life span exam 4

gender ID

(2-3) identify self as male and female. one's sense of being male or female

gender label

(3-4) can label other people. by the early preschool years, children can label their own sex and that of others correctly

gender stability

(4-5) people retain their gender for a lift time. awareness that gender remains the same over time

gender consistency

(7-8) Gender does not change even if behavior and dress change. During the late preschool and early school years children understand that sex is biologically based and remains the same if the person dresses "cross gender" or engages in nontraditional activities.

3. Describe Erikson's first 4 psychosocial stages of development.

1. 1st year trust vs. mistrust; trust the environment can comfort self, be feed, be warm, be care for, be safe, I am important, valued. In-consistence-someone is not there to take care of me-mistrust. 2. 1-3 autonomy vs. doubt; trust the environment is sage to explore vs. not safe to explore. 3. 3-5 years' initiative vs. guilt; be responsible vs. I cannot do this-guilt. 4. 6-12 industry vs. inferiority; can initiative become industry.

4. Discuss the role that temperament plays in infant-caregiver interactions.

1. Easy child is even tempered, are typically in a positive mood, and are quite open and adaptable to new experiences. Their habits are regular and predictable. 2. Slow to warm up child: there children are quite inactive and moody. They are slow to adapt to new persons and situations. They typically respond to novelty or to changes in routine with mild forms of passive resistance. 3. Difficult child: are active, irritable and irregular in their habits. They often react very vigorously to changes in routine and are slow to adapt to new persons or situations If Infant's temperament is easy, parents are not stressed about income, other children or their marriage. Parents have a working model of secure attachment to their own parents. Vs. slow or difficult children

11. Identify the developmental sequence associated to play and describe the different types of play.

1. Onlooker-you are not in the game but you are involved like watch a play. 6-12 month 2. Solitary 12-18 month 3. Parallel 18-3 year 4. Associative 3-6 5. Cooperative 6+

6. Describe the Baumrind's 3 parenting styles. Which style promotes the most positive development for the child? What factors influence the choice of parenting style?

1. authoritarian parenting P287 management style. The parents word is law. Traditional parent style. Do what I said. High demand. Parent think they are always going to be parents, always going to tell you what to do. Low in nature and little demonstrate love, not a lot of communication 2. permissive parenting P288 a lot of love. I am going to protect you. I will be there for you always. Expect to have relationship with their parents. Few demands. 3. authoritative parenting P288 permissive negative. I have a kid so I manage the best I can. Expect maturity. Develop independent. Helping development idea. A lots of communication. Love their children but let them make their decision. Become friends later. Good parenting style. Authoritative parenting style promotes the most positive development for the child. Factors influence the choice Of parenting Style- 1. Culture, (traditional father is head of house hold) 2. stressors, (when stressed, choose negative) 3. number of children, (when one child, may choose authoritative, spend more time or effort) 4. personality of children, (if difficult child, may choose more negative) 5. Personality of parent, (depend on the personality, born with) 6. birth order, (the longest is the funniest, first born child more strong achievement motivation, first born is experimental child) 7. gender. (female feel more responsibility as their nature) Interactive issues in Birth order: factors that may alter the influence of birth order: for the child: 1. personality, 2. Gender, (including culture, some son thinks they should protect all the sisters, no matter the birth order) 3. Timing of birth, (the children born when old child goes to kindergarten, the greater distant have impact on their role. or Both like baby, or when they born very close together, they do not recognize their difference) 4. Birth order. For the parent: 1. personality, 2. economic status (stage of life), (able to give younger child more because the economic status) 3. culture, (impact on how to react on children, how should rise children, son is important to have son, but if they are the only one, girl can be impotent too) 4. experience (as a child and as a parent) (how your parent deal with you. Your experience as child)

synchrony

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. people are like. be able to understand the child, can read the child, get each other, can communicate. both the child and parent are alike, understand each other. Children get older, they will select the one are more understand them to synch.

insecure attachment

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.

gender identity

A person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female.

Ageism

A prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age.

midlife crisis

A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had more to do with developmental history than with chronological age

antisocial behavior

Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.

prosocial behavior

Actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself.

moratorium

An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.

authoritative parenting

An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible. (Baumrind) A style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on children's actions; extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, are parents are warm and nurturant toward the child.

authoritarian parenting

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication from child to parent. A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.

permissive parenting

An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control. (Also called indulgent parenting.) (Baumrind) Style of parenting marked by submitting to children's desires, making few demands, and using little punishment

aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

5. Define attachment; explain how it is identified, the different types and the behaviors associated with the different types of attachment.

Attachment: according to Ainsworth, "an affectionate tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver-a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time. Infant show their attachment through proximity-seeking (such as approaching and following their caregivers) and through contact-maintaining (such as toughing, snuggling, and holding). 1. Type A, Insecure-avoidant, child plays happily, when mother leaves, child continues playing, when mother returns, child ignorres her. 10-20% toddler in this category. 2. Type B, secure, child plays happily, when mother leaves, child pauses, is not as happy, when mother return, child welcomes her, returns to play. 50-70% in this category. 3. Type C, insecure-resistant/ambivalent, child clings, is preoccupied with mother. when mother leaves, child is unhappy, may stop playing. when mother return, child is angry: may cry, hit mother, cling. 10-20% in this category. 4. Type D, Disorganized, child is cautious. when mother leaves, child may stare or yell; looks scared, confused. when mother return, child acts oddly-may scream it self, throw things. 5-10% in this category.

7. Discuss the differences in adapting associated with widows and widowers.

Because men tend to married to younger women, so the pool of men's is getting large. At age of 65, men still have 75& living with spouse, but women only have 40% living with spouse. Men often have more optional to get married because more widow women. 1 Role decrement, women always worked on the home. No financial support. 2 loss of spouse, adjustment of that person is not here because Bob took care of that. 3 widow/widowerhood

Ethological

Bowlby's theory that attachment derives from the biological preparation of both infant and parents to respond to each other's behaviors in such a way that parents provide the infant with care and protection; mutual attachment is developed; shaped by evolutionary theory and observational studies such as imprinting - John Bowlby

2. Describe Ethological approach to bonding and its relevance to attachment.

Bowlby: attachment based on innate instinctive patterns of behavior that guide interactions between parent and child. Social reference, checking with parents when explore, into bonding (imprinting -kangaroo care), can see face, Developmental course of attachment Phase1 birth-2 month-indiscriminate social responsiveness Phase2 2-7 month-discriminate social responsiveness. Stranger anxiety-attach to mother, not good time to introduce grandma. Phase3 8-24 month-focused attachment-attachment to blanket, stuff animal. Peak 15 month-separation anxiety. Critical period to separate the children with who attached to. Not good time to be deployment, vacation. A girl detached with parent who go to other country to work, she feels banded and have depression. Cuteness of the baby to attract people to take care and to have children to attach to. Freud-attachment based on mother's ability to satisfy infant's basic needs (hunger, thirst) pet theory. Attach to person who feeds you. Harlow-attachment results from innate need for "contact comfort"-monkey's study. Cloth mother have comfort; wire mother has food. Monkey stay with cloth mother only to get food from wire money. Where monkey go when there is strange things with anxiety. Several studies support Harlow: 1. Touching and massaging premature infants produce significant physical and emotional benefits. 2. Recent research suggest

generativity

ERIKSON--GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION--being productive in such a way that we create something that last's the seventh of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek to be productive in a caring way. Often as parents but, perhaps through art, care-giving, and employment.

8. Describe empathy and antipathy. Discuss when these two emotions develop and why? Describe how these two emotions contribute to prosocial and antisocial behavior.

Empathy: The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person especially when they differ from one's own. Antipathy: Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person. Jack at 3 years old showed empathy when he "refused to bring snacks with peanuts to school because another boy had to sit alone during snack because he was allergic to nuts. Jack what to sit with him" Pro-social behavior seems to result more from emotion than from intellect, more from empathy than from theory of mind. The origins of pro-social behavior may arise from parents helping their children become aware of emotions, not from parents informing children what emotions other might have. Scientists studying young humans and other primates report spontaneous efforts to help others who are hurt, crying, or in need of help; that is evidence of empathy and compassion, which then lead to pro-social behavior-extending helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit to oneself. Even at age of 2, it is hard for the young children to letting another child use a crayon that a child has already used. Most 5 years old have learned to do it. An antisocial 4 years old might look another child in the eye, scowl, and then kick him hard without provocation. In some way, antisocial behavior comes naturally. Antipathy can lead to antisocial behavior-deliberately hurting another person, including people who have done nothing wrong. Much depends on the child's family and preschool education , with guidance, children balance giving and taking. the result is more pro-social and fewer antisocial actions as children mature.

trust vs. mistrust

Erickson's first crisis of psycho-social development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are meet.

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Erickson's second crisis of psycho-social development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.

initiative vs. guilt

Erickson's third psycho-social crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

foreclosure

Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parent's or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis

identity achievement

Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as an individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans

identity diffusion

Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

social comparison

Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

3.Discuss the development of identity during adolescence, and identify the four major identity statuses.

Exploration and commitment: 1. identity diffusion: no exploration and no commitment. Apathetic about finding identify few commitments to goals or values. Has difficulty meeting demands of adolescence: completing assignments; thinking about the future. They seem to go with flood, riding along, no homework. More likely to be 6-8 grade. 2. identity achievement, have committed after exploration. Matching and identify good fit and committed to it. Post exploration. By the end of college, you should be committed. 3. foreclosure: no exploration but have commitment. premature identify formation. Like parents are lawyer, they want you to be lawyer. Acceptance of earlier roles+ Parental values. No exploration of alternatives or forging of unique identity. They didn't identify themselves what they will be happy to do. Can happen any time. 4. Moratorium, more likely to accrue. Have exploration but no commitment. Time out to experiment. Explore alternative identities before committing. More likely at begging of the college.

antipathy

Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.

5. Discuss whether middle-aged adults are accurately describes as the "sandwich generation".

Generation of middle-aged people who are squeezed by the needs of the younger and older generations. When children still at home need time, energy, attention, your parent also need to time, energy, attention or financial support. Problem is the grandparent went to take over the parenting roll. Important to set grand rules with grandparents. Cause stress and tension in the family.

pre-conventional reasoning

Kohlberg's 1st level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments. act to avoid punishment and get what they want

conventional reasoning

Kohlberg's 2nd level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules. A type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society.

post-conventional reasoning

Kohlberg's 3rd level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles. A type of reasoning in which a child bases decisions on his or her conscience.

1. How do friendships change during the school years? How important are "best" friends? How are friends chosen? Identify the importance of the culture of children, cliques and crowds.

P385 Friendships become more intense and intimate over the years of middle childhood, as social cognition and effortful control advance. 1. 6 year old may be friends with anyone of the same sex and age who is willing to play with them cooperatively. BY 2. age 10, children demand more of their friends. They share secrets change friends less often, become more upset when a friendship breaks up, and find a harder to make new friends. 3. Older children tend to choose friends whose interests, valves, and backgrounds are similar to their own. By the end of middle childhood, close friendships are almost always between children of the same sex, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. This occurs not because children naturally become more prejudiced over the course of middle childhood( they do not ) but because they seek friends who understand and agree with them. Factors that contribute to friendship: 1. Proximity. 2. Propinquity, (can or cannot access the person you want to play with. John's mom do allow him to cross street) 3. Similarity, (under 3, children will play with everyone. Above 3, children play with same gender. Gender clique) 4. Mutuality and Compatibility. (balance of the relationship, give and take) 3-6, play what I like to play 6-12 play well together, we are friend. The whole soccer team. Belong together, no personality consideration. 12-15 small group. Have Hard to make friend. Choose friend base on similarity. Female is about can share personal issues. Male more of competitiveness. 16-18 based on tolerance and respect for emotional support and autonomy. Group from boy and girl become mixed boy and girls and become couples and become social society. Help each other. Separation with parent. Learning and make own diction, need support system.

6. Explain what factors contribute to the emotional toll of an "empty nest"

Positive consequences: increased marital satisfaction, (have more time to talk to each other) personal fulfillment, (have more money and more time to do things they want to do) sharing, (have more time) freedom with less labor and stress. (parent have roll to children clean cloth, support, cooking, so children may think stereotypical parent should support them; Children tend to forget parent ageing too) Negative consequences: Parental identity issues. Parents who weather empty nest the best: 1. foster independence in their children 2. believe that their children are mature enough for the world 3. Hold fewer long-range goals.

Erikson

Psychosocial Development 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development 1. Infant; 1st years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 1-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation(self-absorption) 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair

bullying

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person.

social referencing

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference. 12 months. looks to another to clarify or get information. Mother: cautious and protective Father: encouraging exploration.

7. Discuss the concept of social referencing. Who is the most likely to serve as a social reference? Why? Identify the difference in mom and dad social referencing?

Social referencing refers to seeking emotional responses or information from other people, much as a student might consult a dictionary or other reference work. After age 1, when infants can walk and are "little scientists," their needs to consult others becomes urgent. Social referencing is constant, as toddlers search for clues in gazes, faces, and body position, paying close attention to emotions and intentions. they focus on their familiar caregivers, but they also use relatives, other children, and even strangers to help them assess objects and events. they are remarkably selective: even at 16 months, they notice which strangers are reliable references and which are not. Mostly Parents are likely to serve as a social reference. because child focus on their familiar caregiver, most time are their parents. Mothers: cautious and protective. Father: encouraging exploration. Father enhance their children's social and emotional development in many ways. Synchrony, attachment, and social referencing are some times more apparent with fathers than with mothers. this notion was doubled until research found that some infants are securely attached to their fathers but not to their mothers. Furthermore, fathers elicit more smiles and laughter from their infants than mother do, probably because they play more exciting games, while mother do more care-giving and comforting. boys control their emotion better if they attached to their father who give them warm, and loving relationship when their are young. Fatherhood, fathers model different behaviors than mother. Protector role, male orientation, play role, achievement role.

empathy

The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person especially when they differ from one's own.

industry vs. inferiority

The fourth of Erickson's either psycho-social crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.

sandwich generation

The generation of middle-aged people who are supposedly "squeezed" by the needs of the younger and older members of their families. In reality, some adults do feel pressured by these obligations, but most are not burdened by them, either because they enjoy fulfilling them or because they choose to take on only some of them or none of them. Generation of middle-aged people who are squeezed by the needs of the younger and older generations.

culture of children

The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society.

gender convergence

The tendency for men and women to become more similar and how they live and what they want from their lives. Due to biology and cultural expectations

empty nest

The time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives.

disengagement theory

The view that aging makes a persons social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.

activity theory

The view that elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres-with relatives, friends, and community groups- and become withdrawn only unwillingly, as a result of ageism.

stratification theories

Theories that emphasize that social forces, particularly those related to a person's social stratum or social category, limit individual choices and affect a person's ability to function in late adulthood because past stratification continues to limit life in various ways.

9. Describe the development pattern of aggression and the impact of media on aggressive behavior. Identify at what age continued aggressive behavior becomes a stable part of the child's behavioral pattern. Understands the contribution emotional regulation makes to aggressive behavior.

Types of aggression: 1. Instrumental aggression: Hurtful behavior that is aimed at gaining something (such as a toy, a place in line, or a turn on the swing) that someone else has. often increases from age 2-6;involves objects more than people; quite normal, more egocentric than antisocial. 2. Reactive aggression: An impulsive retaliation for a hurt (intentional or accidental) that can be verbal or physical. Indicates a lack of emotional regulation, characteristic of 2 years old.A 5 years old can usually stop and think before reacting. 3. Relational aggression: nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at arming the social connections between the victim and others. Involves a personal attack and thus is directly antisocial; can be very hurtful; more common as children become socially aware. 4. Bullying aggression: unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves. In both bullies and victims, a sign of poor emotional regulation adults should intervene before the school years. Bullying is not rare among young children but should be stopped before school age, when it becomes particularly destructive. Not only does it destroy the self-esteem of victims, it impairs the later development of the bullies, who learn patterns that will harm them in adulthood. The Media impact on aggressive behavior greatly. 1. time children spent in front TV 2. aggressive showed on TV. Sunday morning carton filed with aggressive act. 3. too much, child get use to it. 4. most hero are the one doing the aggressive act. 5. the way to resolve issue.

bullying aggression

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.

gender schema

a cognitive concept or general belief based on one's experiences-in this case, a child's understanding of sex differences.

insecure-ambivalent

a pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant become very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. upset at parent leaving, seeks contact on return then squirms to get away (10%)

self-awareness

a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

2. Define ageism. Identify some causes and consequences of ageism.

a prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age. Modifying influences on aging 1. Personality 2. Gender 3. Personal experience.

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver More enthusiastic, persistent, responsive to instruction, happy, less easily frustrated, more competent with peer.

clique

a small, exclusive group of people an exclusive group bound together by some shared quality or interest

social smile

a smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth

2. Explain how the social clock influences the timing of important events during adulthood.

a), Conformity to a cohort. What your friends married, your friends go to college, your friend got job. b), Generational effects. She was married at 14, she was teaching at age 14. Today, tent to get married late 20, early 30. c), Socialization, stereotype of people at certain age should be do what at what age.

attachment

according to Ainsworth, "an affectionate tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver-a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time. an affectionate tie that an infant form with caregiver that endures over time. Attachment type in early infancy linked with problem solving ability and competence with peer.

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

separation anxiety

an infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves. most obvious between 9 and 14 months.

stranger anxiety

an infant's expression of concern-a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear-when a stranger appears. appear at 6 month.

androgyny

combination of traditional masculine and feminine traits in a single person

1. Describe the major developments in the emotional life of the child between 6 months and 2 years including stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, and self- awareness. What ages are associated with each of these three developments?

developing emotion: birth Distress, contentment 6 wks Social smile 3 mons Laughter, curiosity 4 mons Full, responsive smiles 4-8 mons Anger 9-14 mons Fear of social events(stranger, separation from caregiver) 12 mons Fear of unexpected sighs and sounds. 18 mons self-awareness, pride, shame, embarrassment. stranger: an infant's expression of concern-a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear-when a stranger appears. appear at 6 month. separation: an infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves. most obvious between 9 and 14 months. self-awareness:a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people. appear at age 18 month and go on into toddlers' emotion stage.

Peer facilitation

encouragement adolescent peers give one another to participate in activities they would not do alone. in a disney movie, two high school students encourage each other to participate in the school musical. This type of peer influence is called

10. Discuss the development of a gender schema (gender identity, gender label, gender stability, gender constancy). Know the order in which a gender schema develops.

gender schema: a cognitive concept or general belief based on one's experiences-in this case, a child's understanding of sex differences. 1. Gender ID, (2-3) identify self as male or female. 2. Gender label (3-4) can label other people as male or female. 3, Gender stability, (4-5) people retain their gender for a lift time. 4, Gender consistency, (7-8) Gender does not change even if behavior and dress change. Gender constancy= ID+Label+Stability+consistency. An understanding that gender is integral part of the self and fixed and unchanged.

temperament

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. it is measured by the person;s typical responses to the environment. A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

avoidant attachment

infant does not seek closeness or contact with parent. (25%)

gender constancy

is understanding that gender is integral part of the self and fixed and unchanged. ID+Stability+Consistency The awareness that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors

geriatrics

medical treatment and care of old age

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles a sense of self. " Who am I?"

gerontology

study of the sociological phenomena associated with old age

effortful control

the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort (age 10).

social cognition

the ability to understand social interactions including the causes and consequences of behavior. (how we interactive with other, different social group. Like doctor, nurse, and patient.)

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement Culturally set timeline of appropriate behavior.

deviancy training

the process whereby children are taught by their peers to avoid restrictions imposed by adults. destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms

continuity theory

the theory suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem