of __________ a day viewing TV, DVDs, and videos.
2 hours
From ages 3 to 6, the typical American child grows __________ inches per year and adds __________ pounds.
2-3; 5-7
The typical newborn is ______ long and weighs ______.
20 in, 7.5 lbs
Your 15-year-old son has been what he calls "hormonal." He realizes that his emotions and feelings can be quite variable during this time of his life. In actuality, his levels of testosterone are about __________ than before puberty.
20 times higher
Human sex cells, sperm and ova, each contain __________ chromosomes.
23
According to the monitoring the future data, what percentage of high school seniors reported using marijuana in the past month?
23%
The World Health Organization estimates that __________ of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein.
25%
The average American child watches __________ hours of television per day.
3.5
What percentage of North American children have at least one dental cavity between the ages 2 and 5?
30%
Although females are born with approximately 2 million ova, this number declines to about __________ by puberty, and, on average, only __________ of the ova will mature during a woman's childbearing years.
300,000; 400
At what age do people generally find their first gray hair?
30s
What percentage of Americans older than 75 have lost all of their natural teeth?
31%
The National Study of Adolescent Health followed teens until they were ages 24 to 32. Over that time period, the subjects' obesity rates increased from 13% to __________ by the time they were young adults.
36%
What percentage of American emerging adults return home after moving out, usually for a transitional period of no more than a year?
40%
Adolescents send an average of 30 texts per day with __________ for girls and __________ for boys.
40; 20
The average 18-month-old toddler knows __________ words.
50
In developed countries, the median age of retirement is __________.
60 to 63
In a study by Oster et al. (1992), 1-, 4- and 7-month-old infants were observed as their forearms were held down so that the infants could not move their arms. At what age did infants show a definite anger response?
7 months
A range of __________ on Apgar scores indicates that the neonate is in good to excellent condition.
7-10
In the United States, what percentage of 4-year-old children are enrolled in preschool?
70%
In the United States, it is estimated that __________ of children ages 5 to 9 are diagnosed with ADHD. Boys are more than __________ as likely than girls to have ADHD.
8%; twice
In a study conducted by Coleman and colleagues (2008), __________ of American women aged 50-64 reported receiving regular mammograms to screen for breast cancer, compared to __________ of British women.
84%; 63%
Coverage for major infants vaccines is approximately ________ worldwide, but in some African countries the rates are below_________.
90%, 50%
What percentage of Italians aged 15 to 24 live with their parents?
94%
What percentage of American infants are born with an Apgar score of 7 to 10?
98%
When in labor, expectant mothers in Ukraine are offered _______.
A generous glass of whiskey
Which statement accurately describes a difference in religious beliefs among Americans?
Adolescents believe religious faith is less about a religious doctrine and more about how to be a good person and feel happy.
__________are examples of teratogens.
Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
According to the text, what type of neonate cry expels a large volume of air through the vocal chords?
Anger
Which statement is an example of a negative correlation?
As gas prices increase, the number of people driving cars would be predicted to decrease
Which of the following is the best example of active genotype → environment effects?
Because everyone in the Martin family sunburns easily, they rarely go to the beach and have moved to a state with colder weather.
Which statement best reflects the impact of school funding in the United States?
Because schools are funded on the basis of local property taxes rather than by the federal government, schools in the poorest areas have the fewest resources for children coming from poor families.
In what country is there no lower age limit for active euthanasia?
Belgium
__________ is the experience of losing a loved one, and __________ is the intense psychological response that often follows.
Bereavement; grief
The Arapesh of New Guinea believe the birth process is spiritually unclean. Which of the following is more likely to occur there?
Birth is allowed to take place only at the outskirts of the village.
__________ is one of the most important indicators of a neonate's survival and healthy development.
Birth weight
By the end of the first week following conception, the fertilized egg has approximately 100 cells and is known as the __________.
Blastocyst
Which statement accurately describes the differences between boys and girls relative to changes to physical development that occur in middle childhood?
Boys grow stronger than girls after age 11.
What is a hypothesis regarding why breast-fed children tend to score higher than bottle-fed children on measures of cognitive functioning?
Breast mild contains nutrients that have a positive effect on children's cognitive development
Breast-fed babies have been shown to have a lower rate of illnesses and disease such as diphtheria, pneumonia, asthma, ear infections, and diarrhea. Which of the following is an explanation for this lower rate?
Breast milk contains antibodies.
__________ is specialized for language production, whereas __________ is specialized for language comprehension.
Broca's area; Wernicke's area
__________ is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and another person's perspective.
Egocentrism
What does research reveal regarding college students' gender stereotypes comparing work performance of men and women?
College students evaluate women's work performance less favorably than men's.
Even though a high percentage of mothers in developing countries could safely breast-feed, why is there such a low rate of breast-feeding in these areas?
Corporations have unethically convinced mothers that formula is better.
What is the primary impact of synaptic pruning on the developing brain?
Correct Neuronal connections are reduced, resulting in an increase in brain efficiency.
Which Statement describes one of the essential features of the cultural-developmental model of human development?
Cultural identities are becoming more complex for many people
If the gene for curly hair is dominant and the gene for straight hair is recessive, from a dominant-recessive pairing, which of the following would be an individual's phenotype?
Curly hair
__________ refers to the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus.
Dishabituation
Which of the following is the best practical advice of the Beng people of the West African nation of ivory coast
Do not drink palm wine during early months of pregnancy
_____ developed the Apgar Scale
Dr. Virginia Apgar
The environmental conditions for which a given species has evolved is called an________.
Ecological niche
In what developed countries do emerging adults tend to live with their parents longer than in the United States?
European countries
In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers. How does the role of the father factor into traditional cultures?
Fathers are often excluded entirely from the birth process and are rarely involved in daily child care.
What period lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth?
Fetal
Today, what is the status of Freud's stages of psychosexual stages in explaining human development?
Few people who study human development adhere to the theory.
The WISC-V assesses cognitive ability on five indexes, including the Verbal Comprehension Index, the Visual Spatial Index, The Processing speed, the Working Memory Index, and the _______
Fluid Reasoning Index
__________ is the type of intelligence that involves information-processing abilities such as short-term memory, ability to discern relations between visual stimuli, and speed of synthesizing new information, whereas __________ represents the accumulation of a person's culturally based knowledge, language, and understanding of social conventions.
Fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
The __________ form at the end of the third month and release hormones that influence prenatal development from that point onward.
Genitals
Down Syndrome is also known as trisomy-21 because individuals with Down syndrome
Have an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Which of the following is an environmental cause for decreased auditory acuity during middle adulthood?
Having worked in a factory or at a job with exposure to chronically loud noises can contribute to hearing loss.
DeCasper and Spence asked mothers to read The Cat in the Hat every day for the last 6 weeks of their pregnancy. After the birth, babies showed a preference for _____.
Hearing their mothers read The Cat in the Hat
The authoritative parenting style is characterized as being
High in demandingness and high in responsiveness
Reincarnation is to __________ as nirvana is to __________.
Hinduism; Buddhism
According to ancient Chinese folklore, how can one predict whether a pregnant woman is having a boy?
If a woman is carrying her pregnancy low in her abdomen.
You received cash from your grandparents and want to invest it wisely. Being particularly interested in investing in countries that are leading in telecommunications and manufacturing, you are considering investing in __________ because you know that it is projected to lead the world in economic production by 2050.
India
__________ cultures emphasize independence and self-expression, whereas __________ cultures emphasize obedience and group harmony.
Individualistic; collectivistic
Which statement is true for infants in developing countries?
Infants who are bottle-fed have a mortality rate that is five times higher than those who breast-feed.
__________ involves using aggressive behaviors to get an item that is wanted, whereas __________ is aggressive behavior that is intended to inflict pain or harm on others.
Instrumental aggression; hostile aggression
Which statement best summarizes the relationship between intelligence and academic success?
Intelligence tests administered during childhood and adolescence are moderately correlated with school success.
__________ is the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings.
Intimacy
What is the oldest effective treatment for infertility?
Intrauterine insemination
Preschool teachers __________.
are not required to have education or credentials specific to early childhood
Which of the following researchers developed the concepts of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development?
Lev Vygotsky
Whose theory of cognitive development is often referred to as a sociocultural theory?
Lev Vygotsky
Which statement offers the best explanation for why marriage exists?
Marriage exists due to the long period of infant dependency.
Many developmental psychologists feel that the two biggest influences on a child's life are parents and peers. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, which systems would therefore have the most influence?
Microsystem
__________ adults may be slower than __________ adults to respond to a driving situation that requires an immediate reaction, such as braking quickly when another driver stops unexpectedly.
Middle; younger
A ______ is a person who helps with the birth process: she is generally older and has direct experience or has been trained in assisting births.
Midwife
Which statement is true regarding paternal involvement among nonresident fathers in the United States?
Nonresident African American and Latino fathers are more involved than nonresident White fathers are.
Which statement best explains why the United States has a higher rate of death for emerging adults from motor vehicle accidents than other Western countries?
Other countries have a higher minimum driving age and emerging adults have less access to automobiles.
Single gene pairs play a crucial role in development. However, it is more common that developmental outcomes occur because of the interaction of multiple genes. This is known as ______.
Polygenetic Inheritance
Which couple is least likely to cohabit?
Satoshi and Hayami from Japan
__________ promoted emotional closeness for young women, whereas for young men __________ was/were usually the basis of feeling emotional closeness.
Self-disclosure; shared activities
Lucca typically lies awake in his crib after walking in the morning. As he kicks his mobile, he coos with delight knowing he has the ability to make the mobile move around and around with his repetitive kicks. Lucca's behavior indicates he is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.
Sensorimotor
Your best friend has just learned that she is pregnant. She is a healthy person and is planning on engaging in aerobic exercise during her pregnancy. What would be your advice to her?
She should exercise regularly in order to stimulate her circulatory system and muscles
Your 82-year-old grandmother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease 4 years ago. Your mother is very concerned about the potential of being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease herself. She has been an avid runner for many years and vigorously exercises at least five times a week for 20 to 30 minutes a day. What would you tell your mother?
She should keep exercising. Studies show an inverse relationship between physical activity and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
Your roommate is pregnant, and she gets very angry and yells quite a bit over the smallest things. What is a good piece of advice that you could give her?
She should try relaxation therapy. Whenever she gets really upset, her fetus gets very upset, too.
You have a 4-year-old daughter who is interested in watching television. What is your best option?
She should watch educational programs.
__________ is a sleep disorder in which breathing actually stops for 10 seconds or more numerous times in the course of a typical night, as the air passage to the lungs closes, resulting in a sudden loud snore as the airway opens again and the sleeper awakens.
Sleep apnea
__________ is a known factor that increases the probability of SIDS.
Sleeping stomach-down instead of flat on the back
Which the following are known factors related to sudden infant death syndrome?
Soft bedding, sleeping stomach-down, and low birth weight
To read, you have to recognize that letters are ______, and match a _______ to each letter or letter combination
Symbols of sounds; Speech sound
According to the text, adolescent prostitution is a pervasive and growing problem, especially in __________.
Thailand
Which statement is true regarding the incidence of serious prenatal disorders?
The addition of folic acid appears to sharply reduce the incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida.
The fetus is in a breech presentation when____
The feet or buttocks are down
What is one evolutionary adaptation to assist in delivering the fetus?
The fetus's skull is not yet fused.
What happens to Gusii women of Africa during midlife?
Their husbands take another, younger wife, leaving their first wives dependent on their children.
What statement is true for children who do not eat any adequate amount of protein?
They are more likely to have poorly functioning immune systems.
A behavioral geneticist would use which of the following research methods to study the influence of genetics?
Twin and adoption studies
What country has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy of any other developed country?
United States
You are a grandparent and your son and daughter-in-law are about to be divorced. What is likely to happen with regard to your involvement with your grandchildren?
You will see your grandchildren much less frequently.
Professor Cook is conducting a research study on the cognitive abilities of infants and young children. Rather than follow subjects from birth to the age of 10, he assesses small groups from various ages. Of 1-year-olds he measures five children, of 2-year-olds he measures five different children, and so forth. By the time he has completed his study, Dr. Cook has an assessment of 50 different children from 10 different age groups. Which of the following describes the research method that Dr. Cook is using?
a cross-sectional design
Which condition has symptoms that include acute pain, weakness, dizziness, confusion, and shortness of breath?
a heart attack
Regarding preschool education, the United States prioritizes __________, whereas Japan prioritizes __________.
academic skills; social skills
Sophia's grandmother is always saying that her 2-year-old granddaughter "soaks up new information like a sponge." This statement is __________.
accurate due to an increase in synaptic density
The __________ self is your self-conception, and __________ selves are the different people you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences.
actual; possible
Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most __________ regions and lowest in the __________ regions.
affluent; poorest
In developing countries, individuals typically become grandparents at __________, and in developed countries, individuals typically become grandparents __________.
age 40; in their 50s
What teratogen causes the most widespread damage to prenatal development in developed countries?
alcohol
What is the name of the Japanese concept that describes the very close, physical, indulgent relationship between the mother and her young child?
amae
The term social referencing refers to a situation in which __________.
an individual observes the emotional responses of others and uses that information to shape his or her own emotional response
Iron deficiency is to __________ as protein deficiency is to __________.
anemia; kwashiorkor
As atherosclerosis becomes more severe, a person may experience such symptoms as severe pain in the chest, neck, and left arm, which is known as __________.
angina pectoris
In what procedure for cardiovascular disease does a surgeon insert a tube into a blocked artery and inflate a tiny balloon that flattens the fatty deposits against the wall and allows blood to flow more freely?
angioplasty
When people accept that the death of a loved one is inevitable and begin to adapt to it emotionally, what is happening?
anticipatory grief
Scholars suggest that leaving home leads young people to __________.
appreciate their parents more
Men more likely to experience great hearing loss than women in middle adulthood because they __________.
are employed in places where there would be chronic exposure to loud noises
Pousadeth is confident and self-assured. He has high creativity and is well liked by his peers. Beyond being the captain of the soccer team, he is also a star member of the glee club. From what is known about parenting style, which of the following is most likely the parenting style of Pousadeth's parents?
authoritative
What are major health risks for emerging adults?
automobile accidents and substance abuse
According to the text, an authoritative parent of an aggressive child with a difficult temperament who ignores explanations of rules may __________.
become more authoritarian
What do emerging adults in Korea and China view as an important criterion that signals adulthood?
being able to support their parents financially
Men who begin balding in young adulthood often __________.
believe it diminishes their physical attractiveness
The loss of a loved one to death results in __________?
bereavement
In the United States and Europe, fatal automobile crashes, unintended pregnancies, criminal activity, and physical fights are all outcomes related to __________.
binge drinking
In humans, what is the name of the concept suggesting that shortly after birth is a critically important time for mothers and infants, quite similar to what occurs in animals?
bonding
Anthropologists have concluded that for 99% of human history, infants were __________.
bound or close to their mothers almost constantly
Some propose infants have a preference for sweet-tasting items as an adaptive principle because __________.
breast milk is slightly sweet
What is one fine motor skill that toddlers can do during their third year of life?
brush their teeth
What research method entails the detailed examination of the life of one person or a small number of people?
case study
Imagine that it is the late 1800s, and you and your wife are speaking with the doctor discussing how to best care for your newborn baby. Your doctor recommends that the baby be given __________.
condensed or evaporated milk
Legislation in the Netherlands, the only developed country that allows assisted suicide, requires that doctors must first satisfy several conditions: the patient must express a desire to terminate his or her life, the patient's suffering is severe and unlikely to improve, other forms of care have been attempted, and a second doctor must be consulted to ensure that these conditions have been met. In an anonymous survey, what condition did doctors indicate that they frequently ignore?
consulting a second physician to ensure that the conditions had been met
In an experiment, what group receives no treatment?
control group
Quinn et al. (1993) examined the abilities of 3- and 4-month-old infants. After looking at a series of photographs of cats, the infants were shown two new photos, one of a cat and one of a dog. They looked longer at the photograph of the dog. This indicated that infants this age __________.
could categorize
Your grandmother tells you about how things were in the "Old Country" when she was a child before she moved with her family to the United States. Your grandmother's recollections of cultural information are examples of her __________.
crystallized intelligence
Since peaking around 1980, rates of nearly all substance use have __________ among American adolescents.
declined sharply
Children who experience the death of a parent tend to be __________.
deeply affected even years later
As compared to the United States and Canada, an attribute such as shyness is considered socially __________ in China.
desirable
Although intense academic instruction is not a criterion for high-quality preschools, most childhood scholars concur that preschool teaching should be based on __________.
developmentally appropriate educational practice
Regular exercise in young adulthood reduces the risk of a variety of illnesses and diseases in middle adulthood, including __________.
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several types of cancer
One common measure of executive function is the __________, which shows images that combine two dimensions, such as color and shape. If asked to identify color and then shape, the switch condition requires executive function.
dimensional change card sort (DCCS)
Most cultures' gender roles become more __________ during middle childhood.
divided
One important difference among the three ancient conceptions of human development—the Dharmashastras, the Talmud, and the philosopher Solon—is that they have very different ways of __________.
dividing the life span into segments or stages
Urie Bronfenbrenner's __________ theory focuses on __________ that shape human development in the social environment.
ecological; multiple influences
Thomas has just finished the Boston Marathon and is feeling great. His blood pressure is high, his respirations are rapid, and he is extremely sweaty, but he feels elated to be alive. He's experiencing a "runner's high." Which of the following is primarily responsible for this pleasurable feeling?
endorphins
High doses of antioxidant drugs have been shown to __________.
enhance physical functioning
Several aspects of aging in late adulthood contribute to sleep disturbances. For men, what leads to frequent urination and can disrupt sleep?
enlargement of the prostate gland
Seymour is 54 years old and is overweight, smokes, and does not exercise. He is likely to have what type of difficulty with regard to sexual behavior?
erectile dysfunction
Which of the following are two classes of sex hormones?
estrogens and androgens
Xena wants to major in psychology and knows there are many different types of psychology. With an interest in anthropology and sociology, Xena reads about a branch of psychology that examines how patterns of human functioning and behavior have influenced characteristics such as aggressiveness and mate selection. Xena might want to consider majoring in __________.
evolutionary psychology
The abilities to solve cognitive problems without becoming distracted and to adjust one's strategy as the nature of the problem changes reflect __________.
executive function
Problem solving is to __________ as problem finding is to __________.
expertise; creativity
Dr. Syndai wants to assess real-time activity of lower brain structures and not just the cerebral cortex. Her patient is a girl in middle childhood who is old enough to understand that she must remain still for the test. Which of the following devices would Dr. Syndai use?
fMRI
What is being presented when individuals put on a self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling?
false self
Your 17-year-old niece is very careful not to get involved with any type of substance use and has no friends who engage in substance use of any kind. Her brother, who is 8 years older than she is, had a serious substance use problem during his high school years. What type of self is your niece concerned about?
feared self
You overhear your brother, who is 32, talking to his friends who are about the same age as he is. They are speaking about how they feel about adulthood. The consensus is that they __________.
felt like adults when they were in their late 20s
Low-birth-weight babies in either developed or developing countries are most likely to be born to parents who have the __________.
fewest resources
Randall is interested in examining how well children who are good at delaying gratification do academically. He states, "Children who can delay gratification get better grades in school than children who cannot delay gratification." Which step of the scientific method did Randall complete?
forming a hypothesis
The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, divide the life span into __________.
four stages, each of which lasts 25 years
Researchers believe that the continued maturity of the __________ cortex during young adulthood is responsible for cognitive changes such as focusing attention and goal-directed behaviors that lead to expertise.
frontal
The _________ lobes are responsible for advanced processes such as planning for the future, decision-making, and production of spoken language.
frontal
Which areas of the brain are associated with planning, problem solving, and moral reasoning?
frontal lobes
A __________ is a gender-based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information.
gender schema
Generally, colleges in the United States, Canada, and Japan begin with 2 years devoted to __________.
general education classes
If the cultural environment is similar, variation in the order and timing of pubertal changes among adolescents appears to be due to the influence of __________.
genetics
In the past in many cultures, boys were required to engage in violent rituals in which they were to submit to and sometimes engage in bloodletting of various kinds. Why have these rituals declined in frequency or disappeared?
globalization
April is from Latin America and is excited to celebrate her quinceañera. She has picked out the most beautiful dress and she knows that all of her family and friends will be there. April will soon __________.
have her 15th birthday
Most countries still allow parents to spank their young children; nearly all __________.
have outlawed beatings and other harsh forms of physical punishment
What is a common characteristic of adolescent girls who are depressed?
having a poor body image
In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development, children who were classified as having __________ were more likely than children with __________ to explore new environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation.
high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels
In regard to emerging adulthood, in both Europe and the United States unemployment has been found to be associated with __________.
higher risk for depression
What would the average child be expected to accomplish during the first year of toddlerhood?
hold a cup and scribble with a crayon
In regard to fine motor development, a one-year-old can __________, while a 3-year-old can __________.
hold a cup; draw a semistraight line
Your 32-year-old cousin is dying of terminal cancer. Although his hospital care has been extraordinarily good, his doctors have estimated that he has only 2 months of life left. All of the medical approaches have been exhausted, and your family has decided to pursue the __________ approach in an effort to make sure his emotional and spiritual needs are met, as well as to receive support themselves.
hospice
Sophia and Yvette are playing with dolls when suddenly a third playmate, Cameron, grabs Sophia's doll, throws it on the ground, and stomps on it, telling Yvette that Sophia's dolls are smelly and dirty. Cameron is demonstrating __________.
hostile aggression
The ways people grow and change biologically, cognitively, psychologically, and socially across the life span is referred to as __________.
human development
In developing countries, 95% of child deaths are due to __________.
illness and disease
Unlike other animals, human infants do not __________.
imprint
In discussing cultural differences in conceptions of the self, scholars typically distinguish between the __________ promoted by individualistic cultures and the __________ promoted by collectivistic cultures.
independent self; interdependent self
The inability to remember much information before the age of 4 or 5 is known as __________.
infantile amnesia
Which of the following types of intelligence is consistent with the understanding of self?
intrapersonal
A cesarean, or C-section delivery ___________.
is a procedure that surgically opens the mother's abdomen and retrieves the baby directly from the uterus
When Julius was born, his skin color and eyeballs looked yellowish and he was given phototherapy in which he was exposed to blue light. Julius was born with neonatal __________.
jaundice
Although he still receives a great deal of nurturance from his mother and older sisters, 4-year-old Nate is expected to stop breast-feeding, stop asking to be held, be toilet trained, and demonstrate good manners. According to Mead, Nate is a __________.
knee child
Which of the following gave Homo sapiens a clear evolutionary advantage?
language
Usha Menon interviewed women in India ages19 through 78. When did most Indian women believe was the best time in life?
late 30s through the 50s
Menopause usually occurs in the __________.
late 40s and early 50s
Louis Terman, one of the original developers of the Stanford Binet IQ test, began a study in the 1920s of 1,500 children with exceptionally high IQ scores. Compared to the comparison group, the high-IQ participants were __________.
less likely to have personal problems such as alcoholism, divorce, and mental disorders
What type of delinquent individual shows signs of problems since birth, and many engage in criminal activity after their mid-20s?
life-course-persistent delinquents
According to Erikson, what are the three key areas in which identity is formed?
love, work, and ideology
The most effective diet programs are __________.
low-carbohydrate, high-protein plans.
According to Phinney, what ethnic identity status is the most common among Native American adolescents?
marginality
Sichhun is a 50-year-old female whose hormone levels have dropped. Her menstrual cycle has ceased and she has begun to experience hot flashes, headaches, dizziness, and heart palpitations on a frequent basis. Which of the following best explains Sichhun's condition?
menopause
At what age are children in developing countries required to begin regular work outside the home?
middle childhood
When do children learn when it is culturally appropriate to speak and when it is best to keep their thoughts to themselves?
middle childhood
Eden is very ambitious and wishes to have a career that will allow her to be financially independent. She also knows that her options will be expanded if she achieves her goal of a college degree. Eden's access to tertiary education depends on __________ and her parents' financial resources.
national policies
What technique of labor rejects medical technology and interventions and promotes breathing techniques to diminish pain?
natural childbirth
Your father's family lives in Norway, and his sister is expecting a baby. She mentioned speaking with her midwife, and you were surprised to hear this—when your mother's sister had a baby in the United States, the birth took place in a hospital. Your Norwegian aunt assures you that midwife-assisted births are very common. In fact, they account for __________ of all births.
nearly 100%
Research in __________ has begun to illuminate the ways that brain development underlies the development of expertise during young adulthood.
neuropsychology
When there is a close attachment to the person who died, the feelings of loss and yearning may __________.
never entirely fade
During middle adulthood, which of the following are factors related to sleep disturbances and sleep disorders?
obesity, heart disease, and depression
After age 40, many individuals in midlife experience sleep problems; they __________.
often do not feel fully rested in the morning
Cross culturally, infants older than 6 months are cared for most often by their __________.
older female siblings
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's first three psychosexual stages?
oral stage, anal stage, and phallic stage
What type of care focuses on relieving the patient's pain and suffering and providing care in a way that allows the person to die with dignity?
palliative care
What is a risk factor associated with childhood asthma?
parental smoking
What is one explanation for the dramatic rise in the typical ages of entering marriage and parenthood today in developing countries?
participation in tertiary education
Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed the theory of genotype → environment effects. Which subtype occurs in biological families because parents provide both genes and environment to their children?
passive genotype → environment effects
Jean Piaget used the __________ to illustrate and measure children's and adolescent's entrance into hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
pendulum problem
Which of the three measures of fluid intelligence decline steeply throughout adulthood?
perceptual speed
Jordan is immature, lacks self-control, and has trouble getting along with his teacher and other kids his age. Jordan is likely a product of __________ parenting.
permissive
In early childhood and throughout the life span, boys are consistently more __________ aggressive than girls.
physically
Research using the Experience Sampling Method on emotions and the self-concept of individuals in late adulthood has concluded that most individuals have a greater number of __________.
positive emotional states that increased steadily with age
What term did Vygotsky use to describe the comments that children make to themselves while learning?
private speech
Professor Parks is conducting a research study in which he is asking individuals to rate their satisfaction with their first year of college. His questionnaire is based on a scale on which students respond to questions by choosing one of the following descriptors: "5. very satisfied; 4. somewhat satisfied; 3. not very satisfied; 2. not at all satisfied." Professor Parks is gathering __________.
quantitative data
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the number of child laborers ages 5-11 is __________ worldwide.
rapidly declining
What is defined as the amount of time it takes an individual to respond to a stimulus?
reaction time
Kulika is a Cambodian American in his early 30s. For the last 5 years he has provided for and taken care of his mother, who was unemployed due to an economic recession. Being recently married, he is ready to begin his new life as a husband and father. It is quite clear that he is torn between his old life, which involved his mother, and his new life, which involves his wife. From Jennifer Tanner's (2006) stance on emerging adulthood, which of the following best describes Kulika's situation?
recentering
Infants are born with 27 automatic responses that occur from being stimulated certain ways. These automatic responses are known as __________.
reflexes
According to Freud, traumatic events during childhood that are buried in the unconscious mind are also known as __________ memories.
repressed
Low iodine intake during pregnancy increase the risks of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abnormalities in fetal brain development. As a result, what has been done since the 1920s in developed countries?
salt has been iodized
What concept illustrates how Leonardo might go about teaching his daughter Tessa how to dress herself? He first dressed her, describing what he was doing and why; then he had Tessa help as he dressed her; and last he allowed Tessa to dress herself, helping her only as needed.
scaffolding
Jonathan is in his late teens and is beginning to question his religious upbringing. Just recently, he has begun to believe in the human spirit and a person's ability to reason. Moving closer to a scientific worldview, and moving farther away from religious beliefs and values, it is clear that Jonathan is becoming more __________.
secular
Which of the following best describes the ability to tune out irrelevant information?
selective attention
Although keeping mentally and physically active slows the aging process, decline eventually will take place due to primary aging. Which intervention that is meant to slow some of the aging processes includes selecting valued activities and dropping others and optimizing performance in the remaining activities?
selective optimization with compensation
The actual self as defined by scholars is an adolescent's __________.
self-conception
Your roommate's younger brother just broke up with his girlfriend, who he has been dating for three years, and has been upset about it. When your roommate went home to visit, she noticed that her brother was using substances. She was surprised because he never had never done so before. He is likely __________.
self-medicating
Cognitive development in the __________ stage involves changing from reflex behavior to intentional action and the attainment of object permanence.
sensorimotor
Eating a good diet is even more important in late adulthood than at earlier ages because it __________.
slows down primary aging
What is the leading cause of low birth weight in developed countries?
smoking
Other than natural aging, which of the following is a known to increase the risk for hearing loss?
smoking cigarettes
Because conversations are strenuous and stressful when a person experiences hearing loss, loss of hearing can lead to __________.
social withdrawal
Which of the following is the name of Laura Carstensen's theory, which proposes that older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts?
socioemotional selectivity theory
AIDS has been most devastating in __________ Africa, where 10 of every 11 new HIV infections worldwide takes place.
southern
Jenica wants to leave school early because her favorite music group is playing down the street. When she stops and thinks about it, she realizes that leaving school early would be a very bad idea and she would get in trouble for doing so. She chooses not to leave. According to Freud, what part of Jenica's mind is controlling her behavior?
superego
What helps children with trisomy-21 develop more favorably?
supportive and encouraging parents
Early brain development is distinguished by the steep increase in __________.
synaptic density
Your neighbor's daughter Bindi, who just turned 2, used to yell "doggie" whenever you walked by with your golden retriever. Now when she sees you, she yells "doggie walk!" According to linguists, what type of speech production has Bindi begun to use?
telegraphic speech
What term is used to describe a situation in which medication is used to relieve the pain of dying patients, even to the point that it causes death?
terminal sedation
Among developed countries, which country has the least amount of preschool participation?
the United States
Over the past century, infertility rates in __________ have remained constant at 10% to 15% of couples.
the United States
In the Jewish tradition, the death of parents, siblings, spouses, or children is commemorated each year on the anniversary of the individual's death. What is the name of this custom?
the Yahrzeit
The Babinski reflex occurs when __________.
the infant twists its foot inward as the sole of its foot is stroked
When the infant becomes a toddler, the relationship between the younger and older siblings changes. On the positive side, the relationship improves because __________.
the older sibling becomes interested in playing with the younger sibling
Which individuals primarily convey cultural gender messages to infants?
the parents
Phrases like "please," "thank you," and "bye-bye" are examples of __________.
the pragmatic quality of language
Genes establish a potential of expression, and environment determines where a person's phenotype will fall. This boundary of genetic influence is referred to as __________.
the reaction range
It is clear that humans are built for learning language, but not for learning a specific language. The language that is learned is dependent on __________.
the social and cultural environment
What is formed when the ovum and sperm cells unite and conception occurs?
the zygote
In recent advertisements the depiction of older adults as adventurous, active, and intelligent may be due to __________.
their increasing economic power
As discussed in the text, individuals with expertise differ cognitively from novices in that __________.
they process information more quickly and efficiently
Highly creative people tend to be creative __________.
throughout their whole lives
Neonates can distinguish between red and __________, but not between white and other colors, probably because the __________ is/are immature.
white; cones
Your roommate is from China. He was discussing his home life with you, and part of that discussion centered around his grandparents, who are in late adulthood. Most likely, where do his grandparents live?
with his parents
During late adulthood, across cultures and countries, __________ are more religious than __________, in both beliefs and practices.
women; men
The United Nations Human Development Program's Gender Development Index (GDI) is calculated by comparing gender difference for more than 100 countries on measures such as life expectancy at birth, __________, and median income for adult work.
years of schooling
For most men of European descent, hair turning gray begins in __________, but by __________ most people's hair has turned mostly or all gray.
young adulthood; middle adulthood
By the end of the fourth gestational week, the embryo is __________ long, the head is apparent, and the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears begin to form.
¼ inch long
